Skip to main content

2007 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

56. Packaging and Reliability Issues in Micro/Nano Systems

verfasst von : Jongbaeg Kim, Ph.D., Yu-Ting Cheng, Prof., Mu Chiao, Prof., Liwei Lin, Prof.

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The potential of MEMS/NEMS technologies has been viewed as a revolution comparable or even bigger than that of microelectronics. These scientific and engineering advancements in micro-/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS)/(NEMS) could bring previously unthinkable applications to reality, from space systems, environmental instruments, to daily-life appliances. As presented in previous chapters, the development of core MEMS/NEMS processes has already demonstrated a lot of commercial applications as well as future potentials with elaborate functionalities. However, creating a low-cost reliable package for the protection of these MEMS/NEMS products is still a very difficult task. Without addressing these packaging and reliability issues, no commercial products can be sold on the market. Packaging design and modeling, packaging material selection, packaging process integration, and packaging cost are the main issues to be considered. In this chapter, we will present the fundamentals of MEMS/NEMS packaging technology, including packaging processes, hermetic and vacuum encapsulations, thermal issues, packaging reliability, and future packaging trends. The future development of MEMS packaging will rely on the success of the implementation of several unique techniques, such as packaging design kits for system and circuit designer, low-cost wafer-level and chip-scale packaging techniques, effective testing techniques, and reliable fabrication of an interposer [56.1] with vertical through-interconnects for device integrations.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
56.1.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Matsuo, N. Hayasaka, K. Okumura, E. Hosomi, C. Takubo: Silicon interposer technology for high-density package, IEEE, ECTC, 1455–1459 (2000) M. Matsuo, N. Hayasaka, K. Okumura, E. Hosomi, C. Takubo: Silicon interposer technology for high-density package, IEEE, ECTC, 1455–1459 (2000)
56.2.
Zurück zum Zitat K. E. Peterson: Silicon as a mechanical material, Proc. IEEE 70, 420–457 (1982)CrossRef K. E. Peterson: Silicon as a mechanical material, Proc. IEEE 70, 420–457 (1982)CrossRef
56.3.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Lin, H.-C. Chu, Y.-W. Lu: A simulation program for the sensitivity and linearity of piezoresistive pressure sensors, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 8, 514–522 (1999)CrossRef L. Lin, H.-C. Chu, Y.-W. Lu: A simulation program for the sensitivity and linearity of piezoresistive pressure sensors, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 8, 514–522 (1999)CrossRef
56.4.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. C. Tai, R. S. Muller: Lightly-doped polysilicon bridge as a flow meter, Sensors Actuators 15, 63–75 (1988)CrossRef Y. C. Tai, R. S. Muller: Lightly-doped polysilicon bridge as a flow meter, Sensors Actuators 15, 63–75 (1988)CrossRef
56.5.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Hicks, S.-C. Chang, M. W. Putty, D. S. Eddy: Piezoelectrically activated resonant bridge microacceleromenter. In: Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 1994) pp. 225–228 D. Hicks, S.-C. Chang, M. W. Putty, D. S. Eddy: Piezoelectrically activated resonant bridge microacceleromenter. In: Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 1994) pp. 225–228
56.6.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Berstein, S. Cho, A. King, A. Kourepenis, P. Maciel, M. Weinberg: A micromachined comb-drive tuning fork rate gyroscope. In: 6th IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Fort Lauderdale, FL 1993) pp. 143–148 J. Berstein, S. Cho, A. King, A. Kourepenis, P. Maciel, M. Weinberg: A micromachined comb-drive tuning fork rate gyroscope. In: 6th IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Fort Lauderdale, FL 1993) pp. 143–148
56.7.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Madou: Compatibility and incompatibility of chemical sensors and analytical equipment with micromachining. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 164–171 M. Madou: Compatibility and incompatibility of chemical sensors and analytical equipment with micromachining. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 164–171
56.8.
Zurück zum Zitat M. J. Zdeblick, J. B. Angell: A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve. In: Proceedings of Trandsucers'87, the 4th International Conference on Solid-State Transducers and Actautors (IEEE, Tokyo 1987) pp. 827–829 M. J. Zdeblick, J. B. Angell: A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve. In: Proceedings of Trandsucers'87, the 4th International Conference on Solid-State Transducers and Actautors (IEEE, Tokyo 1987) pp. 827–829
56.9.
Zurück zum Zitat J. H. Tsai, L. Lin: A thermal bubble actuated micro nozzle-diffuser pump, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 11, 665–671 (2002)CrossRef J. H. Tsai, L. Lin: A thermal bubble actuated micro nozzle-diffuser pump, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 11, 665–671 (2002)CrossRef
56.10.
Zurück zum Zitat S. J. Ok, D. Baldwin: High density, aspect ratio through-wafer electrical interconnect vias for low cost, generic modular MEMS packaging. In: 8 th IEEE, Int. Sym. Adv. Pack. Mat. (IEEE, New York 2002) pp. 8–11 S. J. Ok, D. Baldwin: High density, aspect ratio through-wafer electrical interconnect vias for low cost, generic modular MEMS packaging. In: 8 th IEEE, Int. Sym. Adv. Pack. Mat. (IEEE, New York 2002) pp. 8–11
56.11.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Reichl, V. Grosser: Overview and development trends in the field of MEMS packaging. In: 14th IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 1–5 H. Reichl, V. Grosser: Overview and development trends in the field of MEMS packaging. In: 14th IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 1–5
56.12.
Zurück zum Zitat R. R. Tummala, E. J. Rymaszewski, A. G. Klopfenstein: Microelectronics Packaging Handbook, Semiconductor Packaging (Chapman Hall, New York 1997)CrossRef R. R. Tummala, E. J. Rymaszewski, A. G. Klopfenstein: Microelectronics Packaging Handbook, Semiconductor Packaging (Chapman Hall, New York 1997)CrossRef
56.13.
Zurück zum Zitat C. A. Harper (Ed.): Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Handbook. (McGraw–Hill, New York 1991) C. A. Harper (Ed.): Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Handbook. (McGraw–Hill, New York 1991)
56.14.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Kapur, P. M. McVittie, K. Saraswat: Technology and reliability constrained future copper interconnects, part II: performance implication, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev. 49, 598–604 (2000)CrossRef P. Kapur, P. M. McVittie, K. Saraswat: Technology and reliability constrained future copper interconnects, part II: performance implication, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev. 49, 598–604 (2000)CrossRef
56.15.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Lau: Flip Chip Technologies (McGraw–Hill, New York 1996) J. Lau: Flip Chip Technologies (McGraw–Hill, New York 1996)
56.16.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Prasad: Surface mount technology: principles and practice, 2nd edn. (Chapman Hall, New York 1989) R. Prasad: Surface mount technology: principles and practice, 2nd edn. (Chapman Hall, New York 1989)
56.17.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Töpper, J. Auersperg, V. Glaw, K. Kaskoun, E. Prack, B. Keser, P. Coskina, D. Jäger, D. Petter, O. Ehrmann, K. Samulewicz, C. Meinherz, S. Fehlberg, C. Karduck, H. Reichl: Fab integrated packaging (FIP) a new concept for high reliability wafer-level chip size packaging, IEEE, ECTC (Las Vegas, NV 2000) 74-81 M. Töpper, J. Auersperg, V. Glaw, K. Kaskoun, E. Prack, B. Keser, P. Coskina, D. Jäger, D. Petter, O. Ehrmann, K. Samulewicz, C. Meinherz, S. Fehlberg, C. Karduck, H. Reichl: Fab integrated packaging (FIP) a new concept for high reliability wafer-level chip size packaging, IEEE, ECTC (Las Vegas, NV 2000) 74-81
56.18.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Savastiouk, O. Siniaguine, E. Korczynski: 3D wafer level packaging, Int. Conf. High-Density Interconnect and Systems packaging 9, 26–31 (2000) S. Savastiouk, O. Siniaguine, E. Korczynski: 3D wafer level packaging, Int. Conf. High-Density Interconnect and Systems packaging 9, 26–31 (2000)
56.19.
Zurück zum Zitat J. H. Tsai, L. Lin: Micro-to-macro fluidic interconnectors with an integrated polymer sealant, J. Micromech. Microeng. 11, 577–581 (2001)CrossRef J. H. Tsai, L. Lin: Micro-to-macro fluidic interconnectors with an integrated polymer sealant, J. Micromech. Microeng. 11, 577–581 (2001)CrossRef
56.20.
Zurück zum Zitat T. A. Core, W. K. Tsang, S. Sherman: Fabrication technology for an integrated surface-micromachined sensor, Solid State Technol., 39–47 (1993) T. A. Core, W. K. Tsang, S. Sherman: Fabrication technology for an integrated surface-micromachined sensor, Solid State Technol., 39–47 (1993)
56.21.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Koester, R. Majedevan, A. Shishkoff, K. Marcus: Multi-user MEMS processes (MUMPS) introduction and design rules, rev. 4, MCNC MEMS Technology Applications Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, July (1996) K. Koester, R. Majedevan, A. Shishkoff, K. Marcus: Multi-user MEMS processes (MUMPS) introduction and design rules, rev. 4, MCNC MEMS Technology Applications Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, July (1996)
56.22.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Lengtenberg, H. A. C. Tilmans: Electrically driven vacuum-encapsulated polysilicon resonantor, part I: design and fabrication, Sensors Actuators A 45, 57–66 (1994)CrossRef R. Lengtenberg, H. A. C. Tilmans: Electrically driven vacuum-encapsulated polysilicon resonantor, part I: design and fabrication, Sensors Actuators A 45, 57–66 (1994)CrossRef
56.23.
Zurück zum Zitat R. L. Smith, S. D. Collins: Micromachined packaging for chemical microsensors, IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev. ED 35, 787–792 (1988)CrossRef R. L. Smith, S. D. Collins: Micromachined packaging for chemical microsensors, IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev. ED 35, 787–792 (1988)CrossRef
56.24.
Zurück zum Zitat M. C. Wu: Micromachining for Optical and Optoelectronic Systems, Proc. IEEE 85(11), 1833–1856 (1997)CrossRef M. C. Wu: Micromachining for Optical and Optoelectronic Systems, Proc. IEEE 85(11), 1833–1856 (1997)CrossRef
56.25.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Putty, K. Najafi: A Micromachined Gyroscope. In: Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island, SC 1994) pp. 212–220 M. Putty, K. Najafi: A Micromachined Gyroscope. In: Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island, SC 1994) pp. 212–220
56.26.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Wolf: Silicon Processing for the VLSI Era, Vol. I: Process Technology (Lattice, Sunset Beach, CA 1995) S. Wolf: Silicon Processing for the VLSI Era, Vol. I: Process Technology (Lattice, Sunset Beach, CA 1995)
56.27.
Zurück zum Zitat J. K. Bhardway, H. Ashraf: Advanced silicon etching using high density plasmas, SPIE Micromach. Fab. Technol. 2639, 224–233 (1995)CrossRef J. K. Bhardway, H. Ashraf: Advanced silicon etching using high density plasmas, SPIE Micromach. Fab. Technol. 2639, 224–233 (1995)CrossRef
56.28.
Zurück zum Zitat W. H. Ko, J. T. Suminto, G. J. Yeh: Bonding techniques for microsensors, Micromachining and Micropackaging for Transducers (Elsevier Science, New York 1985) W. H. Ko, J. T. Suminto, G. J. Yeh: Bonding techniques for microsensors, Micromachining and Micropackaging for Transducers (Elsevier Science, New York 1985)
56.29.
Zurück zum Zitat S. D. Senturia, R. L. Smith: Microsensor packaging and system partitioning, Sensors Actuators 15, 221–234 (1988)CrossRef S. D. Senturia, R. L. Smith: Microsensor packaging and system partitioning, Sensors Actuators 15, 221–234 (1988)CrossRef
56.30.
Zurück zum Zitat J. T. Butler, V. M. Bright, P. B. Chu, R. J. Saia: Adapting multichip module foundries for MEMS packaging. In: IEEE, Int. Conf. on Multi. Mod. and High Den. Pack. (IEEE, Denver, CO 1998) pp. 106–111 J. T. Butler, V. M. Bright, P. B. Chu, R. J. Saia: Adapting multichip module foundries for MEMS packaging. In: IEEE, Int. Conf. on Multi. Mod. and High Den. Pack. (IEEE, Denver, CO 1998) pp. 106–111
56.31.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Schuenemann, A. J. Kourosh, V. Grosser, R. Leutenbauer, G. Bauer, W. Schaefer, H. Reichl: MEM modular packaging and interfaces, IEEE, ECTC (2000) 681-688 M. Schuenemann, A. J. Kourosh, V. Grosser, R. Leutenbauer, G. Bauer, W. Schaefer, H. Reichl: MEM modular packaging and interfaces, IEEE, ECTC (2000) 681-688
56.32.
Zurück zum Zitat D. W. Lee, T. Ono, T. Abe, M. Esashi: Fabrication of microprobe array with sub-100 nm nano-heater for nanometric thermal imaging and data storage. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 204–207 D. W. Lee, T. Ono, T. Abe, M. Esashi: Fabrication of microprobe array with sub-100 nm nano-heater for nanometric thermal imaging and data storage. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 204–207
56.33.
Zurück zum Zitat A. S. Laskar, B. Blythe: Epoxy multichip modules, a solution to the problem of packaging and interconnection of sensors and signal-processing chips, Sensors Actuators A 36, 1–27 (1993)CrossRef A. S. Laskar, B. Blythe: Epoxy multichip modules, a solution to the problem of packaging and interconnection of sensors and signal-processing chips, Sensors Actuators A 36, 1–27 (1993)CrossRef
56.34.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Reichl: Packaging and interconnection of sensors, Sensors Actuators A 25-27, 63–71 (1991) R. Reichl: Packaging and interconnection of sensors, Sensors Actuators A 25-27, 63–71 (1991)
56.35.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Grisel, C. Francis, E. Verney, G. Mondin: Packaging technologies for integrated electrochemical sensors, Sensors Actuators 17, 285–295 (1989)CrossRef A. Grisel, C. Francis, E. Verney, G. Mondin: Packaging technologies for integrated electrochemical sensors, Sensors Actuators 17, 285–295 (1989)CrossRef
56.36.
Zurück zum Zitat J. L. Lund, K. D. Wise: Chip-level encapsulation of implantable CMOS microelectrode arrays. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island, SC 1994) pp. 29–32 J. L. Lund, K. D. Wise: Chip-level encapsulation of implantable CMOS microelectrode arrays. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island, SC 1994) pp. 29–32
56.37.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Akin, B. Siaie, K. Najafi: Modular micromachined high-density connector for implantable biomedical systems. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 497–502 T. Akin, B. Siaie, K. Najafi: Modular micromachined high-density connector for implantable biomedical systems. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 497–502
56.38.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Muller, M. H. Hecht: Packaging Qualification for MEMS-Based Space Systems. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 503–508 L. Muller, M. H. Hecht: Packaging Qualification for MEMS-Based Space Systems. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 503–508
56.39.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Lin, K. McNair, R. T. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Vacuum encapsulated lateral microresoantors. In: 7th Int. Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators (IEEE, Yokohama 1993) pp. 270–273 L. Lin, K. McNair, R. T. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Vacuum encapsulated lateral microresoantors. In: 7th Int. Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators (IEEE, Yokohama 1993) pp. 270–273
56.40.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Guckel: Surface micromachined pressure transducers, Sensors Actuators A 28, 133–146 (1991)CrossRef H. Guckel: Surface micromachined pressure transducers, Sensors Actuators A 28, 133–146 (1991)CrossRef
56.41.
Zurück zum Zitat J. J. Sniegowski, H. Guckle, R. T. Christenson: Performance characteristics of second generation polysilicon resonating beam force transducers. In: IEEE Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 1990) pp. 9–12CrossRef J. J. Sniegowski, H. Guckle, R. T. Christenson: Performance characteristics of second generation polysilicon resonating beam force transducers. In: IEEE Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 1990) pp. 9–12CrossRef
56.42.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Ikeda, H. Kuwayama, T. Kobayashi, T. Watanabe, T. Nishikawa, T. Oshida, K. Harada: Three dimensional micromachining of silicon pressure sensor integrating resonant strain gauge on diaphragm, Sensors Actuators A 21-23, 1001–1010 (1990) K. Ikeda, H. Kuwayama, T. Kobayashi, T. Watanabe, T. Nishikawa, T. Oshida, K. Harada: Three dimensional micromachining of silicon pressure sensor integrating resonant strain gauge on diaphragm, Sensors Actuators A 21-23, 1001–1010 (1990)
56.43.
Zurück zum Zitat C. H. Mastrangelo, R. S. Muller: Vacuum-sealed silicon micromachined incandescent light source, IEEE, IEDM (1989) 503-506 C. H. Mastrangelo, R. S. Muller: Vacuum-sealed silicon micromachined incandescent light source, IEEE, IEDM (1989) 503-506
56.44.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Smith, S. Montague, J. Sniegowski, R. Manginell, P. McWhorter, R. Huber: Characterization of the embedded micromechanical device approach to the monolithic integration of MEMS with CMOS, SPIE (1996) 2879 J. Smith, S. Montague, J. Sniegowski, R. Manginell, P. McWhorter, R. Huber: Characterization of the embedded micromechanical device approach to the monolithic integration of MEMS with CMOS, SPIE (1996) 2879
56.45.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Van der Groen, M. Rosmeulen, P. Jansen, K. Baert, L. Deferm: CMOS Compatible Wafer Scale Adhesive Bonding for Circuit Transfer. In: International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 629–632 S. Van der Groen, M. Rosmeulen, P. Jansen, K. Baert, L. Deferm: CMOS Compatible Wafer Scale Adhesive Bonding for Circuit Transfer. In: International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 629–632
56.46.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. T. Cheng, Y. T. Hsu, L. Lin, C. T. Nguyen, K. Najafi: Vacuum packaging using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding. In: IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 18–21 Y. T. Cheng, Y. T. Hsu, L. Lin, C. T. Nguyen, K. Najafi: Vacuum packaging using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding. In: IEEE, Int. Conf. on MEMS (IEEE, Interlaken, Switzerland 2001) pp. 18–21
56.47.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Chiao, L. Lin: Vacuum packaging of microresonators by rapid thermal processing. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Smart Electronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology (SPIE, San Diego 2002) pp. 17–21 M. Chiao, L. Lin: Vacuum packaging of microresonators by rapid thermal processing. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Smart Electronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology (SPIE, San Diego 2002) pp. 17–21
56.48.
Zurück zum Zitat J. H. Partridge: Glass-to-Metal Seals (The Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield 1949) J. H. Partridge: Glass-to-Metal Seals (The Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield 1949)
56.49.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Kumar, V. A. Greenhut: Metal-to-ceramic joining (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale 1991) P. Kumar, V. A. Greenhut: Metal-to-ceramic joining (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale 1991)
56.50.
Zurück zum Zitat M. G. Nicholas, D. A. Mortimer: Ceramic/metal joining for structural applications, Mater. Sci. Technol. 1, 657–665 (1985) M. G. Nicholas, D. A. Mortimer: Ceramic/metal joining for structural applications, Mater. Sci. Technol. 1, 657–665 (1985)
56.51.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Esashi, S. Shoji, A. Nakano: Normally closed microvalve and micropump fabricated on a silicon wafer, Sensors Actuators 20, 163–169 (1989)CrossRef M. Esashi, S. Shoji, A. Nakano: Normally closed microvalve and micropump fabricated on a silicon wafer, Sensors Actuators 20, 163–169 (1989)CrossRef
56.52.
Zurück zum Zitat M. E. Poplawski, R. W. Hower, R. B. Brown: A simple packaging process for chemical sensors. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 25–28 M. E. Poplawski, R. W. Hower, R. B. Brown: A simple packaging process for chemical sensors. In: Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 25–28
56.53.
Zurück zum Zitat S. F. Trautweiler, O. Paul, J. Stahl, H. Baltes: Anodically bonded silicon membranes for sealed and flush mounted microsensors. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 61–66 S. F. Trautweiler, O. Paul, J. Stahl, H. Baltes: Anodically bonded silicon membranes for sealed and flush mounted microsensors. In: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop (IEEE, San Diego, CA 1996) pp. 61–66
56.54.
Zurück zum Zitat E. H. Klaassen, K. Petersen, J. M. Noworolski, J. Logan, N. I. Malfu, J. Brown, C. Storment, W. McCulley, G. T. A. Kovac: Silicon fusion bonding and deep reactive ion etching: A new technology for microstructures, Sensors Actuators A 52, 132–139 (1996)CrossRef E. H. Klaassen, K. Petersen, J. M. Noworolski, J. Logan, N. I. Malfu, J. Brown, C. Storment, W. McCulley, G. T. A. Kovac: Silicon fusion bonding and deep reactive ion etching: A new technology for microstructures, Sensors Actuators A 52, 132–139 (1996)CrossRef
56.55.
Zurück zum Zitat C. H. Hsu, M. A. Schmidt: Micromachined structures fabricated using a wafer-bonded sealed cavity process. In: Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 151–155 C. H. Hsu, M. A. Schmidt: Micromachined structures fabricated using a wafer-bonded sealed cavity process. In: Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1994) pp. 151–155
56.56.
Zurück zum Zitat A. L. Tiensuu, J. A. Schweitz, S. Johansson: In situ investigation of precise high strength micro assembly using Au–Si eutectic bonding. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, and Eurosensors IX (IEEE, Stockholm, Sweden 1995) pp. 236–239CrossRef A. L. Tiensuu, J. A. Schweitz, S. Johansson: In situ investigation of precise high strength micro assembly using Au–Si eutectic bonding. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, and Eurosensors IX (IEEE, Stockholm, Sweden 1995) pp. 236–239CrossRef
56.57.
Zurück zum Zitat A. P. Lee, D. R. Ciarlo, P. A. Krulevitch, S. Lehew, J. Trevino, M. A. Northrup: Practical microgripper by fine alignment, eutectic bonding and SMA actuation. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, and Eurosensors IX (IEEE, Stockholm, Sweden 1995) pp. 368–371CrossRef A. P. Lee, D. R. Ciarlo, P. A. Krulevitch, S. Lehew, J. Trevino, M. A. Northrup: Practical microgripper by fine alignment, eutectic bonding and SMA actuation. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, and Eurosensors IX (IEEE, Stockholm, Sweden 1995) pp. 368–371CrossRef
56.58.
Zurück zum Zitat M. B. Cohn, Y. Liang, R. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Wafer to wafer transfer of microstructures for vacuum package. In: Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1996) pp. 32–35 M. B. Cohn, Y. Liang, R. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Wafer to wafer transfer of microstructures for vacuum package. In: Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 1996) pp. 32–35
56.59.
Zurück zum Zitat Q.-Y. Tong, U. Gosele: Semiconductor Wafer Bonding, Science and Technology (Wiley, New York 1999) Q.-Y. Tong, U. Gosele: Semiconductor Wafer Bonding, Science and Technology (Wiley, New York 1999)
56.60.
Zurück zum Zitat R. W. Bower, M. S. Ismail, B. E. Roberds: Low temperature Si3N4 direct bonding, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 3485–3487 (1993)CrossRef R. W. Bower, M. S. Ismail, B. E. Roberds: Low temperature Si3N4 direct bonding, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 3485–3487 (1993)CrossRef
56.61.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Takagi, R. Maeda, T. R. Chung, T. Suga: Low temperature direct bonding of silicon and silicon dioxide by the surface activation method. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducer 97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 657–660CrossRef H. Takagi, R. Maeda, T. R. Chung, T. Suga: Low temperature direct bonding of silicon and silicon dioxide by the surface activation method. In: Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducer 97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 657–660CrossRef
56.62.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Wallis, D. Pomerantz: Filed assisted glass–metal sealing, J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3946–3949 (1969)CrossRef G. Wallis, D. Pomerantz: Filed assisted glass–metal sealing, J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3946–3949 (1969)CrossRef
56.63.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Bowman, J. Meindl: The packaging of implantable integrated sensors, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-33, 248–255 (1986)CrossRef L. Bowman, J. Meindl: The packaging of implantable integrated sensors, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-33, 248–255 (1986)CrossRef
56.64.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Esashi: Encapsulated micro mechanical sensors, Microsyst. Technol. 1, 2–9 (1994)CrossRef M. Esashi: Encapsulated micro mechanical sensors, Microsyst. Technol. 1, 2–9 (1994)CrossRef
56.65.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Ziaie, J. Von Arx, M. Dokmeci, K. Najafi: A hermetic glass–silicon micropackages with high-density on-chip feedthroughs for sensors and actuators, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 5, 166–179 (1996)CrossRef B. Ziaie, J. Von Arx, M. Dokmeci, K. Najafi: A hermetic glass–silicon micropackages with high-density on-chip feedthroughs for sensors and actuators, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 5, 166–179 (1996)CrossRef
56.66.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Lee, K. Wise: A batch-fabricated silicon capacitive pressure transducer with low temperature sensitivity, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-29, 42–48 (1982)CrossRef Y. Lee, K. Wise: A batch-fabricated silicon capacitive pressure transducer with low temperature sensitivity, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-29, 42–48 (1982)CrossRef
56.67.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Shoji, H. Kicuchi, H. Torigoe: Anodic bonding below 180 degree C for packaging and assembling of MEMS using lithium aluminosilicate–beta-quartz glass-ceramic. In: Proceedings of the 1997 10th Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (IEEE, Nagoay 1997) pp. 482–487 S. Shoji, H. Kicuchi, H. Torigoe: Anodic bonding below 180 degree C for packaging and assembling of MEMS using lithium aluminosilicate–beta-quartz glass-ceramic. In: Proceedings of the 1997 10th Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (IEEE, Nagoay 1997) pp. 482–487
56.68.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Esashi, N. Akira, S. Shoji, H. Hebiguchi: Low-temperature silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding with intermediate low melting point glass, Sensors Actuators A 23, 931–934 (1990)CrossRef M. Esashi, N. Akira, S. Shoji, H. Hebiguchi: Low-temperature silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding with intermediate low melting point glass, Sensors Actuators A 23, 931–934 (1990)CrossRef
56.69.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Hanneborg, M. Nese, H. Jakobsen, R. Holm: Silicon-to-thin film anodic bonding, J. Micromech. Microeng. 2, 117–121 (1992)CrossRef A. Hanneborg, M. Nese, H. Jakobsen, R. Holm: Silicon-to-thin film anodic bonding, J. Micromech. Microeng. 2, 117–121 (1992)CrossRef
56.70.
Zurück zum Zitat A. V. Chavan, K. D. Wise: Batch-processed vacuum-sealed capacitive pressure sensors, ASME/IEEE J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10(4), 580–588 (2001)CrossRef A. V. Chavan, K. D. Wise: Batch-processed vacuum-sealed capacitive pressure sensors, ASME/IEEE J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10(4), 580–588 (2001)CrossRef
56.71.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Henmi, S. Shoji, Y. Shoji, K. Yoshimi, M. Esashi: Vacuum Packaging for Microsensors by Glass-Silicon Anodic Bonding, Sensors Actuators A Phys. 43(1-3), 243–248 (1994)CrossRef H. Henmi, S. Shoji, Y. Shoji, K. Yoshimi, M. Esashi: Vacuum Packaging for Microsensors by Glass-Silicon Anodic Bonding, Sensors Actuators A Phys. 43(1-3), 243–248 (1994)CrossRef
56.72.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Hara, S. Kobayashi, K. Ohwada: A New Fabrication Mmethod for Low-Pressure Package with Glass-Silicon-Glass Structure and Its Stability. In: The 10th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'99 Digest of technical papers, Vol. 2 (IEEE, Sendai, Japan 1999) pp. 1316–1319 T. Hara, S. Kobayashi, K. Ohwada: A New Fabrication Mmethod for Low-Pressure Package with Glass-Silicon-Glass Structure and Its Stability. In: The 10th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'99 Digest of technical papers, Vol. 2 (IEEE, Sendai, Japan 1999) pp. 1316–1319
56.73.
Zurück zum Zitat S. A. Audet, K. M. Edenfeld: Integrated sensor wafer-level packaging. In: International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 287–289CrossRef S. A. Audet, K. M. Edenfeld: Integrated sensor wafer-level packaging. In: International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers'97 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 287–289CrossRef
56.74.
Zurück zum Zitat R. C. Benson, N. deHaas, P. Goodwin, T. E. Phillips: Epoxy adhesives in microelectronic hybrid applications, Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 13, 400–406 (1992) R. C. Benson, N. deHaas, P. Goodwin, T. E. Phillips: Epoxy adhesives in microelectronic hybrid applications, Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 13, 400–406 (1992)
56.75.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Shimbo, J. Yoshikawa: New silicon bonding method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 2371–2377 (1996)CrossRef M. Shimbo, J. Yoshikawa: New silicon bonding method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 2371–2377 (1996)CrossRef
56.76.
Zurück zum Zitat P. M. Zavracky, B. Vu: Patterned eutectic bonding with Al/Ge thin film for MEMS, SPIE 2639, 46–52 (1995)CrossRef P. M. Zavracky, B. Vu: Patterned eutectic bonding with Al/Ge thin film for MEMS, SPIE 2639, 46–52 (1995)CrossRef
56.77.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Humpston, D. M. Jacobson: Principles of soldering and brazing, ASM Int. (1993) 241-244 G. Humpston, D. M. Jacobson: Principles of soldering and brazing, ASM Int. (1993) 241-244
56.78.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Singh, D. Horsely, M. B. Cohn, R. Howe: Batch transfer of microstructures using flip-chip solder bump bonding. In: International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, Transducer 97, Vol. 1 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 265–268CrossRef A. Singh, D. Horsely, M. B. Cohn, R. Howe: Batch transfer of microstructures using flip-chip solder bump bonding. In: International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, Transducer 97, Vol. 1 (IEEE, Chicago, IL 1997) pp. 265–268CrossRef
56.79.
Zurück zum Zitat M. M. Maharbiz, M. B. Cohn, R. T. Howe, R. Horowitz, A. P. Pisano: Batch micropackaging by compression-bonded wafer-wafer transfer. In: 12th International Conference on MEMS (IEEE, Orlando, FL 1999) pp. 482–489 M. M. Maharbiz, M. B. Cohn, R. T. Howe, R. Horowitz, A. P. Pisano: Batch micropackaging by compression-bonded wafer-wafer transfer. In: 12th International Conference on MEMS (IEEE, Orlando, FL 1999) pp. 482–489
56.80.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Localized silicon fusion and eutectic bonding for MEMS fabrication and packaging, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 9, 3–8 (2000)CrossRef Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Localized silicon fusion and eutectic bonding for MEMS fabrication and packaging, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 9, 3–8 (2000)CrossRef
56.81.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Lin: Selective encapsulations of MEMS: micro channels, needles, resonators, and electromechanical filters, Ph.D. Thesis, UC Berkeley (1993) L. Lin: Selective encapsulations of MEMS: micro channels, needles, resonators, and electromechanical filters, Ph.D. Thesis, UC Berkeley (1993)
56.82.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. C. Su, L. Lin: Localized plastic bonding for micro assembly, packaging and liquid encapsulation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference, ed. by Interlaken (IEEE, Interlaken 2001) pp. 50–53 Y. C. Su, L. Lin: Localized plastic bonding for micro assembly, packaging and liquid encapsulation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference, ed. by Interlaken (IEEE, Interlaken 2001) pp. 50–53
56.83.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Schwartz: Brazing (Chapman Hall, London 1995) M. Schwartz: Brazing (Chapman Hall, London 1995)
56.84.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Lin, R. T. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Microelectromechanical filters for signal processing, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 7, 286–294 (1998)CrossRef L. Lin, R. T. Howe, A. P. Pisano: Microelectromechanical filters for signal processing, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 7, 286–294 (1998)CrossRef
56.85.
Zurück zum Zitat W. C. Tang, C. T.-C. Nguyen, R. T. Howe: Laterally driven polysilicon resonant microstructures, Sensors Actuators A 20, 25–32 (1989)CrossRef W. C. Tang, C. T.-C. Nguyen, R. T. Howe: Laterally driven polysilicon resonant microstructures, Sensors Actuators A 20, 25–32 (1989)CrossRef
56.86.
Zurück zum Zitat G. T. Mulhern, D. S. Soane, R. T. Howe: Supercritical carbon dioxide drying of microstructures. In: 7th Int. Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators (IEEE, Yokohama 1993) pp. 296–299 G. T. Mulhern, D. S. Soane, R. T. Howe: Supercritical carbon dioxide drying of microstructures. In: 7th Int. Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators (IEEE, Yokohama 1993) pp. 296–299
56.87.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Judy: Micromechanisms Using Sidewall Beams, Ph.D dissertation, EECS Department, University of California at Berkeley, p.162, (1994) M. Judy: Micromechanisms Using Sidewall Beams, Ph.D dissertation, EECS Department, University of California at Berkeley, p.162, (1994)
56.88.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Aigner, K.-G. Oppermann, H. Kapels, S. Kolb: Cavity-Micromachining technology: zero-package solution for inertial sensors, TRANSDUCERS '01. EUROSENSORS XV. In: 11th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators. Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 1 (IEEE, Munich, Germany 2001) pp. 186–189 R. Aigner, K.-G. Oppermann, H. Kapels, S. Kolb: Cavity-Micromachining technology: zero-package solution for inertial sensors, TRANSDUCERS '01. EUROSENSORS XV. In: 11th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators. Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 1 (IEEE, Munich, Germany 2001) pp. 186–189
56.89.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Bartek, J. A. Foerster, R. F. Wolffenbuttel: Vacuum Sealing of Mcirocavities Using Metal Evaporation, Sensors Actuators A 61, 364–368 (1997)CrossRef M. Bartek, J. A. Foerster, R. F. Wolffenbuttel: Vacuum Sealing of Mcirocavities Using Metal Evaporation, Sensors Actuators A 61, 364–368 (1997)CrossRef
56.90.
Zurück zum Zitat C. H. Mastrangelo, R. S. Muller, S. Kumar: Microfabricated Incandescent Lamps, Appl. Opt. 30, 868–873 (1993)CrossRef C. H. Mastrangelo, R. S. Muller, S. Kumar: Microfabricated Incandescent Lamps, Appl. Opt. 30, 868–873 (1993)CrossRef
56.91.
Zurück zum Zitat A. M. Leung, J. Jones, E. Czyzewska, J. Chen, B. Woods: Micromachined accelerometer based on convection heat transfer. In: 11th International Conference on MEMS (IEEE, Heidelberg, Germany 1998) pp. 627–630 A. M. Leung, J. Jones, E. Czyzewska, J. Chen, B. Woods: Micromachined accelerometer based on convection heat transfer. In: 11th International Conference on MEMS (IEEE, Heidelberg, Germany 1998) pp. 627–630
56.92.
Zurück zum Zitat D. R. Spark, L. Jordan, J. H. Frazee: Flexible vacuum-packaging method for resonating micromachines, Sensors Actuators A 55, 179–183 (1996)CrossRef D. R. Spark, L. Jordan, J. H. Frazee: Flexible vacuum-packaging method for resonating micromachines, Sensors Actuators A 55, 179–183 (1996)CrossRef
56.93.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Chiao, L. Lin: Hermetic wafer bonding based on rapid thermal processing, Sensors Actuators A 91, 398–402 (2001)CrossRef M. Chiao, L. Lin: Hermetic wafer bonding based on rapid thermal processing, Sensors Actuators A 91, 398–402 (2001)CrossRef
56.94.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Fabrication and hermeticity testing of a glass-silicon packaging formed using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 392–399 (2001)CrossRef Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Fabrication and hermeticity testing of a glass-silicon packaging formed using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 392–399 (2001)CrossRef
56.95.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Chiao, L. Lin: Accelerated Hermeticity Testing of a Glass-Silicon Package Formed by Rapid Thermal Processing Aluminum-to-Silicon Nitride Bonding, Sensors Actuators A Phys. 97-98, 405–409 (2002)CrossRef M. Chiao, L. Lin: Accelerated Hermeticity Testing of a Glass-Silicon Package Formed by Rapid Thermal Processing Aluminum-to-Silicon Nitride Bonding, Sensors Actuators A Phys. 97-98, 405–409 (2002)CrossRef
56.96.
Zurück zum Zitat M. K. Keshavan, G. A. Sargent, H. Conrad: Statistical Analysis of the Hertzian Fracture of Pyrex Glass Using the Weibull Distribution Function, J. Mater. Sci. 15, 839–844 (1980)CrossRef M. K. Keshavan, G. A. Sargent, H. Conrad: Statistical Analysis of the Hertzian Fracture of Pyrex Glass Using the Weibull Distribution Function, J. Mater. Sci. 15, 839–844 (1980)CrossRef
56.97.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Chiao, L. Lin: A Wafer-Level Vacuum Packaging Process by RTP Aluminum-to-Nitride Bonding. In: Technical Digest of Solid-State Sensors, Actuator and Microsystems Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 2002) pp. 81–85 M. Chiao, L. Lin: A Wafer-Level Vacuum Packaging Process by RTP Aluminum-to-Nitride Bonding. In: Technical Digest of Solid-State Sensors, Actuator and Microsystems Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head 2002) pp. 81–85
56.98.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Rosebury: Handbook of Electron Tube and Vacuum Techniques (Addison–Wesley, New York 1965) F. Rosebury: Handbook of Electron Tube and Vacuum Techniques (Addison–Wesley, New York 1965)
56.99.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. T. Cheng, W. T. Hsu, K. Najafi, C. T. Nguyen, L. Lin: Vacuum packaging technology using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding, J. Microelectromech. Syst. (2002) 556-565 Y. T. Cheng, W. T. Hsu, K. Najafi, C. T. Nguyen, L. Lin: Vacuum packaging technology using localized aluminium/silicon-to-glass bonding, J. Microelectromech. Syst. (2002) 556-565
56.100.
Zurück zum Zitat SensArray Corporation, 47451 Fremont Blvd. Fremont, CA 94538 SensArray Corporation, 47451 Fremont Blvd. Fremont, CA 94538
56.101.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Luo, L. Lin: The application of nanosecond-pulsed laser welding technology in MEMS packaging with a shadow mask, Sensors Actuators A 97-98, 398–404 (2002)CrossRef C. Luo, L. Lin: The application of nanosecond-pulsed laser welding technology in MEMS packaging with a shadow mask, Sensors Actuators A 97-98, 398–404 (2002)CrossRef
56.102.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Cao, M. Chiao, L. Lin: Selective and localized wafer bonding using induction heating. In: Technical Digest of Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 2002) pp. 153–156 A. Cao, M. Chiao, L. Lin: Selective and localized wafer bonding using induction heating. In: Technical Digest of Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop (Transducers Research Foundation, Inc., Hilton Head Island 2002) pp. 153–156
56.103.
Zurück zum Zitat J. B. Kim, M. Chiao, L. Lin: Ultrasonic Bonding of In/Au and Al/Al for Hermetic Sealing of MEMS Packaging. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Las Vegas 2002) pp. 415–418 J. B. Kim, M. Chiao, L. Lin: Ultrasonic Bonding of In/Au and Al/Al for Hermetic Sealing of MEMS Packaging. In: Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Las Vegas 2002) pp. 415–418
56.104.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Localized bonding with PSG or indium solder as intermediate layer, 12 th International Conference on MEMS (1999) 285-289 Y. T. Cheng, L. Lin, K. Najafi: Localized bonding with PSG or indium solder as intermediate layer, 12 th International Conference on MEMS (1999) 285-289
56.105.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Thyrum, E. Cruse: Heat pipe simulation, a simplified technique for modeling heat pipe assisted heat sinks, Adv. Packag. 115, 23–27 (2001) G. Thyrum, E. Cruse: Heat pipe simulation, a simplified technique for modeling heat pipe assisted heat sinks, Adv. Packag. 115, 23–27 (2001)
56.106.
Zurück zum Zitat G. P. Peterson, A. B. Duncan, M. H. Weichold: Experimental investigation of micro heat pipes fabricated in silicon wafers, J. Heat Transfer 115, 751–756 (1993)CrossRef G. P. Peterson, A. B. Duncan, M. H. Weichold: Experimental investigation of micro heat pipes fabricated in silicon wafers, J. Heat Transfer 115, 751–756 (1993)CrossRef
56.107.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Jiang, M. Wong, Y. Zohar: Forced convection boiling in a microchannel heat sink, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 80–87 (2001)CrossRef L. Jiang, M. Wong, Y. Zohar: Forced convection boiling in a microchannel heat sink, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 80–87 (2001)CrossRef
56.108.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Arias, S. R. J. Oliver, B. Xu, E. Holmlin, G. M. Whitesides: Fabrication of metallic exchangers using sacrificial polymer mandrils, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 107–112 (2001)CrossRef F. Arias, S. R. J. Oliver, B. Xu, E. Holmlin, G. M. Whitesides: Fabrication of metallic exchangers using sacrificial polymer mandrils, IEEE/ASME, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10, 107–112 (2001)CrossRef
56.109.
Zurück zum Zitat ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide, 3rd edn. (SAS IP, Inc., Canousburg 2002) ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide, 3rd edn. (SAS IP, Inc., Canousburg 2002)
56.110.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Bystrom, L. Lin: Residual stress analysis of silicon-aluminum-glass bonding processes. In: ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, MEMS Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, November (ASME, New Orleans, Louisiana 2002) D. Bystrom, L. Lin: Residual stress analysis of silicon-aluminum-glass bonding processes. In: ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, MEMS Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, November (ASME, New Orleans, Louisiana 2002)
56.111.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Scholze: Glass: Nature, Structure, and Properties, 1st edn. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1991) H. Scholze: Glass: Nature, Structure, and Properties, 1st edn. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1991)
56.112.
Zurück zum Zitat R. R. Tummala: Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging (McGraw-Hill, New York 2001) R. R. Tummala: Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging (McGraw-Hill, New York 2001)
56.113.
Zurück zum Zitat S. J. Adamson: BGA, CSP, and flip chip, Adv. Packag. (2002) 21-24 S. J. Adamson: BGA, CSP, and flip chip, Adv. Packag. (2002) 21-24
56.114.
Zurück zum Zitat JESD22-A102C: Accelerated Moisture Resistance-Unbiased Autoclave, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, 2000 JESD22-A102C: Accelerated Moisture Resistance-Unbiased Autoclave, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, 2000
56.115.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Dokmeci, K. Najafi: A high-sensitivity polyimide capacitive relative humidity sensor for monitoring anodically bonded hermetic micropackages, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10(2), 197–204 (2001)CrossRef M. Dokmeci, K. Najafi: A high-sensitivity polyimide capacitive relative humidity sensor for monitoring anodically bonded hermetic micropackages, IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10(2), 197–204 (2001)CrossRef
56.116.
Zurück zum Zitat E. E. Lewis: Introduction to Reliability Engineering, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York 1996) E. E. Lewis: Introduction to Reliability Engineering, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York 1996)
56.117.
Zurück zum Zitat W. D. Brown: Advanced Electronic Packaging (IEEE, New York 1999) W. D. Brown: Advanced Electronic Packaging (IEEE, New York 1999)
56.118.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Niklaus, P. Znoksson, E. Käluesten, G. Stemme: Void free full wafer adhesion bonding. In: IEEE, Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Miyazaki, Japan 2000) pp. 241–252 F. Niklaus, P. Znoksson, E. Käluesten, G. Stemme: Void free full wafer adhesion bonding. In: IEEE, Proceedings of IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (IEEE, Miyazaki, Japan 2000) pp. 241–252
56.119.
Zurück zum Zitat C. H. Cheng, A. S. Ergun, B. T. Khuri-Yakub: Electrical through-wafer interconnects with sub-picofarad parasitic capacitance, IEEE, ECTC (2002) 18-21 C. H. Cheng, A. S. Ergun, B. T. Khuri-Yakub: Electrical through-wafer interconnects with sub-picofarad parasitic capacitance, IEEE, ECTC (2002) 18-21
56.120.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Routkevitch, A. A. Tager, J. Haruyama, D. Almawlawi, M. Moskovits, J. M. Xu: Nonlithographic nano-array arrays: fabrication, physics, and device applications, IEEE, Trans. Electron. Dev. 43, 1646–1658 (1996)CrossRef D. Routkevitch, A. A. Tager, J. Haruyama, D. Almawlawi, M. Moskovits, J. M. Xu: Nonlithographic nano-array arrays: fabrication, physics, and device applications, IEEE, Trans. Electron. Dev. 43, 1646–1658 (1996)CrossRef
56.121.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Gou, M. Lundstrom, S. Datta: Performance projections for ballistic carbon nanotube fieldeffect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3192–3194 (2002)CrossRef J. Gou, M. Lundstrom, S. Datta: Performance projections for ballistic carbon nanotube fieldeffect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3192–3194 (2002)CrossRef
56.122.
Zurück zum Zitat S. U. S. Choi, Z. G. Zhang, W. Yu, F. E. Lockwood, E. A. Grulke: Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions, Appl. Phys. Lett 79, 2252–2254 (2001)CrossRef S. U. S. Choi, Z. G. Zhang, W. Yu, F. E. Lockwood, E. A. Grulke: Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions, Appl. Phys. Lett 79, 2252–2254 (2001)CrossRef
56.123.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Velikov, A. Moroz, A. Blaaderen: Photonic crystals of core-shell colloidal particles, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 49–51 (2002)CrossRef K. Velikov, A. Moroz, A. Blaaderen: Photonic crystals of core-shell colloidal particles, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 49–51 (2002)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Packaging and Reliability Issues in Micro/Nano Systems
verfasst von
Jongbaeg Kim, Ph.D.
Yu-Ting Cheng, Prof.
Mu Chiao, Prof.
Liwei Lin, Prof.
Copyright-Jahr
2007
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29857-1_56

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.