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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Peace Missions: Preparing for and Deployment on Peacekeeping Operations

verfasst von : Lindy Heinecken

Erschienen in: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Military

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Related to the changed security environment, this chapter describes the context and nature of the deployment on peacekeeping missions and how the SANDF has sought to prepare and deploy its forces for an ever-widening spectrum of tasks. Based on interviews with soldiers, the chapter expands upon shortcomings in their training and education, difficulties in dealing and interacting with other actors, the operational challenges they experience and the psychological stress of these missions.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The New Security Environment: Shifting Mission Priorities and Organisational Restructuring

Nächstes Kapitel Civil-Military Relations: Civil Control, Oversight and the Demilitarisation of Society

Faith Mabera, ‘South Africa’s Profile as Peacekeeper: In Keeping with the Times’, African Security 11, no. 3 (2018): 224.

Francois Vreÿ, ‘Paradigm Shifts, South African Defence Policy and the South African National Defence Force: From Here to Where?’, Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies 32, no. 2 (2004): 96–125.

The term ‘peace missions’ is used generically to include preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement and peace building. The term ‘peace support operations’ refers to all military activities in support of peace missions; see Braam Rossouw, ‘A South African Perspective on the Place of Peace Support Operations Within Broader Peace Missions’, African Security Review 7, no. 1 (1998): 36–43.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace: South Africa’s Role in Peace Operations in Africa (part III)’, African Security Review 21, no. 2 (2012; in three parts): 20–35.

DefenceWeb, ‘14 SA Peace Missions in 11 Years’, DefenceWeb, 27 August 2010, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/14-sa-peace-missions-in-11-years/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Theo Neethling, ‘The South African Military and Peacekeeping’, Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies 31, no. 1 (2003): 97.

Natascha Bruwer, ‘Military Psychology and Peacekeeping Operations’, in Military Psychology for Africa, ed. Gideon A.J. van Dyk (Stellenbosch: Sun Press, 2016), 66.

Laetitia Olivier, ‘Changing International Realities and the Configuration of the South African National Defence Forces in the 21st Century’ (PhD dissertation, Department of Political Studies and Governance, University of the Free State, January 2015).

Lindy Heinecken and Donna Winslow, ‘The Human Terrain: The Need for Cultural Intelligence’, in South Africa and Contemporary Counterinsurgency: Roots, Practices and Prospects, eds. Deane-Peter Baker and Evert Jordaan (Cape Town: UCT Press, 2010), 197–208.

Gerald Frost, ‘How to Destroy an Army: The Cultural Subversion of Britain’s Armed Forces’, in New People Strategies for the British Armed Forces, eds. Alex Alexandrou, Richard Bartle and Richard Homes (London: Frank Cass, 2001), 37

Joseph Soeters, Donna J. Winslow and Alise Weibull, ‘Military Culture’, in Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, ed. Giuseppe Caforio (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher, 2003), 252.

Department of Foreign Affairs. White Paper on South African Participation in International Peace Missions, 1999, https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/peacemissions1.pdf, accessed 1 September 2019.

This section of the chapter is drawn extensively from Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace’.

David Riley-Harris, ‘South African Peacekeeping, 1994–2012’, Military History Journal 16, no. 1 (June 2013), http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol161dr.html, accessed 15 August 2019.

Johnstone Oketch and Tara Polzer, ‘Conflict and Coffee in Burundi’, in Scarcity and Surfeit: The Ecology of Africa’s Conflicts, eds. Jeremy Lind and Kathryn Sturman (Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2002), 102.

Arvid Ekengard, The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS): Experiences and Lessons Learned (Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency [FOI], 2008), 10.

Emma Svensson, Lessons Learned from the African Union’s First Peace Operation: The African Mission in Burundi (Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency [FOI], 2008).

Major-General Derrick M. Mgwebi was force commander from 1 June to 31 December 2006.

The countries included Algeria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Chad, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, India, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Yemen and Zambia. There were also police personnel from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Turkey.

Leon Engelbrecht, ‘SA Quietly Winds up Burundi Peace Mission’, DefenceWeb, 12 January 2010, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/sa-quietly-winds-up-burundi-peace-mission/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Leon Engelbrecht, ‘Curriculum Complete: Nqakula’, DefenceWeb, 12 December 2008, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/curriculum-complete-nqakula/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, ‘Democratic Republic of the Congo: Worsening Humanitarian Crisis as Internal Displacement Escalates in the East’, report, 29 November 2007, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/474fc61e2.pdf, accessed 25 July 2019.

Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, DRC, Angola, Central African Republic, Libya, Zimbabwe and Namibia

Celine Moyroud and John Katunga, ‘Coltan Exploitation in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, in Scarcity and Surfeit: The Ecology of Africa’s Conflicts, eds. Jeremy Lind and Kathryn Sturman (Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2002), 164.

Alex Perry, ‘What Kind of Peace is There to Keep in Congo?’, Time, 24 November 2008.

United Nations (UN), ‘MONUC: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, 2010, https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/monuc/, accessed 25 July 2019.

United Nations, ‘Summary of Contributions to UN Peacekeeping’, 28 February 2018, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/3_country_and_mission_0.pdf, accessed 15 August 2019.

Engelbrecht, ‘SA Quietly Winds up Burundi Peace Mission’.

Dean Wingrin, ‘Defence Force Set to Recoup DRC Expenses’, DefenceWeb, 30 May 2017, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/defence-force-set-to-recoup-drc-expenses/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Mabera, ‘South Africa’s Profile as Peacekeeper’, 231.

United Nations Peacekeeping, ‘Total Fatalities since 1948’, 31 July 2019, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/fatalities, accessed 25 July 2019.

Alex de Waal, ‘The Wars of Sudan’, The Nation, 1 March 2007, https://www.thenation.com/article/wars-sudan/, accessed 15 July 2019.

Ekengard, The African Union Mission in Sudan.

DefenceWeb, ‘14 SA Peace Missions’.

Johan Blaauw, ‘The SA Army’s Experience in Sudan’, African Armed Forces Journal (January 2009): 12.

Anonymous, ‘SA Peacekeeper Killed in Darfur Ambush Identified’, The Star, 19 October 2012, https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/sa-peacekeeper-killed-in-darfur-ambush-identified-1406457, accessed 25 July 2019.

DefenceWeb, ‘Sudan Government Forced South African Withdrawal from UNAMID.’

Guy Martin, ‘Female SANDF Commander Leads Combat Engagement in Sudan’, DefenceWeb, 16 January 2016, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/female-sandf-commander-leads-combat-engagement-in-sudan/, accessed 15 August 2019.

The debates about the inclusion of women in the military and specifically within combat roles are discussed in Chap. 7.

United Nations Peacekeeping, ‘Total Fatalities since 1948’.

Department of Defence, ‘Operation Vimbezela: Department of Defence and South African National Defence Force Briefing’, 9 June 2017, https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/24570/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Helmoed-Römer Heitman, The Battle in Bangui: The Untold Inside Story (Johannesburg: Parktown Publishers, 2013).

Helmoed-Römer Heitman, ‘How Deadly CAR Battle Unfolded’, Sunday Independent, 31 March 2013, https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/how-deadly-car-battle-unfolded-1493841, accessed 15 August 2019.

Mabera, ‘South Africa’s Profile as Peacekeeper’, 232.

Ibid.

Department of Defence, ‘Operation Copper’.

DefenceWeb, ‘Ramaphosa Approves Op Copper Extension’, DefenceWeb, 20 April 2018, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/maritime-security/ramaphosa-approves-op-copper-extension/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Although some will argue that the Battle of Bangui illustrates that it remains important to first train for war and then down train for other missions; see Christopher Dandeker and James Gow, ‘Strategic Peacekeeping and Military Culture’, in Peace Operations Between War and Peace, 1st ed., ed. Erwin A. Schmidl (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 58–79.

Ibid., 59.

Ibid., 61.

Heinecken, ‘Preparing for Operations Other than War’, 63–90.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘Facing a Merciless Enemy: HIV/AIDS and the South African Armed Forces’, Armed Forces & Society 29, no. 2 (2003): 281–300.

Neethling, ‘The South African Military and Peacekeeping’, 102.

Daniel Hampton, Creating Sustainable Peacekeeping Capability in Africa, Africa Security Brief no. 27, 30 April 2014, 1–8, https://africacenter.org/publication/creating-sustainable-peacekeeping-capability-in-africa/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Kim Helfrich, ‘SANDF’s Peace Mission Training Centre Enhancing African Peacekeeping’, DefenceWeb, 4 July 2013, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/sandfs-peace-mission-training-centre-enhancing-african-peacekeeping/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Malan, ‘Keeping the Peace in the Neighbourhood’, 2.

Heinecken, ‘Preparing for Operations Other than War’, 63–90.

Ally Rakoma, ‘Combined Joint African Exercise (CJAX) 2012’, Department of Defence, 14 September 2012, http://www.dod.mil.za/news/2012/09/cjax.htm, accessed 15 August 2019.

Hopewell Radebe, ‘SA-US Team Up to Train SA Peacekeepers in Ambush Tactics’, News24, 25 July 2017, https://city-press.news24.com/News/sa-us-team-up-to-train-sa-peacekeepers-in-ambush-tactics-20170725, accessed 15 August 2019.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Heinecken, ‘Preparing for Operations Other than War’, 63–90; Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Interview with a former SANDF colonel deployed in Sudan, 25 September 2009.

Nina Wilén and Lindy Heinecken, ‘Peacekeeping Deployment Abroad and the Self-Perceptions of the Effect on Career Advancement, Status and Reintegration’, International Peacekeeping 24, no. 2 (2017): 246.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘Are Women “Really” Making a Unique Contribution to Peacekeeping? The Rhetoric and the Reality’, Journal of International Peacekeeping 19, no. 4 (2015): 227–248.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Heinecken and Winslow, ‘The Human Terrain’, 197–208.

Ben Connable, ‘All Our Eggs in a Broken Basket: How the Human Terrain System is Undermining Sustainable Military Competence’, Military Review (March–April 2009): 58.

Dandeker and Gow, ‘Strategic Peacekeeping and Military Culture’, 62.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Ibid.

Blaauw, ‘The SA Army’s Experience in Sudan’, 10–13; Robert Feldman, ‘Problems Plaguing the African Union Peacekeeping Forces’, Defence and Security Analysis 24, no. 3 (2008): 267–279; Allan Mansaray, ‘AMIS in Dafur: Africa’s Litmus Test in Peacekeeping and Political Mediation’, African Security Review 18, no. 1 (2009): 35–48.

Talya Greene, Joshua Buckman, Christopher Dandeker and Neil Greenberg, ‘The Impact of Culture Clash on Deployed Troops’, Military Medicine 175, no. 12 (2010): 958–963.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Ibid.

Gideon van Dyk and René Koopman, ‘Peacekeeping Operation and Adjustment of Soldiers in Sudan’,’ African Journal on Conflict Resolution 12, no. 3 (29 October 2012), https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/%EF%BF%BCpeacekeeping-operations-and-adjustment-of-soldiers-in-sudan/, accessed 15 August 2019.

Francis K. Abiew and Tom Keeting, ‘NGOs and UN Peacekeeping Operations: Strange Bedfellows’, International Peacekeeping 6, no. 2 (1999): 89–111.

Heinecken and Ferreira, “Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 46.

Ibid., 36–49.

Abiew and Keeting, ‘NGOs and UN Peacekeeping Operations’.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Jim Terrie, ‘The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping: The Experience of MONUC’, African Security Review 18, no. 10 (2009): 21–34.

Bruwer, ‘Military Psychology and Peacekeeping Operations’, 48.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part II)’, 36–49.

Blaauw, ‘The SA Army’s Experience in Sudan’, 10–13.

Alex Vines, ‘South Africa’s Politics of Peace and Security in Africa’, South African Journal of International Affairs 17, no. 1 (2010): 53–63.

Feldman, ‘Problems Plaguing the African Union Peacekeeping Forces’, 269.

Garren Mulloy, ‘Adapting Militaries to Peacekeeping and Policing Roles: The Effects of Peacekeeping on Militaries and the Stresses and Strains of Operations’, paper presented at the Second Annual Conference on Human Security, Terrorism and Organized Crime, Western Balkan Region, Sarajevo, 4–6 October 2007.

Heinecken and Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace (part III)’, 50–60.

Van Dyk and Koopman, ‘Peacekeeping Operation and Adjustment’.

Bruwer, ‘Military Psychology and Peacekeeping Operations’.

Ibid., 60.

Steven Danish and Bradley Antonides, ‘The Challenges of Reintegration for Service Members and their Families’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 83, no. 4 (2013): 550–558.

Ursula Bowling and Michelle Sherman, ‘Welcoming Them Home: Supporting Service Members and their Families in Navigating the Tasks of Reintegration’, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 39, no. 4 (2008): 453.

Manon Andres and René Moelker, ‘There and Back Again: How Parental Experiences Affect Children’s Adjustments in the Course of Military Deployments’, Armed Forces and Society 37, no. 3 (2011): 418–447; Bradford Booth, Mady Segal and Bruce Bell, ‘What We Know About Army Families: 2007 Update’, 39, report prepared for the US Army Family and Morale, Welfare and Recreation Command by ICF International, 2007.

Elisa Bolton, Brett Litz, Michael Gleen, Susan Orisillo and Lizabeth Roemer, ‘The Impact of Homecoming Reception on the Adaptation of Peacekeepers Following Deployment’, Military Psychology 14, no. 3 (2002): 241–251; Leanne Knobloch and Jennifer Theiss, ‘An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model of Relational Turbulence: Cognitions and Emotions’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27, no. 5 (2010): 595–619.

Booth et al., ‘What We Know About Army Families’, 43.

Lindy Heinecken and Nina Wilén, ‘No Place Like Home? Post-Deployment Reintegration Challenges Facing South African Peacekeepers’, paper presented at the ERGOMAS Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 17–21 July 2019.

Greene et al., ‘Impact of Culture Clash on Deployed Troops’, 958.

Danish and Antonides, 2013; K. Vitzthum, S. Mache, R. Joachim, D. Quarcoo and D Groneberg, ‘Psychotrauma and Effective Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers and Peacekeepers’, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 4, no. 21 (2009): 1–7.

100

Danish and Antonides, ‘The Challenges of Reintegration’, 552.

Titel: Peace Missions: Preparing for and Deployment on Peacekeeping Operations
verfasst von: Lindy Heinecken
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Military
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33733-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-33734-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33734-6_3

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