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Erschienen in:
An Overview of Theories of National Image Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Perceptual Barriers to China’s National Image and Their Causes

verfasst von : Xiangfei Meng

Erschienen in: National Image

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

A review of China’s history of international exchanges can unveil the Westerners’ ever-shifting impressions, or imagination, of the country.

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Vorheriges Kapitel An Overview of Theories of National Image
Nächstes Kapitel National Image from a Constructivist Perspective
Fußnoten
1
The “national image of China” discussed in this chapter mainly refers to the construction of China subject to the Western society’s imagination.
 
2
Duan (2004).
 
3
Li (2010).
 
4
Étiemble (2000, p. 49).
 
5
Li (2010).
 
6
Zhang (2011).
 
7
Perkins (2004, pp. 146–149).
 
8
Voltaire (1792, p. 322).
 
9
Smith (1776). Cited in Minowitz (2004).
 
10
Backhouse and Bland (1914, pp. 322–331). Cited in Anon (no date).
 
11
Zhi (no date).
 
12
Montesquieu (1748, pp. 144–172).
 
13
Hegel (1995, pp. 118–120).
 
14
Hsia (1995, p. 114).
 
15
Defoe and Hazlitt (1841, p. 78).
 
16
Wu (2009, p. 23).
 
17
Xu (2000).
 
18
Fairbank (1987, p. 19).
 
19
White (1988, p. 199).
 
20
White and Jacoby (1988, p. 263).
 
21
Research Department One of the Party History Research Center of the CPC Central Committee (1995, p. 487).
 
22
Also known as Da Yue Jin (大跃进), a nationwide campaign launched by the CPC from 1958 to the early 1960s in order to rapidly improve the economy through industrialization and collectivization. This eventually led to a serious economic imbalance due to the misconception of “will is might” while overlooking practical economic capacities.
 
23
Also known as the Renmin Gongshe Movement (人民公社运动), the promotion of establishing large collective units in rural areas since 1958, where people carried out farming, production and logistic activities as a group. This collectivism ended up diminishing individual motivation and damaging rural productivity.
 
24
“四人帮” refers to the group behind the persecution of thousands of Party members during the “Cultural Revolution,” led by Jiang Qing, Chairman Mao Zedong’s widow. The other members are Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao.
 
25
Guan (1999, p. 411).
 
26
Hu (1994, pp. 538–539).
 
27
Mao Zedong (1949).
 
28
Niu (2002).
 
29
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union was China’s largest trading partner. In 1950, the China-Soviet trade accounted for 30% of China’s foreign trade. The percentage rose to 56.3% in 1953 and 61.9% in 1955. As of 1956, China-Soviet trading volume grew 6.5 times larger than that of 1950. Please see Pang (2003, p. 487).
 
30
Wang and Cai (2008, pp. 374–375).
 
31
Bedts (1984, p. 48).
 
32
Harding (1992, p. 3).
 
33
Zi (1994, p. 603).
 
34
Kissinger (2011).
 
35
Delzer (2013).
 
36
In this book, the term refers to North, West and South Europe.
 
37
Rielly (1995).
 
38
Li (2011a, pp. 81–82).
 
39
From then on, multiple versions of the “China threat theory” were formed in the US, such as the “threat of China’s population to global food supply” discussed in Who Will Feed China?: Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet (1994) by Lester Russel Brown (1934–), the “military,” “environmental” and “energy threats” proposed by the US Department of Defense, and “civilization threat” (Chinese and Islamic civilizations work together to oppose Western civilization) in The Clash of Civilizations (1993) by Samuel Huntington, etc. See: Li (2011a, pp. 81–82).
 
40
Liu (2002, p. 32).
 
41
Huang (1998).
 
42
Lee is a Chinese American scientist born in Taiwan. He was accused of stealing secrets about the US nuclear arsenal for the PRC in December, 1999, but 58 out of 59 charges were eventually dropped except improper handling of restricted data.
 
43
The claim that the Chinese government allegedly funded President Bill Clinton’s 1996 re-election campaign to influence the US domestic politics.
 
44
The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Bank of China, the China Construction Bank, and the Agricultural Bank of China.
 
45
两会, Lianghui, i.e., the annual plenary sessions of the National People’s Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.
 
46
Center for International Communication Studies under the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration, Brown and Lightspeed (2015).
 
47
Center for International Communication Studies under the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration, Brown and Lightspeed (2015).
 
48
Center for International Communication Studies under the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration, Brown and Lightspeed (2015).
 
49
Duan (2007, p. 32).
 
50
This reference is possibly drawn from the book Travels in the Land of Kubilai Khan by Marco Polo.
 
51
Zhou (2006, p. 713).
 
52
Zhou (2006, p. 713).
 
53
He (1998).
 
54
Zhou (2006, p. 713).
 
55
Jiang (2005, p. 116).
 
56
Buchowski (2006).
 
57
Zhou (2006, p. 713).
 
58
Dong (2006).
 
59
Wendt (2000, p. 282).
 
60
Dong (2006).
 
61
Popenoe (1987, p. 137).
 
62
Huntington (1996, p. 42).
 
63
Samovar et al. (2009, p. 49).
 
64
Wendt (2000, pp. 255–296).
 
65
Oberg (1954).
 
66
Hofstede (2001).
 
67
Wu (2014, p.147).
 
68
Between the end of 2009 and 2010, Toyota initiated large-scale global vehicle recalls because of increased reports of unintended acceleration. The accidents were caused by an incorrect placement of driver’s side floor mat into the foot pedal and/or mechanical sticking of the accelerator pedal. On March 1, 2010, Akio Toyoda, President of Toyota Motor Corporation, held a press conference in Beijing to announce the recall and apologize to Chinese consumers.
 
69
Chen (2005).
 
70
Said (1994, p. 36).
 
71
Cassirer (1944).
 
72
Zhang (2009).
 
73
Foucault (1977, p. 27).
 
74
Wang (2013).
 
75
Luce (1941).
 
76
Morley and Robins (1995, p. 221).
 
77
Zheng (2007).
 
78
Zhang (2000, p. 3).
 
79
Li and Zhao (2002, p. 21).
 
80
Wu (2014, pp. 156–158).
 
81
Hu and Zhang (2004).
 
82
Li (2011b).
 
83
Zhang (2011).
 
84
Hu and Zhang (2004).
 
85
Zhang (2009).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Perceptual Barriers to China’s National Image and Their Causes
verfasst von
Xiangfei Meng
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Buch
National Image

Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3146-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-3147-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3147-7_2