Performance Analysis of Diverse-Source Interconnected Power System with Internal Model Controller in the Presence of EVs

In recent years, the use of renewable energy in power systems has increased significantly. This affects the inertia of the system. Also, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources causes voltage and frequency fluctuations. This study suggests electric vehicles (EVs) as energy storage options for the diverse sources of an interconnected power system to resolve these issues. This paper also introduces the internal model control controller for load frequency control of an interconnected power system considering flexible AC transmission system and energy storage devices. The present study considers a two-area interconnected power system with thermal, hydro, and gas-generating units. The gain of the proposed controller is optimized using the particle swarm optimization technique. The advantages of the proposed controller have been highlighted by analyzing the results with conventional proportional–integral–derivative and proportional–integral–derivative with filter controller. The model includes superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), capacitive energy storage (CES), and redox flow batteries to support the voltage and frequency changes. A static synchronous series compensator compensates the tie-line. The performance of the SMES and CES units is compared with the proposed EVs used as energy storage units in this paper. The simulation results show that system performances improve significantly in the presence of the proposed energy storage unit. The behavior of the proposed controller is also analyzed under equal and unequal apf values. Finally, the sensitivity of the proposed controller is examined by varying the system parameters in a wide range.