Introduction
Interactions among Tephritidae, hymenopteran parasitoids and fruit trees
Anastrepha spp. control
Fruit trees that benefit biological control and conservation
Parasitoid multiplier plants
Tree species | Weight (g)/fruit (mean ± SE) | Rank total parasitoids (# parasitoids/kg fruit) | Rank no. parasitoid species |
---|---|---|---|
Spondias mombin
| 5.13 (0.03) | 1 (206.7) | 7 (3) |
Tapirira mexicana
| 3.06 (0.04) | 2 (35.8) | 3 (4) |
Ximenia americana
| 4.89 (0.05) | 3 (33.8) | 4 (3) |
Psidium guajava
| 25.97 (0.36) | 4 (22.9) | 1 (7) |
Spondias radlkoferi
| – | 5 (15.5) | 4 (3) |
Spondias purpurea
| 18.09 (0.12) | 6 (10.7) | 5 (2) |
Citrus sinensis cultivar “Corriente” | 145.58 (2.24) | 7 (8.7) | 2 (5) |
Psidium sartorianum
| 1.81 (0.02) | 8 (8.1) | 3 (4) |
Psidium guineense
| 3.82 (0.21) | 9 (6.7) | 1 (7) |
Mangifera indica cultivar “Kent” | 816.82 (32.31) | 10 (0.8) | 5 (2) |
Plant species and fruit production per tree |
Anastrepha species (pests in bold) | Parasitoid species | Mean percent parasitism |
---|---|---|---|
I. Native plants of no commercial value | |||
Myrciaria floribunda
|
A. obliqua
, A. bahiensis,
A. fraterculus
|
Doryctobracon areolatus
| 41.2 |
Psidium sartorianum 150–200 fruits |
A. fraterculus, A. striata
|
Utetes anastrephae
| 4.0–10.6 |
Diachasmimorpha longicaudata
| 4.8 | ||
D. areolatus
| 3.1–4.0 | ||
Doryctobracon crawfordi
| 3.0 | ||
Aganaspis pelleranoi
| 3.0 | ||
Psidium guineense 550–1,514 fruits |
A. fraterculus, A. striata
|
D. longicaudata
| 3.0 |
A. pelleranoi
| 3.0 | ||
D. areolatus
| 0.9 | ||
D. crawfordi
| 0.7 | ||
Odontosema anastrephae
| 0.5 | ||
U. anastrephae
| 0.3 | ||
Aceratoneuromyia indica
| 0.2 | ||
Quararibea funebris 400–580 fruits |
A. crebra
|
D. areolatus
| 19.2 |
U. anastrephae
| 4.0 | ||
D. crawfordi
| 2.9 | ||
Microcrasis n. sp. | 2.0 | ||
Spondias mombin 6,000–9,000 fruits |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
| 27.5–67.5 |
U. anastrephae
| 9.3–50.8 | ||
D. longicaudata
| 0.3 | ||
Spondias radlkoferi 1,860–4,620 fruits |
A. obliqua
|
U. anastrephae
| 22.2 |
D. longicaudata
| 23.3 | ||
D. areolatus
| 18.9 | ||
Tapirira mexicana a. 1,276 fruits |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
| 36.8 |
U. anastrephae
| 21.3 | ||
D. longicaudata
| 9.7 | ||
D. crawfordi
| 1.3 | ||
Ximenia americana 150–200 fruits |
A. alveata
|
D. areolatus
| 16.1–64.4 |
U. anastrephae
| 6.3–7.6 | ||
Opius hirtus
| 3.0 | ||
II. Native plants with commercial value | |||
Psidium guajava 1,000–4,000 fruits |
A. striata
|
A. pelleranoi
| 0.5–14.9 |
A. fraterculus
|
D. longicaudata
| 1.4–14.2 | |
D. areolatus
| 0.2–2.9 | ||
D. crawfordi
| 0.1–3.4 | ||
O. anastrephae
| 0.1–1.0 | ||
U. anastrephae
| 0.1 | ||
Spondias purpurea 6,000–9,000 fruits |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
| 1.8–41.3 |
U. anastrephae
| 0.1–1.6 | ||
III. Exotic plants with no commercial value | |||
Citrus aurantium 300–400 fruits |
A. ludens
|
D. crawfordi
| 9.62 |
IV. Exotic plants with commercial value | |||
Citrus sinensis var “Corriente” 100–200 fruits |
A. ludens
|
D. crawfordi
| 7.4–22.6 |
D. longicaudata
| 4.2–9.1 | ||
D. areolatus
| 0.9–2.3 | ||
A. pelleranoi
| 0.1–0.2 | ||
A. indica
| 0.3 | ||
Citrus sinensis var “Navel” a. 100 fruits |
A. ludens
|
D. crawfordi
| 0.6–9.7 |
D. longicaudata
| 0.3–2.2 | ||
Mangifera indica var “Criollo” 500–1,000 fruits |
A. obliqua, A. ludens
|
D. areolatus
| 0.4 |
Mangifera indica var “Kent” 500–800 fruits |
A. obliqua, A. ludens
|
D. longicaudata
| 4.5 |
A. pelleranoi
| 0.3 | ||
Prunus persica
|
A. fraterculus
|
D. crawfordi
| 1.85 |
Plant species | Family |
Anastrepha species | Parasitoid species |
---|---|---|---|
I. Parasitoid multiplier species | |||
For mango (attacked by A. obliqua) | |||
Myrciaria dubia
a,b
| Myrtaceae |
A. obliqua
|
Doryctobracon areolatus
|
Myrciaria floribunda
c
| Myrtaceae |
A. bahiensis, A. fraterculus, A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
|
Spondias radlkoferi
d
| Anacardiaceae |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
|
Spondias lutea
e,f
| Anacardiaceae |
A. obliqua, A. striata
|
Asobara anastrephae
e,f
, U. anastrephae
f
, D. areolatus
f
|
Tapirira mexicana
c,g
| Anacardiaceae |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
c,g
, U. anastrephae
c,g
, Opius hirtus
g
|
For guava attacked by A. striata or A. fraterculus
| |||
Psidium guajava
a,b,c,e,f,g (yard or fence row guava) | Myrtaceae |
A. striata, A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. turpiniae, A. zenildae
|
D. areolatus
a,b,e,f,g
Doryctobracon crawfordi
b,d
Aganaspis pelleranoi
b
A. anastrephae
e
Odontosema anastrephae
b
O. bellus
e
, U. anastrephae
b
, Lopheucoila sp.a
, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata
b
, Acerateuromyia indica
b
|
Psidium sartorianum
c
|
A. striata, A. fraterculus
|
D. areolatus
c
, U. anastrephae
c
, A. pelleranoi
c
| |
II. Reservoir plant species | |||
For all pest fruit flies in Veracruz or Brazil | |||
Brosimum alicastrum
g
| Moraceae |
A. bahiensis
|
Nealiolus n. sp. |
Campomanesia sessiflora
f
| Myrtaceae |
A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. zenildae
|
D. areolatus, U. anastrephae, Opius sp. |
Inga fagifolia
a,b
| Fabaceae |
A. distincta
|
Opius sp. |
Platonia insegnis
a
| Gutifera |
A. distincta
|
Opius sp.a
|
Pouteria caimito
a
| Sapotaceae |
A. leptozona
|
D. areolatus
a
|
Poraqueiba paraensis
a
| Icacinaceae |
A. leptozona
|
Opius sp.a
|
Pouroma cecropiaefolia
a,b
| Moraceae |
A. bahiensis
|
D. areolatus
a,b
, A. anastrephae
b
, Opius sp.b
|
Quararibea funebris
g
| Bombacaceae |
A. crebra
|
Microcrasis n. sp., Utetes aff. anastrephae, D. areolatus, D. crawfordi
|
Tabernamontana alba
a
| Apocynaceae |
A. crebra
|
O. hirtus
|
Ximenia americana
c
| Olacaceae |
A. alveata
|
D. areolatus, U. anastrephae
|
III. Pest-based reservoir plants | |||
a) For mango attacked by A. obliqua
| |||
Psidium guajava
a,c,f
| Myrtaceae |
A. striata
|
D. areolatus
|
Citrus aurantium
a,c
| Rutaceae |
A. ludens
|
D. areolatus, D. crawfordi, A. indica
|
b) For citrus attacked by A. ludens
| |||
Spondias mombin
a,c,f
| Anacardiaceae |
A. obliqua
|
D. areolatus
a,c
, U. anastrephae
a,c
, A. anastrephae
f
, O. bellus
a,c
, Opius sp.a,c
|
Parasitoid reservoir plants
Pest-based parasitoid reservoir plants
Vulnerabilities of fruit trees useful to biological control and conservation
Habitat fragmentation
Study site | Parasitoid species | N (individuals per 1,000 fruit) | Parasitoid dominance at each site (percentage of all parasitoids recovered) |
---|---|---|---|
Llano grande (undisturbed area) |
Doryctobracon areolatus
| 5,864 | 52.60 |
Utetes anastrephae
| 5,140 | 46.11 | |
Diachasmimorpha longicaudata
| 78 | 0.70 | |
Opius hirtus
| 36 | 0.32 | |
Aganaspis pelleranoi
| 22 | 0.20 | |
Doryctobracon crawfordi
| 7 | 0.03 | |
Total | 11,147 | 100.00 | |
Apazapan (disturbed area) |
Doryctobracon areolatus
| 437 | 96.90 |
Utetes anastrephae
| 14 | 3.10 | |
Total | 451 | 100.00 |
Selective logging
Managing links between wild fruit fly hosts and orchards to promote biological control and conservation
An example: Anastrepha obliqua in mango production areas
Actions required for conservation biological control of A. obliqua
Conservation of existing forest patches
Tree species | Role | Fly host | Human value |
---|---|---|---|
T. mexicana
| Parasitoid multiplier |
A. obliqua
| Highly valuable timber/veneer (false mahogany) |
P. guajava
| Pest-based reservoir |
A. striata
| Edible fruit |
X. americana
| Reservoir |
A. alveata
| Substitute for sandalwood |
Species to conserve but not necessary to replant | |||
M. floribunda
| Reservoir |
A. bahiensis
| Hardwood for making kitchen tools |
Inga spp. | Reservoir |
A. distincta
| Shade tree for coffee and edible fruit |
Replanting missing tree species in degraded-natural and other uncultivated areas
Legislative frameworks for preservation of biodiversity
Wood and other products
Protection of rare fauna, charismatic and otherwise
Fly species | Host plant | Family | References |
---|---|---|---|
Anastrepha alveata
|
Ximenia americana
| Olacaceae | Piedra et al. (1993) |
A. aphelocentema
|
Pouteria hypoglauca
| Sapotaceae | Patiño (1989) |
A. bahiensis
|
Myrciaria floribunda
| Myrtaceae | Aluja et al. (2000) |
A. bahiensis
|
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria
| Moraceae | Hernández-Ortíz and Pérez-Alonso (1993) |
A. bezzi
| Unknown | Hernández-Ortíz and Pérez-Alonso (1993) | |
A. crebra
|
Quararibea funebris
| Bombacaceae | Hernández-Ortíz and Pérez-Alonso (1993) |
A. dentata
| Unknown | Aluja et al. (2000) | |
A. hamata
|
Chrysophyllum mexicanum
| Sapotaceae | Lopez et al. (1999) |
A. limae
| Unknown | Aluja et al. (2000) | |
A. robusta
| Unknown | Aluja et al. (2000) | |
Hexachaeta pardalis
|
Trophis mexicana
| Moraceae | Aluja et al. (2000) |
Rhagoletis turpiniae
|
Turpinia occidentales breviflora (Sw.) G.Don | Staphyleaceae | Hernández-Ortíz and Pérez-Alonso (1993) |
Rhagoletis turpiniae
|
T. insignis (H.B.& K.) Tul | Staphyleaceae | Hernández-Ortíz (1993) |