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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

23. Politics and a Contemporary Social Role for Adoption

verfasst von : Kerry O’Halloran

Erschienen in: The Politics of Adoption

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In concluding The Politics of Adoption, this chapter reflects on the political dimension to the social role of adoption—as evidenced in the law, policy and practice of many nations examined in the preceding chapters—and gives some consideration to the likelihood and desirability of a further phase of political re-shaping.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Politics and a Regulatory Regime for Adoption

See, Gibbons, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Harrap, London 1949 at p. 30.

See, Gilligan, R., Irish Child Care Services: Policy, Practice and Provision Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, 1991.

See, Gibbons, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, op cit.

Justinian’s reform of the law relating to adoption, and to the family more generally, were undertaken in 529 AD. See, further, Borkowski, A., Textbook on Roman Law, London, Blackstone, 1994, p. 138.

See, for example, Creagh, D., ‘The Baby Trains: Catholic Foster Care and Western Migration, 1873–1929’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 46, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 197–218.

See, Bird, C., The Stolen Children; Their Stories, Random House, Australia, 1998.

See, for example, Haskins, V. and Jacobs, M.D., ‘Stolen Generations and Vanishing Indians: The Removal of Indigenous Children as a Weapon of War in the United States and Australia, 1970–1940’, in Marten, J. (ed.), Children and War: A Historical Anthology, New York University Press, NY, 2002.

See, for example, Jacobs, M., A Generation Removed: The Fostering and Adoption of Indian Children in the Post-War World, University of Nebraska Press, 2014.

See, for example, Catholic Care (Diocese of Leeds) v. The Charity Commission for England and Wales [2011] Eq LR 597.

See, also: the National Association of Evangelicals, the largest conservative Protestant group in the U.S.; the National Conference of Catholic Bishops; the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council; the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions and the National Association of Evangelicals; and Christian Churches Together, a new co-operative effort involving faith groups from five families within Christianity—Evangelical/Pentecostal, Historic Protestant, Orthodox, Racial/Ethnic, and Roman Catholic.

See, Johns & Anor, R (on the application of) v. Derby City Council & Anor [2011] EWHC 375 per Munby P.

Repealed by s 3 of the Children and Families Act 2014. The ‘due consideration’ provision remains valid for adoption law in Wales.

See, Scherman, R., ‘Doing More Harm than Good: Misguided Salvation in the Evangelical Movement’ in her review of Joyce, K., The Child Catchers: Rescue, Trafficking and the New Gospel of Adoption, Public Affairs Books, NY, 2013; PsycCRITIQUES, December 25, Vol. 58, No. 50, 2013.

In December 1996, President Clinton issued his Executive Memorandum on adoption and in 1997 the Department responded with the Adoption 2000 report.

In July 2000, the Performance and Innovation Unit of the Cabinet Office, acting under the direction of the Prime Minister, assessed the need for change and published The Prime Minister’s Review: Adoption.

Author acknowledges advice from David Smolin on this matter (note to author, 27.11.2014).

See, further, Clover, C., ‘Russia bans Adoption by U.S. Citizens’, Financial Times, (Dec 28, 2012) at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/9abc9eb2-5032-11e2-a231-00144feab49a,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F9abc9eb2-5032-11e2-a231-00144feab49a.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3Hdev3vIi.

See, further, at: https://www.dw.com/en/eu-calls-on-romania-to-maintain-moratorium-on-adoptions/a-1796941.

See, further, for example at: https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/world/international-adoption-korea-adoptee-advocates/index.html and https://kimparknelson.org/publications/.

See, Menozzi, C. and Mirkin, B., ‘Child Adoption: A Path to Parenthood?’, 2007, p. 5, at https://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70610.

Re W (A Child) [2016] EWCA Civ 793 which established that there was no right or presumption for a child to be brought up by her natural family.

See, In the matter of N (Children) (Adoption: Jurisdiction), [2015] EWCA Civ 1112, per Sir James Mumby, President of the Family Division, at para 7.

See, the Peti Committee Report, ‘Adoption Without Consent 2016 Update, at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/556940/IPOL_STU(2016)556940_EN.pdf.

See, Bartholet, E., ‘International Adoption: The Human Rights Position’, Global Policy, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 91–100, 2010.

See, Rushton, A., ‘A Scoping and Scanning Review of Research on the Adoption of Children Placed from Public Care’, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 89–106.

See, for example, Buckles, K.S., ‘Adoption Subsidies and Placement Outcomes for Children in Foster Care’, at: https://www3.nd.edu/~kbuckles/adoption.pdf.

See, the Family Code, s 130.

Although it has to be said that Hayes was unable to substantiate any such inverse correlation when comparing rates of ICA with domestic adoptions more broadly (i.e. not specific to child care). See, further, Hayes, P., ‘Intercountry Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of its Effect on Domestic adoption Rates’, Full Research Report, ESRC End of Award Report, RES-000-22-1840. Swindon: ESRC, 2009.

See, further, at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest4e.pdf.

See, Briggs, L., ‘Mother, Child, Race, Nation: the Visual Iconography of Rescue and the Politics of Transnational and Transracial Adoption’, Gender and History, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2003, pp. 179–200.

See, Kim, J., ‘An “Orphan” with Two Mothers: Transnational and Transracial Adoption, the Cold War, and Contemporary Asian American Cultural Politics’, American Quarterly, Vol. 61, Issue 4, pp. 855–880, (2009).

See, Högbacka, R., Global Families, Inequality and Transnational Adoption: The De-Kinning of First Mothers, London, Palgrave Macmillan, (2016).

See, Selman P., ‘Intercountry Adoption after the Haiti Earthquake: Rescue or Robbery?’, Adoption & Fostering, Vol. 35, Issue 4, pp. 41–49.

See, Recommendation 39 of report by the Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the Hague Convention (17–25 June 2010) at: https://www.hcch.net/upload/wop/adop2010concl_e.pdf.

See, Johnson, K., Law & Society Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2002, pp. 379–396 at p. 380. See, further, at: https://content.csbs.utah.edu/~fan/fcs5400-6400/studentpresentation2006fall/JohnsonKay.pdf.

See, further, at: https://africa.cgtn.com/2019/09/22/talk-africa-foreign-adoption-of-african-children/.

See, Selman, P., ‘Global Trends in Intercountry Adoption: 2001–2010’, Adoption Advocate No. 44, the National Council for Adoption, February 2012.

See, for example, Mason, J.M., ‘Inter-Country Adoption: A Global Problem or a Global Solution’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 55, Issue 1, pp. 141–166, 2001.

See, Bartholet, E., ‘International Adoption: the Human Rights Position’, at: https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3228398/IA-GlPol72409.pdf?sequence=2.

Citing Bartholet, E., International Adoption: Thoughts on the Human Rights Issues’, Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, 13, 151–203, at pp. 161–3.

Ibid., at pp. 160–61.

Ibid., at pp. 156–157, 190–191.

See, Bartholet, E., ‘International Adoption: the Human Rights Position’, op cit., at p. 26 citing Dohle, A., ‘Inside Story of an Adoption Scandal, Cumberland Law Review, 39(1), 2008, pp. 131–186 at p. 131.

See, for example, Selman, P., ‘The Global Decline of Intercountry Adoption; What lies ahead?’, Social Policy and Society, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 381–397.

See, Hollinger, J.H., Adoption Law and Practice, LexisNexis, 2010.

See, Bartholet, E., ‘International Adoption: the Human Rights Position’, op cit.

See, Selman, P., ‘The Global Decline of Intercountry Adoption; What lies ahead?’, op cit.

See, Smolin, D.M., ‘Child Laundering and the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: The Future and Past of Intercountry Adoption’, University of Louisville Law Review 48.3 (2010), pp. 441–498.

Gibbons, J.L. and Rotabi, K.S. (eds), Intercountry Adoption: Policies, Practices, and Outcomes, Ashgate, 2012.

Ibid., at p. 385 where he explains that: ‘typically child laundering consists of obtaining children illicitly through force, funds or fraud, providing false paperwork that indicates that the children are abandoned or relinquished “orphans”, and then processing these “orphans” through the official intercountry adoption system’.

Ojedokun, U.A., & Atoi, E.N., ‘Baby Factory Syndicates: An Emerging Child Adoption Racket in Nigeria’, African Journal for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 19(1), (2016), at pp. 47–59.

See, Graff, E., ‘The lie we love’, Foreign Policy, November 1, 2008, at: https://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4508&print=1.

See, Smolin, D., in Gibbons, J.L. and Rotabi, K.S. (eds), Intercountry Adoption: Policies, Practices, and Outcomes, Ashgate, 2012, at p. 396.

See, Bartholet, E., Ibid., pp. 377–378.

See, Haworth, A., ‘Surrogate Mothers: Womb for Rent’, Seattle P.I., July 1st, 2009, at: https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Surrogate-Mothers-Womb-for-rent-1303111.php.

See, for example, Hermann, K.J. and Kasper, B., ‘International Adoption: The Exploitation of Women and Children’, Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, Vol. 7, 1992, pp. 45–58.

See, Ryznar, M., ‘International Commercial Surrogacy and Its Parties’, 43 John Marshall Law Review, 2010.

See, Raymond, J.G., ‘Reproduction, Population, Technology and Rights, ISIS International, at: https://www.isiswomen.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=534:reproduction-population-technology-and-rights&catid=134.

See, Rotabi, K.S. and Bromfield, N.S., ‘The Decline in Intercountry Adoption and the New Practice of Global Surrogacy: Global Exploitation and Human Rights Concerns’, Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, Vol. 27, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 129–141.

See, Bartholet, E., ‘International Adoption: the Human Rights Position’, at: https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3228398/IA-GlPol72409.pdf?sequence=2 at p. 26.

See, further, at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00673-1.

See, Preamble to the Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, at: https://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=69.

See, United Nations Human Rights Council, ‘Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children’, Eleventh Session Resolution 11/7, 2009.

See, for example: Freundlich, M., Adoption and Ethics: The Market Forces in Adoption, CWLA Press (Child Welfare League of America), 2000; Graff, N.B., ‘Intercountry Adoption and the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Can the Free Market in Children Be Controlled?’, Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com. 405, 2000; and Smolin, D., ‘Child laundering: How the intercountry adoption system legitimizes and incentivizes the practices of buying, trafficking, kidnapping, and stealing children’, Wayne Law Review, Vol. 52, 2005, pp. 115–200 and ‘Child Laundering as exploitation: Applying anti-trafficking norms to intercountry adoption under the coming Hague regime’, Vermont Law Review, Vol. 32, 2007, pp. 1–55.

See, Bromfield, N.F. and Rotabi, K.S., ‘Human Trafficking and the Haitian Child Abduction Attempt: Policy Analysis and Implications for Social Workers and NASW’, Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 13–35.

Adoption in these countries is not specifically endorsed by law, policy or practice as an option for addressing parental failure.

See, also, the European Convention of Human Rights, Articles 8, 9 and 10.

See, Erikson, E., Identity and the Life Cycle: Selected Papers, New York, International Universities Press, 1959 and Identity: Youth and Crisis, London, Faber, 1968.

See, Heidegger, M., Being and Time, (trans. by Macquarrie J. and Robinson, E.), London, SCM Press, 1962.

See, Brubaker, R. and Cooper, F. ‘Beyond ‘Identity’ in Theory and Society, Vol. 29, pp. 1–47, (2000) and Calhoun, C., (ed.), Social Theory and Identity Politics, Oxford, Blackwell, 1994.

See, Weinreich, P. and Saunderson, W. (eds.), Analysing Identity: Cross-Cultural, Societal and Clinical Contexts, London, Routledge, 2003.

See, for example, Barzilai, G., Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities, University of Michigan Press, 2003 and Campbell, D., Writing Security. United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, University of Minnesota Press, 1998.

Application No. 33783/09, (2013).

See, Menozzi, C. and Mirkin, B., ‘Child Adoption: A Path to Parenthood?’, United Nations Population Division, 2007, at p. 6.

See, Hollinger, J.H., Adoption Law and Practice vol. 1, Matthew Bender Co., Lexis-Nexis, New York, 1988–2005, (2005 update).

See, for example, ‘Surrogate Parenting’, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, at: https://www.iep.utm.edu/surr-par/.

See, M.R. & Anor v. An tArd Chlaraitheoir [2013] IEHC 91.

Titel: Politics and a Contemporary Social Role for Adoption
verfasst von: Kerry O’Halloran
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Politics of Adoption
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65587-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-65588-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65588-4_23