1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
Elements | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Ti | Zn | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt% | 13.880 \(\pm \) 0.127 | 1.461 \(\pm \) 0.043 | 0.091 \(\pm \) 0.002 | 0.194 \(\pm \) 0.003 | 0.074 \(\pm \) 0.001 | 0.041 \(\pm \) 0.001 | Bal. |
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 X-ray Method
Rate of casting (m/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rc 2.4 | Rc 2.6 | Rc 2.8 | |
Number of pores in the castings | 918 \(\pm \) 63 | 848 \(\pm \) 88 | 678 \(\pm \) 103 |
Range of circularity | Quantities of pores depending on the rate of casting (m/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Rc 2.4 | Rc 2.6 | Rc 2.8 | |
0.0–0.30 | 0 \(\pm \) 0 | 3 \(\pm \) 5 | 0 \(\pm \) 0 |
0.31–0.50 | 15 \(\pm \) 8 | 15 \(\pm \) 17 | 11 \(\pm \) 8 |
0.51–0.80 | 118 \(\pm \) 20 | 110 \(\pm \) 27 | 86 \(\pm \) 40 |
0.81–1.00 | 784 \(\pm \) 40 | 776 \(\pm \) 155 | 704 \(\pm \) 112 |
Pore size (mm) | Quantities of pores depending on the rate of casting (m/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Rc 2.4 | Rc 2.6 | Rc 2.8 | |
0.0–0.20 | 543 \(\pm \) 21 | 569 \(\pm \) 134 | 557 \(\pm \) 134 |
0.21–0.40 | 285 \(\pm \) 35 | 217 \(\pm \) 55 | 175 \(\pm \) 58 |
0.41–0.60 | 55 \(\pm \) 8 | 65 \(\pm \) 23 | 39 \(\pm \) 29 |
0.61–0.80 | 39 \(\pm \) 12 | 30 \(\pm \) 15 | 24 \(\pm \) 17 |
0.81–1.00 | 12 \(\pm \) 8 | 11 \(\pm \) 7 | 6 \(\pm \) 8 |
1.01–1.20 | 7 \(\pm \) 3 | 5 \(\pm \) 3 | 4 \(\pm \) 2 |
\(>\)1.21 | 11 \(\pm \) 4 | 10 \(\pm \) 6 | 5 \(\pm \) 6 |
3.2 Ultrasonic Method
Rate of casting (m/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rc 2.4 | Rc 2.6 | Rc 2.8 | |
Speed of ultrasonic wave propagation (m/s) | 5073 \(\pm \) 6 | 6180 \(\pm \) 53 | 6362 \(\pm \) 33 |