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Erschienen in: Society 6/2016

26.10.2016 | Social Science and Public Policy

Poverty and the Controversial Work of Nonprofits

verfasst von: Michael Jindra, Ines W. Jindra

Erschienen in: Society | Ausgabe 6/2016

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Abstract

There has been a significant shift among antipoverty nonprofits toward what we call “relational work,”which involves working with clients over time on life changes. Some scholars discuss this, often in negative terms, as part of a broader neoliberal trend. We argue that relational work is an important and unavoidable part of ongoing efforts against poverty and homelessness. We also discuss the broader theoretical context that make scholars suspicious of this kind of antipoverty work, and argue for a multifaceted approach topoverty that includes attention to relational work and the agency of clients.

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Fußnoten
1
Michael Jindra and Ines W. Jindra, “The Rise of Antipoverty Relational Work,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, March 17, 2015, http://​www.​ssireview.​org/​blog/​entry/​the_​rise_​of_​antipoverty_​relational_​work.
 
2
Junlei Li and Megan M. Julian, “Developmental Relationships as the Active Ingredient,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 82, no. 2 (2012): 157–66; Lehn M. Benjamin and David C. Campbell, “Programs Aren’t Everything,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2014.
 
3
Catholic Charities USA, “2014 Help and Hope Report,” 2014, https://​www.​scribd.​com/​doc/​239814913/​2014-Help-and-Hope-Report.
 
4
Julie Adkins, Laurie Occhipinti, and Tara Hefferan, Not by Faith Alone: Social Services, Social Justice, and Faith-Based Organizations in the United States (Lexington Books, 2010); Steven Rathgeb Smith, “Social Services,” in The State of Nonprofit America, ed. Lester M. Salamon, 2nd ed. (Brookings Institution Press, 2012), 192–228.
 
5
Howard Husock, “Atlanta’s Public-Housing Revolution,” City Journal, Autumn 2010.
 
6
Robert D. Lupton, Toxic Charity: How the Church Hurts Those They Help and How to Reverse It (HarperCollins, 2011), 28–29.
 
7
Margaret Archer, Making Our Way through the World: Human Reflexivity and Social Mobility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Ines W. Jindra and Michael Jindra, “Connecting Poverty, Culture, and Cognition: The Bridges Out of Poverty Process” Journal of Poverty, 2016.
 
8
Wolfgang Lehmann, “Habitus Transformation and Hidden Injuries Successful Working-Class University Students,” Sociology of Education 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–15.
 
9
e.g. P. Joassart-Marcelli, “For Whom and For What? An Investigation of the Roles of Nonprofits as Providers to the Neediest,” in The State of Nonprofit America, ed. Lester M. Salamon, 2nd ed. (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2012), 657–681; Susan Starr Sered and Maureen Norton-Hawk, Can’t Catch a Break: Gender, Jail, Drugs, and the Limits of Personal Responsibility (Berkeley: Univ of California Press, 2014).
 
10
Much of this discussion also revolves around government welfare reform. Scholars here include Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Loic Wacquant, and the recent work of Soss, Fording and Schram, Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).
 
11
Katariina Mäkinen, “The Individualization of Class: A Case of Working Life Coaching,” The Sociological Review 62, no. 4 (2014): 821–842.
 
12
Michael Jindra, “The Dilemma of Equality and Diversity,” Current Anthropology 55, no. 3 (2014): 316–34.
 
13
Philip S. Gorski, “Recovered Goods: Durkheimian Sociology as Virtue Ethics,” in The Post-Secular in Question: Religion in Contemporary Society, ed. Philip S. Gorski et al. (New York: NYU Press, 2012), 100.
 
14
James Laidlaw, The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
 
15
Michel Foucault, The Essential Works of Michel Foucault, Vol. 1: Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, ed. Paul Rabinow (London: Penguin, 2000), 177.
 
16
Foucault, Ethics; Laidlaw, The Subject of Virtue, 92–137; Cheryl Mattingly, “Two Virtue Ethics and the Anthropology of Morality,” Anthropological Theory 12, no. 2 (2012): 161–184.
 
17
Foucault, Ethics, 204. Foucault’s work is complex, and we can’t do justice to the varied treatments of concepts such as “pastoral power,” or “monastic discipline” here, but see Laidlaw (note 14) for a good summary of how Foucault’s work evolved, including the implications for notions of virtue, ethics and freedom.
 
18
James Laidlaw, “For an Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8, no. 2 (2002): 324–27; Joel Robbins, Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society (Berkeley: Univ of California Press, 2004).
 
19
Michael Jindra and Ines W. Jindra, “Utilizing Relational Work and Technologies of the Self against Poverty” (Unpublished Manuscript).
 
20
Robert I. Lerman and W. Bradford Wilcox, “For Richer, For Poorer: How Family Structures Economic Success in America” (Institute for Family Studies, 2014), http://​www.​aei.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2014/​10/​IFS-ForRicherForPoor​er-Final_​Web.​pdf.
 
21
Claire Maxwell and Peter Aggleton, “Agentic Practice and Privileging Orientations among Privately Educated Young Women,” The Sociological Review, 2014.
 
22
James J. Heckman, Giving Kids a Fair Chance (Boston: MIT Press, 2013).
 
23
Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Understanding Self-Control and How to Master It (New York: Random House, 2014), 239.
 
24
Peter Sloterdijk, You Must Change Your Life: On Anthropotechnics, trans. Wieland Hoban (Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 2013).
 
25
David Loy, The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory (Wisdom Publications Inc., 2003).
 
26
Barbara Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America (Harpers, 1999). For critiques of these approaches, see Robert Cherry, “Helping Black Men Thrive,” National Journal, Spring 2015, 56–70.
 
27
Richard. A. Shweder, Why Do Men Barbecue? Recipes for Cultural Psychology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ Press, 2003), 128–29.
 
28
Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life, with an Update a Decade Later (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).
 
29
Barbara Ehrenreich, “A Homespun Safety Net,” New York Times, July 12, 2009.
 
30
Jindra and Jindra, “Connecting Poverty, Culture, and Cognition: The Bridges Out of Poverty Process.” Journal of Poverty, 2016.
 
31
Corey Abramson, “From ‘Either-Or’ to ‘When and How’: A Context-Dependent Model of Culture in Action,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 42, no. 2 (2012): 155–80; Margaret Archer, “Structure, Culture and Agency,” in The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Culture, ed. Mark D. Jacobs and Nancy Weiss Hanrahan (John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 17–34; Nicole M. Stephens, Hazel Rose Markus, and Stephanie A. Fryberg, “Social Class Disparities in Health and Education: Reducing Inequality by Applying a Sociocultural Self Model of Behavior.,” Psychological Review 119, no. 4 (2012): 723; Orlando Patterson and Ethan Fosse, eds., The Cultural Matrix: Understanding Black Youth (Harvard University Press, 2015).
 
32
Steven Hitlin and Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, “Reconceptualizing Agency within the Life Course: The Power of Looking Ahead,” American Journal of Sociology 120, no. 5 (2015): 1429–72.
 
33
Christian Smith, To Flourish or Destruct: A Personalist Theory of Human Goods, Motivations, Failure, and Evil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 254–55; Suzanne Fitzpatrick, “Explaining Homelessness: A Critical Realist Perspective,” Housing, Theory and Society 22, no. 1 (2005): 1–17.
 
34
Isabel V. Sawhill, Scott Winship, and Kerry Searle Grannis, “Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities,” Washington, DC: Brookings, 2012; Robert Cherry, Moving Working Families Forward: Third Way Policies That Can Work (New York: NYU Press, 2013).
 
35
Robert Brenneman, Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Bryant L. Myers, Walking with the Poor: Principles and Practices of Transformational Development (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011).
 
36
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
 
37
Philip E. DeVol, Bridges to Sustainable Communities (Aha! Process, Inc., 2010).
 
38
Stephen R. Crook and Gary W. Evans, “The Role of Planning Skills in the Income–Achievement Gap,” Child Development 85, no. 2 (2014): 405–411.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Poverty and the Controversial Work of Nonprofits
verfasst von
Michael Jindra
Ines W. Jindra
Publikationsdatum
26.10.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Society / Ausgabe 6/2016
Print ISSN: 0147-2011
Elektronische ISSN: 1936-4725
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-016-0077-6

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