RETRACTED ARTICLE: Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles using electrodeposition and co-precipitation techniques for dye-sensitized solar cells applications

Zinc oxide thin films have been successfully prepared by co-precipitation and electrodeposition methods onto Fluorinated tin oxide substrate using zinc nitrate aqueous solutions at various bath temperatures (25–75 °C). The deposition of electrodeposition method was conducted using both using linear sweep voltammetry and Chronoamperometric techniques. The effects of solution composition, agitation and bath temperature on the electrochemical measurements and ZnO film characteristics were fully analyzed. The findings reveal that temperature and nitrate ion concentration have a strong promoting effect on ZnO film formation. Moreover, the obtained powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy and UV–Vis Spectroscopy. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction indicates the formation of ZnO phase and the deposited film exhibits the Zincite structure with crystallite size around 51 nm. The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on both ZnO prepared by co-precipitation and electrodeposition methods was investigated. A power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.5 % was achieved for the DSSC with co-precipitation ZnO, which is higher than that of the cell with electrodeposition ZnO (2.5 %). Explanations are substantiated by incident photon to electron conversion efficiency curves.