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Dieses Kapitel vertieft sich in die sich entwickelnde Landschaft des multimodalen Luft- und Schienenverkehrs und unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit eines nahtlosen Zugangs, der gemeinsamen Nutzung von Daten und verbesserter Fahrgasterfahrung. Darin werden die Herausforderungen manueller Verfahren, Datensilos und die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf Transportdienstleistungen untersucht. Das Projekt E-CORRIDOR wird als Lösung eingeführt, die einen sicheren, kooperativen und vertraulichen Rahmen für Informationsaustausch und -analyse bietet. Zu den diskutierten Schlüssellösungen gehören mobile Anmeldung mit nachprüfbaren Anmeldeinformationen, datenschutzerhaltende Serviceentdeckung sowie Lokalisierung und digitale Wegfindung. Diese Lösungen zielen darauf ab, Passagierabfertigung, Erfahrung und Betriebsabläufe zu verbessern und gleichzeitig die Privatsphäre zu schützen. Das Kapitel schließt mit dem Potenzial dieser Lösungen, den wachsenden Anforderungen des Transportsektors und den Erwartungen der Passagiere gerecht zu werden.
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Abstract
Nowadays passenger travels are more and more multimodal. Often advocated as the way to follow to strike a balance between sustainability and travel time, air-rail is a prominent example of multimodality. To accommodate the fast-growing business the travel and tourism industry is experiencing, operators are going through a continuous digital transformation including solutions based on wireless connectivity, smart-sensors, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence. The goal is twofold: improving passenger processing and operations, and passenger experience. On the other hand, significant challenges to tackle and opportunities to unfold in terms of security, privacy, and optimization, are still only partially addressed. The EU H2020 E-CORRIDOR project develops a secure, collaborative, and confidential framework for information sharing and analysis. Solutions for the air-rail multimodal pilot seek to improve passenger experience, perform seamless authentication, enhance the cybersecurity posture of the transport operators, break down data silos existing among stakeholders, and better support Passenger with Reduced Mobility (PRM) and coordination among operators. This paper presents some of such solutions where privacy is the keystone.
1 Introduction
In the past, travels were considered matching the duration of a single ticket. Nowadays, this definition is limiting. Travel boundaries have now been stretched as multiple modes of transport are actually part of a single trip. Door-to-door (D2D) travels could start by taking local transportation or renting a car to reach the nearest train station, and then taking a flight to cover the longest segment to destination. The Flightpath 2050 [4] sets as a goal that 90% of travelers within Europe are able to complete their D2D journey within 4 h. Such a high-level goal requires: i) an evaluation of the entire journey rather than a single travel leg (i.e., the trip from point A to B), and ii) ease of access and cooperation between modes of transport. In Europe, two primary modes of transport for intercity travels are train and plane. Their combination is highly attractive to reach the Flightpath 2050 goal as well as to curb climate change by reducing 90% of greenhouse gas emissions in transport (as stated in the EU Green Deal), and improve connectivity while also taking into account the cost involved in a “green” transition and the impact on the environment posed by the construction of new infrastructures [2]. To better support a growing business, operators are continuously investing in the digital transformation, by means of wireless connectivity, smart-sensors, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence. Indeed, in a D2D travel experience (from reservation to final destination), seamless access, personalization and availability of value-added services are identified as key factors for the future mobility [5]. Passenger experience can be improved only if accompanied with enhancements to passenger processing and operations.
Structure of the Paper. Firstly, we introduce the air-rail scenario highlighting current processes and needs (Sect. 2). Then, we describe the approach of the E-CORRIDOR project and a selection of its solutions for improving passenger processing, experience and operations (Sect. 3). Some remarks are in Sect. 4.
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2 Challenges
A multimodal journey is built around services offered by multiple stakeholders. From the travel reservation, to check-in, service access, and request for added-value services. Here we focus our attention on the air-rail multimodality.
Currently, manual and reiterated procedures for identification and authentication to the services of each stakeholder (ground operators, airlines, border control, etc.) for check-in, baggage drop-off, security check, service access, custom border, and baggage claim are adopted. At each touchpoint1 passenger information, often sensitive, are exchanged. Frequently this is performed with coarse granularity (i.e., all the information even if not strictly required are shared). Challenge 1.Offer a seamless access to transport services while implementing the Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) approach and its data minimization tenet.
As infrastructures evolve the amount of collected data has surged. These data have the capacity of improving the performance of the transport operators, e.g., by estimating the queuing or service access time, or monitoring infrastructures and assets. As multiple stakeholders are part of the data collection, silos are built and their benefit is not fully exploited. Challenge 2.Build a digital ecosystem able to break the data silos to analyze the collected knowledge for operations management, by means of privacy-preserving solutions.
The unfortunate COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated limits of transport services whose access procedures and user interaction flows were not always up-to-date and often based on manual procedures, causing increased waiting queues. Millions of requests of assistance per year are collected by the busiest airports and train stations from People with Reduced Mobility (PRM). PRM services are often sub-contracted and fragmented regulations coupled with the complexity of synchronizing the physical position of operators working for different modes of transport generates a degraded passenger experience. Challenge 3.Improve the passenger experience (in particular for the PRM) by designing and adopting digital solutions, e.g., based on mobile devices.
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Recent sectorial initiatives have recognized important gaps and are working to find solutions. The IATA (International Air Transport Association) OneID2 aims at offering the ability to identify and prove the passenger travel requirements before reaching the airport by means of trusted digital identities. In the joint IATA and ACI (Airports Council International) NEXTT (New Experience Travel Technologies) a vision for future travels is defined where data silos, interoperability, timely notification and big-data play a role in improving passenger experience considering expectation of both ageing and millennial populations3.
3 Solutions
By placing the multimodal transport scenario at its core, E-CORRIDOR offers a secure, collaborative and confidential framework for information sharing and analysis. Prosumers (i.e., agents acting as producer and/or consumer) generate and share data, and are interested in extracting the contained knowledge. The E-CORRIDOR framework is built on top of two pillars: data sharing and privacy. Data sharing is achieved through the specification of Data Sharing Agreements (DSAs). A DSA is a contract between data producer and the framework. It is attached to the data (with the sticky policy paradigm) regulating their access and usage. Properties of agents and data finely regulate the permissions. DSA are continuously enforced even during usage and can specify pre-processing operations. Privacy is ensured for all the data exchanged in the framework. While common approaches foresee data encryption for data stored and while in transit, E-CORRIDOR includes a suite of Privacy Enhanced Technologies (PET) to offer data protection by minimizing the amount of shared data and maximizing security during computation without losing functionalities of the offered services. Some E-CORRIDOR solutions are described in the following.
3.1 Mobile Enrollment with Verifiable Credentials
From reservation to destination multiple stakeholders are involved in a D2D trip. Identification and authentication need to be performed multiple times. Federated authentication is an effective way to manage the process. The EU eIDAS (electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust Services)4 is a regulation defining a framework for digital identities and electronic signatures having the legal validity of the ones in the “physical world”. In the transport sector, the eIDAS identity management enables: i) interoperability and compatibility across borders (legal, operational and semantic in the EU single market), ii) error reduction in the passenger’s files (as identities of European citizens are validated by the Member State). In the airport business, the potential benefit of the eIDAS identities has been estimated [3] on savings for over €650M annually. Indeed, airlines spend time in fixing and processing passengers’ records containing errors, and, due to incorrect entries, receive fines and cover costs for repatriation.
Fig. 1.
Mobile enrollment for the transport sector based on eIDAS verifiable credentials. Icons fromhttps://fonts.google.com/iconsApache License Version 2.0.
The solution designed for pan-European travels enables an End-to-End authentication based on eIDAS verifiable credentials and the SSI approach. The entire flow is managed through a secure mobile application as represented in Fig. 1, where steps marked with numbers are performed only once at home, and the ones with letters are specific to each trip. The passenger enrolls at home by means of: i) a biometric solution (currently face recognition comparing a video captured by the camera against a scanned identity document), ii) a digital identity from the eIDAS framework. The service provider can be hosted in any member state (country A in the figure) and interact with the home country of the passenger (country B) to retrieve the verified credentials. Information is stored in a secure wallet on the passenger’s mobile phone. To reserve a trip, the passenger needs to unlock the information contained in the wallet. At each touchpoint a token with only the minimum amount of information is created and shared (e.g., only Passenger Name Record, PNR could be enough at the bag drop desk).
3.2 Privacy-Preserving Service Discovery
At reservation time, during a layover, or once at destination, passengers may consider value added services. Two main examples are while planning the trip (e.g., train and flight options, hotels, local attractions) and while waiting for the next travel leg (e.g., looking for shopping and dining options). Currently, passengers have to either manually sift through the various offers or give up their data (such as constraints and preferences). Indeed, without sharing any information the passenger could wander in the train station or airport terminal ending up discovering that the queue in front of their favorite restaurant is too long considering the available time, or the favorite food is over.
We designed a privacy-preserving interest-based solution for the discovery of value added services. In such a way, the passenger can input their preferences and receive the best matches without compromising the privacy of any data. The setting foresees a client used by the passenger to express their preferences, and the host located in the premises of the transport operator. The latter is connected with the service providers which have knowledge about availability and characteristics of their services (such as the type of cuisine, distance, cost range, and estimated waiting time). Client and host exchange information through the secure Two-Party Computation (2PC) using the Yao’s protocol [6]. In such a way a preference matching is performed while maintaining the confidentiality.
Two different scenarios have been considered for the air-rail project pilot: restaurants and hotels. Notably, in the second scenario our solution [1] has been connected with a testbed environment of Amadeus5, a global distribution system. Passengers can use their own smartphone or a public totem to initiate the search. The designed solution can be applied more broadly to other scenarios where service personalization maintaining the data privacy has a pivotal role.
3.3 Localization and Digital Wayfinding
Due to their size, navigating in train station and/or airport terminals is not always easy. Moreover, passengers will have to go through touchpoints varying for each journey according to their reservation. The localization and digital wayfinding solution prompts passengers with real-time information tailored to their journey and guides them to their relevant touchpoints and personal points of interest, all while preserving their privacy.
The passenger position is estimated by means of signal degradation-aware trilateration models. Computations are made locally on the passenger’s device and no information about the computed position is shared. To improve accuracy, Bluetooth beacons are deployed with higher density close to the points of interest. Data about flights are gathered from FlightAware6 (a service providing worldwide real-time flight information) and cross-referenced with the passenger reservation. When paired with the estimated position of the passenger, the optimal path and the suggested time to reach the next points are computed. Real-time information about flights (including delays) allows the tool to swiftly inform the passenger of their current schedule and suggest to extend their path with optional points of interest matching the passenger’s needs (see Sect. 3.2).
The same solution can be used to facilitate the journey of PRM and the related airport staff. The airport can locate the available supporting assets (e.g., wheelchairs), and, with the PRM’s consent, coordinate between operators (for a transfer between airport and train station) to offer a more efficient and dedicated assistance service7. The localization service can be used by the transport service provider to monitor their assets as well as to estimate service and queuing times without invading the privacy of any of the passengers.
4 Conclusions
With forecasts announcing a doubling of passenger numbers over the next 20 years and passengers’ expectations encompassing service access, privacy, and personalization among the others, evolving the transport operator infrastructure covers a pivotal role. A reinvigorated excitement in the transport sector is paving the way to enhancement in the passenger services. The E-CORRIDOR project has designed and evaluated different solutions for passengers opting for air-rail journeys. Such solutions are aligned with the major sectorial initiatives and European efforts in the realm of digital identity, and take a step forward with the data sharing and privacy-preserving features build-in the E-CORRIDOR framework. On a technical standpoint, the framework has been designed to be compliant with the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) principles.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Olivier Mercier (Groupe ADP, Aéroports de Paris) for helping in the use case definition, and Tony Chapman (Collins Aerospace) for supporting the design of the mobile enrollment solution. Research partially supported by EU through the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program E-CORRIDOR (grant agreement No. 883135). The content of the paper does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the funding parties.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
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EUROCONTROL: Think Paper #11 - Plane and train: Getting the balance right. Tech. rep., Aviation Sustainability Unit (06 2021), last access Aug 2023
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