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2025 | Buch

Proceedings of 9IYGEC 2023, Volume 2

herausgegeben von: Neelima Satyam, A. P. Singh, Manish S. Dixit

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

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Über dieses Buch

This book presents peer reviewed papers from the proceedings of the 9th Indian Young Geotechnical Engineers conference (9IYGEC), 21-22 March 2023, held at MIT Aurangabad. The topics covered are advanced ground improvement techniques, geosynthetics and its application, geotechnical site investigations and case studies, tunneling and underground structures, slope stability, shallow and deep foundations, landslides, and so on. The book discusses various properties and performance attributes of Geotechnical Engineering and Foundation Engineering. This book is a valuable reference book for beginners, researchers, academician, and professionals interested in geotechnical engineering covering the design and execution of foundations and other structures for variety of infrastructural projects.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering

Frontmatter
Static and Dynamic Characterization of Hemic Peat at Kailashar, Tripura
Abstract
Peat is categorized as soft natured material which is primarily comprised of decomposed wood, plant and animals remains. Peat is considered to be a challenging material for geotechnical and structural engineers owing to its high water content, presence of large voids, low strength and high settlement values. Apart from static parameters, dynamic parameters of peat has been identified as a major source of uncertainty in the assessment of seismic vulnerability of a region. The present study deals with peat natured soil encountered at a bridge section of Kailasahar-Kurti, located in the Unakoti district of North Eastern state of India, Tripura. A total of 35 boreholes were carried out across the entire stretch to identify the subsoil profile. Retrieved samples from subsoil exploration were identified as hemic peat, which were undergone static and dynamic characterization. Shear wave velocity (Vs), an important dynamic parameter was evaluated by non-destructive (NDT) ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test on both stabilized and unstabilized samples. Stabilization was carried out by mixing lime at varying percentages. Results obtained from the test clearly indicates peat to have low Vs, which tends to improve upon stabilization. The present study would help in determining dynamic parameters of peat and also suggest stabilization procedures.
Prasanta Das, Rajat Debnath, Rajib Saha
Sustainable Method for Liquefaction Mitigation Using Natural Coir Fibers
Abstract
Liquefaction in sands is of grave concern for geotechnical engineers to ensure the stability of soil structures subjected to dynamic loadings like earthquakes. Grouting, installing seismic drains, and compaction are the traditional liquefaction remediation methods. These techniques are expensive, energy and resource intensive. Finding sustainable substitutes for these methods is essential. This study proposes the usage of naturally available coir fibers for liquefaction mitigation. Coir fibers have extremely high tensile strength and are abundantly available as a major byproduct from the coconut business and have the potential to replace other materials and techniques for controlling liquefaction in sands. The liquefaction response of clean sand and coir fiber reinforced sand is assessed by performing stress-controlled cyclic simple shear tests on sand mixed with 0% and 0.5% coir fiber content by weight of sand. Test results show that coir fiber increases the liquefaction resistance of sand to a great extent. Further, shaking table tests were performed to validate and verify the proposed method for a large-scale application. Coir fiber is found to be a potential sustainable natural material for liquefaction mitigation in sands.
Balaji Lakkimsetti, R. N. Anagha, Gali Madhavi Latha
Numerical Investigation on the Use of Scrap Tire Derivatives for Liquefaction Mitigation
Abstract
Disposal of scrap tires are of great concern across the globe. As scrap tires are durable in nature, their derivatives are recommended for various civil engineering applications. Filling materials in the embankments, drainage materials, etc. are few applications suggested by various recent studies. The present study aims to investigate the use of scrap tire derivatives (TDA) for liquefaction mitigation. The study investigates the response of the ground improved with an optimum TDA-sand mix chosen from an experimental program comprising of 84 number of cyclic triaxial tests. The study was carried out using the numerical tool PLAXIS. The investigation included the pore pressure generation in the soil in order to investigate the liquefaction behavior of the ground. A parametric study on the thickness, number of layers and depth of the placement of the optimum mix was also conducted. It was observed that TDA addition to sand improves the damping and liquefaction resistance of the sand, whereas, stiffness of the matrix is reduced. Further it was concluded that the sand TDA mix should be provided in a single layer with a small thickness and at a depth below the liquefiable layer for maximum efficiency.
Adyasha Swayamsiddha Amanta, Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka
Seismic Ground Response Analysis of a Tall-Building Site in Ahmedabad
Abstract
The local soil conditions have a great influence on ground response during an earthquake. For the Ahmedabad region, In 2001 Bhuj earthquake multi-storey buildings destruction has demonstrated that the topography, nature of the bedrock, and properties and geometry of the depositional soils are the primary factors that influence local modifications to the underlying motion. Due to the increasing population in Ahmedabad, we need to step forward for high-rise buildings. The estimation of amplification in ground response due to local soil sites is a complex problem for the designers and the problem is more important for mega cities like Ahmedabad. In the present study, the ground response analysis is carried out by performing a one-dimensional linear ground response analysis for a residential high-rise building having a height of 133 m located at Silaj, Ahmedabad by using DEEPSOIL V7.0 Software. In the analysis, shear wave velocity and soil properties were used for the input motion, the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and the Chamoli earthquake is considered. As a result, it can be found that the higher peak ground acceleration value for a varying soil layer, which will help the geotechnical designers for similar sites in the absence of site-specific data.
Het Rokadiya, Manali Patel, Chandresh Solanki Tejas Thaker
Soil Liquefaction Assessment of a Golden Bridge, Bharuch
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of the soil before beginning any type of building requires ground exploration. One of the most important criteria is liquefaction potential. The evaluation of liquefaction potential is done using both deterministic and probabilistic methodologies. For the purpose of analysis this study selects the golden bridge, also known as the Narmada Bridge, connecting Ankleshwar and Bharuch cities of Gujarat state. The standard penetration test (SPT) profile of soil of 6 different bore holes is used to examine the evaluation of seismically induced liquefaction based on semi-empirical field-based methodologies. Making the bench mark of Bhuj 2001 earthquake the available data is used to evaluate the liquefaction potential. The results showed that the probabilistic technique is well matching with deterministic technique. Also, how the liquidation behaviour of the Golden bridge at the highest level of earthquake occurred in Gujarat is analysed. This study also shows the liquefaction potential at different depth Narmada bridge which also be used for the consideration of nearby structural in future.
Revanth Maradani, Manali Patel, Chandresh Solanki, Tejas Thaker

Geotechnical Site Investigations and Case Studies

Frontmatter
Geotechnical Characterization of Soft Clay of Holocene Age at Tripura
Abstract
This paper attempted an experimental investigation on geotechnical properties of soft clayey layer collected from different locations of Tripura (NE state India) along with assessment of microstructural and mineralogical arrangements with an aim to characterize the soft clay deposits available in Tripura. River sedimented alluvial formations consisting of such soft clayey layer at shallow to moderate depths were mainly observed at various urban agglomeration situated at near river basins of the state. This softer clayey layer was found to be problematic from the view point of construction. Both disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected from various locations and undergone laboratory testing to evaluate physical and engineering parameters. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive microscopy (EDS) investigation were performed to evaluate their microstructural and mineralogical composition. Finally, a database is prepared highlighting their physical and engineering behaviour for the ease of designers which may help to design the foundation or selection of ground improvement methods.
Sandipta Bhattacharjee, Rajat Debnath, Rajib Saha
Numerical Modelling of Rainfall Triggered Landslides: A Case Study in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayan Region
Abstract
Landslides are prevalent in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayan region. Chandmari Hill in Gangtok has been prone to landslides since 1960. The 1997 Chandmari Landslide caused eight deaths and damaged several essential infrastructures making it one of the most destructive landslide in the region. On the day of the slide, the city recorded five hours of heavy rainfall of 224 mm. The uppermost layer of the slope consists of medium-grained sandy soil mixed with boulders and weathered mica gneiss, and the bottom layer, more than a depth of 20 m, has quartz mica schist bedrock. This paper attempts to analyze the effect of rainfall on triggering the 1997 Chandmari Landslide. More emphasis is given on the failed part of slope that is steep part of slope. The two-dimensional numerical model investigates the seepage into the slope and the corresponding change in water table and pore water pressure. The analysis pointed out that with increasing rainfall and duration the pore water pressure increases within the shallow depth.
Paridhi Pandey, Nabarun Dey, Paratibha Aggrawal
Dynamic Behaviour Analysis of Barak River Sand Using Resonant Column Apparatus
Abstract
The whole of the northeast region of India lies in the seismic zone V. Barak river flows through the Silchar town of Assam. Several construction projects associate themselves with the sand extracted from the Barak River for carrying out their operations; hence, its dynamic analysis becomes important. This study aims at analyzing the dynamic behaviour of Barak river sand in dry conditions by varying influencing parameters such as confining pressure and relative density, at a very low strain condition. The most important parameters in the dynamic analysis of soil include Shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D), which are evaluated using resonant column apparatus in the torsional mode of vibration. The sand samples are prepared by compacting to relative densities of 30%, 50% and 65% and tested at confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. From the results, it can be observed that with an increase in strain percentage, the shear modulus of the sand being tested decreased, but the damping ratio values increased. Shear modulus values obtained are found to be proportional to confining pressure and relative density, but the damping ratio decreased.
Parikshit Dubey, Gautam, Ankita Mazumdar, Debjit Bhowmik
Construction of Foundations in Expansive Soils: A Review
Abstract
The construction challenges encountered at various sites are diverse and often site-specific. One prevalent issue is the presence of expansive soil, which can significantly impact structures built upon them due to their propensity for shrinkage and swelling in response to seasonal moisture variations. Proper identification and comprehension of these soil types are imperative to safeguard both existing and future constructions. Additionally, the differential movement of structure foundations is a common concern in problematic soil conditions, attributable to fluctuations in soil moisture beneath the foundation. This paper endeavors to shed light on the general issues associated with foundation construction and proposes improvement techniques to facilitate the safe design of foundations in problematic soils, including expansive soils and soft soils. The paper begins by presenting the general characteristics of expansive soils and outlines methods for identification. Furthermore, it delves into the damage potential of expansive soils concerning various civil engineering constructions, elucidated through pertinent illustrations, while also discussing the underlying causes of soil volume changes. Moreover, the paper addresses laboratory procedures available for determining soil swell pressure. It then explores diverse techniques aimed at minimizing soil swelling and offers alternative options for foundation installation.
Yogesh D. Shermale, Manish S. Dixit
Innovative Design of Pile Foundation for 34 M High Lighting Pole at Cricket Stadium, Golwadi, Aurangabad—A Case Study
Abstract
Pile foundations are usually adopted to transfer the loads to a relatively hard stratum lying at deeper depths. The depth of foundation typically varies based on the structural load requirements. However, in cases where rock stratum encountering at deeper depths, resting of piles on rock stratum proves to be uneconomical. Similar case was encountered in construction of pile foundation for pole at cricket stadium, Golwadi, Aurangabad. The geotechnical investigation was conducted to obtain the variation in soil profile. The conventional design of pile foundation suggested by other consultant was resulted in a pile of length 30 m, whereas the pile construction proved to be uneconomical. The pile is intended to resist vertical, lateral as well as uplift loading that arises due to the structural loads and wind loads. A major concern was the height of the structure (34 m), due to which the lateral load imposed by wind was primary factor to work on compression and uplift of the piles. An innovative pile design is adopted to replace the conventional end bearing piles with friction piles thereby reducing the depth of penetration into deeper rock strata. Hence, friction piles of 6 m length are designed in a hexagonal pattern. The load carrying capacities of piles are calculated accordingly and the project was executed successfully. Such innovative design approach was resulted in overall reduction of the cost of the foundation system.
Abhinav Mane, Jyoti B. Kokate, Teja Munaga

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Frontmatter
Load Settlement Behavior of Isolated Footing Near Flexible Excavation Wall in Rock Mass
Abstract
This study examines the settlement behavior of an isolated footing near the excavation wall in a jointed rock mass. Physical model tests were performed using plaster of Paris (PoP) blocks of 25 mm × 25 mm × 75 mm to simulate a 750 mm × 750 mm × 150 mm artificial jointed rock mass. Furthermore, a distinct element model (DEM) was created using the universal distinct element code (UDEC) to validate the experimental observations. The current study demonstrates that the UDEC model results are in good agreement with the settlement observed in physical model tests. However, the settlement prediction of UDEC was slightly lower than the experimental results. This could be attributed to the gaps between the joints, which are present in the physical models and are ignored in DEM. The settlement for a given footing pressure in both numerical and experimental studies was higher for the excavated rock mass as compared to the unexcavated rock mass. The bearing capacity of the foundation in non-excavated rock mass was greater than excavated rock mass.
Argha Biswas, Mahendra Singh, Aditya Singh
AE Event Count-Based Damage Evolution and Its Application in Micromechanical Damage Plasticity Model
Abstract
The acoustic emission (AE) technique is quite a powerful method to observe and record the micro-physical events or activities that occur during the loading of the rocks. This study calculates the damage from the AE event counts using real-time AE-monitored data. The micromechanical damage plasticity constitutive model is modified to utilize the experimentally obtained damage variable. The proposed model used the AE event count for damage variable calculation. Two main dissipation processes are used for the calculation of the inelastic strains: the friction sliding along the closed cracks and the damage evolution due to microcracks growth. The proposed model is validated using the experimental data of Khewra rock salt under unconfined compression loading. The AE event count-based damage variable obtained for the Khewra rock salt follows the damage variable obtained from the model. Its performance is verified by comparing the model result with the experimental stress–strain behavior. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.971 is achieved. The proposed AE-based micromechanical model provides a better description of the macroscopic responses by connecting it to physical mechanisms at the grain level.
Shubham Chajed, Aditya Singh
A Thermal-Sensitive Elastoplastic Semi-Analytical Solution for Wellbore Stability
Abstract
To analyze an enhanced geothermal wellbore, a simple elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model is developed that uses the temperature-dependent yield surface. Based on the formulated constitutive model, a semi-analytical solution is developed for the circular wellbore. The results show that the elastoplastic model is capable of predicting the deformation and stresses response of borehole for both elastic to elastoplastic regions. This study can be further used for wellbore stability analysis.
Gaurav Jain, Aditya Singh
Rock Slope Stability Analysis Along NH 1 in Ladakh
Abstract
NH 1D has always been a national highway of high strategic importance, whether from a defence or civilian point of view. The highway connects Srinagar with Leh in Ladakh. Ladakh remains cutoff for 5–6 months from the rest of the world from November to April due to heavy snowfall at Zojila pass. The rock stability analysis along NH-1D is critical for the smooth operation of traffic flow. The major goal of this study is to carry out a geotechnical stability analysis along the NH-1D in Ladakh. The study was carried out with the help of a review of recent literature and relevant field tests. The methodology, consists of calculating the RMR (Rock Mass Rating) and SMR (Slope Mass Rating) values of the rocks, followed by their kinematic analysis. The field studies consisted of the identification of instability prone sites, the collection of discontinuity data, the assessment of groundwater conditions at 38 vulnerable locations, and the carrying out of a point load test Out of the total number of sites chosen, 29% fall into the “fair” category, while 71% fall into the “good” category. However, there are a few sites like site 8 (19.3 km), site 13 (24.9 km), site 15 (27.5 km), site 18 (30.9 km), site 27 (115.2 km), and site 29 (117.2 km) that fall under the “marginally good” category. This classification indicates that many sites are prone to slope failure and are in need of immediate measures against stability.
Zaheer Abass, Ashim Kanti Dey, Gulzar Hussain

Slope Stability and Landslides

Frontmatter
A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study on Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall Embedded in Dense Sand
Abstract
Sheet piles are required in deep excavation during construction work in crowded urban areas nearby to existing structures. A two-dimensional finite element (FE) method has been applied to study the lateral earth pressure (EP), wall deflection, and bending moment of sheet piles with strip foundation load placed at the top edge of the wall in dense sand. The excavation of front-fill soil is done sequentially in four layers. A parametric study is executed by changing the magnitude of the surcharge load and the wall penetration depth to find the behavior of the sheet pile. The result shows lateral EP, wall deflection, and bending moment increase with surcharge magnitude. A 1.60, 6.17, and 8.50 times higher value of maximum net lateral EP, maximum wall deflection, and maximum bending moment respectively, has been produced when 125 kPa surcharge is applied as compared to sheet pile without any surcharge load. Moreover, the influence of wall penetration depth below 8 m significantly affects the maximum wall deflection and maximum bending moment, while wall penetration depth above 8 m give higher stability to the wall. The present numerical model validation has been done with the available literature.
Abhijit Debnath, Sujit Kumar Pal
Economic Analysis of Reinforced Slopes Using Slope/W for Different Boundary Conditions
Abstract
Soil slopes can be either natural or manmade. Design and study of soil slopes involve a critical activity i.e. analyzing its stability. Ascertaining the stability can help preventing a slope failure and also help in redesign of failed slope. It involves identifying the critical failure surface approximately and determining corresponding factor of safety. Stability of slope is ascertained by means of factor of safety to a slope’s critical failure surface. Slope failures caused by landslide are one of the most important geotechnical hazards that can cause severe damage to important structures and human lives. With advent of software programming, computer modeling, analyzing and examining slope stability problems for the different analytical methods developed has become an easy task. A slope of height 5 m is analyzed for Dhule district of Maharashtra region using locally available soil using a renowned geotechnical slope stability software Slope/W considering static condition in the present study. A dry and partially saturated slope stability study is also conducted to validate the slope's safety in a flooded situation. The observed factor of safety is lacking; thus, strengthening was required by reinforcement. Two different tensile strength geotextiles were used as reinforcement material which aims to ensure stability, safety and economy over its life span. Several models were analyzed and the research findings for the above data were compared. Slope’s factor of safety changes in boundary conditions from dry to partly saturated to unreinforced to reinforcement for a given slope configuration. This study recommended a stable and economical reinforced slope using geotextile in both dry and partly saturated conditions which can be of great help to prevent the failure.
Tinshukh Patel, Jigisha Vashi, Anand Daftardar, Prateek Somani
Impact of Cloudburst on Hydrological Condition of Kedarnath Slope
Abstract
Rainfall-triggered landslides and debris flow are the most common geological hazards in the Himalayan region due to the formation of Moraine-dammed lakes. Due to the loose structure of moraine, these lakes are weak and are susceptible to failure because of their unfavourable topography. One such event took place on 16 and 17 June 2013 which causes devastation in Kedarnath and massacred 6000 people. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the Kedarnath slope to find out the variation in pore water pressure and water content with rainfall events at varying depths. Most importance has been given to the area around Chorabari lake. Results show that hydrological factors led to the catastrophe. With the rainfall duration, the matric suction within the slope decreases, the water content increases, and thus the shear strengths of the slope reduces. It is also observed that all these hydrological changes were taking place at a shallow depth of less than 5 m. At depths greater than or equal to 5 m changes are negligible.
Nikita Joshi, Nabarun Dey, Ashwani Jain
Effect of Rainfall on Triggering Mass Movement in Outer Himalaya Near Dharamshala Town, India
Abstract
Himachal Pradesh, a state of India, witnesses numerous landslides every year due to extreme atmospheric events. The present study has been done to evaluate the effect of rainfall on triggering landslide that happened on 7th August 2013 in the outer Himalayas near the Tira Line locality of Dharamshala, India. In the present study, the slope has been investigated through numerical modeling. Degree of saturation and water pressure is calculated at the different intensities of rainfall at different time intervals. Reviewing the outcome indicates the loss of shear strength because of increased pore water pressure as a consequence of high infiltration due to prolonged episode of rainfall in monsoon. The findings support the theory that slope failure was caused by a continual rise in the water saturation level.
Shashikant, Nabarun Dey, Ashwani Jain

Tunnelling and Underground Structures

Frontmatter
Evaluation of the Impacts of Phased Excavation of Shield Tunnel on Adjacent Piled Raft Foundation of a Building
Abstract
In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical modeling is carried out using the finite element software PLAXIS 3D to evaluate the induced deformations under the foundation of adjacent building due to the advancement of a slurry tunnel boring machine at different phases during excavation. The two construction parameters that have been varied are the face and the grout pressure in relation with earth pressure at rest at the tunnel axis level, which are called as the Earth pressure ratio (EPR) and the Grout pressure ratio (GPR) respectively. Ground settlement and lateral displacement of the pile are obtained for these EPR and GPR. Based on these results, polynomial regression equations are generated between both EPR and GPR with lateral displacement of pile and ground settlement for different phases during excavation, which determines the appropriate value of EPR and GPR. The obtained lateral pile deflection and ground settlement results are compared to those reported in the literature and a good agreement is found.
Mahendra Patel, Baleshwar Singh
Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Railway Tunnel Under Construction Near Srinagar (Garhwal)
Abstract
Deterministic approaches to measure the quality of rock masses do not account for all of the uncertainties that exist. These unknowns can be dealt with probabilistically since the variability of the physical properties of the rock mass that characterize geomechanical quality is unknown prior to tunnel construction. Therefore, probabilistic approaches like Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) can be used to take these uncertainties into account during tunnel support design. The current study investigates the applicability of this approach for a railway tunnel under construction near Srinagar (Garhwal) as part of the Rishikesh-Karnprayag New BG Rail Line Project. The developed excel spreadsheet was validated with Hoek [1]. The method was used to estimate tunnel closure and extent of plastic zone for different probable ground conditions near the construction site. It was observed that installation of a relatively basic support can be quite effective in controlling tunnel closure. However, stiffer supports resulted in higher probability of lower plastic zone radius.
Abhijeet Kumar Anshu, Chetana Bahuguna, Shashank Bhatra
Tunneling Challenges in Himalayan Region—A Review
Abstract
Himalayan mountain is one of the most unstable regions due to adverse geological and climatic conditions. Since the Himalayas are a young mountain range with varied geological features, numerous problems like difficult topography, thrust and shear zones, sequences of rock fold and bedding plane, in-situ stresses, overburden of rock, seepage due to the rainfall, geothermal gradient, gas infiltration, seismic effect, etc., make it difficult to conduct tunneling activities in the Himalayan region. These challenges result in significant increase in cost and duration of the project. Even though contemporary tunnel construction technologies are presently being utilized in many urban tunneling projects in India, their utilization for mountain tunneling is still infrequent due to issues in their deployment. When the right solutions are conceived and put into effect in tunneling in Himalayas, it may decrease time and cost overruns with simultaneous enhancement in the safety and stability of the construction and tunnel infrastructure, respectively. Hence, a systematic review is conducted in this paper to consolidate the findings of the reported studies on challenges and possible solutions and action plans for tunnel construction in the Himalayan mountainous regions in India.
Yasar Beg, Vishabjeet Singh, Saroj Kundu, Riya Bhowmik
Impact of Additonal Loads Due to Building Construction on Existing Tunnel Using Fem
Abstract
In recent years there is rapid urbanization. There is a need for additional infrastructure to prevent delays, congestion, or accidents from occurring. Due to space constraint and the unavailability of land, the designers are turning to underground applications for additional infrastructure like tunneling. However, construction of the buildings or any other structures above will induce stresses which may impact the tunnel. Present work was aimed to evaluate the deformation of soil masses and the stresses over it while the construction of building takes place. The finite element method is used for carrying out this analysis. Results show that an additional stress of around 1.20 t/m2 and additional settlements of around 1.00 mm are obtained.
S. M. Rasal, G. S. Parab, A. V. Sharma, V. V. Dandage

Geo-environmental Engineering

Frontmatter
Immobilization of Chromium Present in Contaminated Soils Through Bioprecipitation in Calcite Lattice
Abstract
Soil pollution due to the presence of toxic elements in the soil is a major concern as it is dangerous for the ecosystem and harms living beings directly or indirectly. Bioremediation and bioprecipitation methods can be potentially used to treat polluted soils contaminated with heavy metals. The present study comprises an investigation of the capability of the bacterially/microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) method for immobilizing Chromium (Cr(VI)) in artificially contaminated sand. The Cr(VI) contaminated sand with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg concentrations were treated using Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii bacteria and reagent solution for up to 18 days. The bioprecipitation mechanism and immobilization efficiency was explored using the toxicity characteristic leaching process (TCLP) test. The simultaneous strength enhancement along with the precipitation of calcite was determined through an unconfined compression (UC) test. The microstructural characterization using XRD and SEM was also conducted for bioprecipitated soil. The results demonstrated that the Cr(VI) immobilization was 79% and 94% in 2000 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg concentration contaminated sand, respectively. The strength of 1000 mg/kg concentration contaminated specimen showed higher UC strength than 2000 mg/kg specimen due to a higher amount of bioprecipitation of calcite. The XRD results confirmed the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) conversion and the calcite crystal’s presence was observed through SEM images. Overall, the MICP method was found to be applicable to heavy metal contaminated soils for immobilization and strength improvement.
Meghna Sharma, Neelima Satyam
Different Methods of Landfill Leachate Treatment
Abstract
Landfills leachate generation is the biggest problem faced by M.S.W. departments and Environmental Departments, and it can cause a significant threat to surface water and groundwater. It is the toxic contaminated water generated due to water produced from the biodegradation of wastes in aerobic conditions, a mixture of rainwater percolation through waste, and the inherent water of the waste itself. It carries various pollutants, such as suspended particles, heavy metals, ammonia, and nitrogen. As the age of landfill leachate increases, the toxicity of the leachate also increases. In addition, heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, copper, ferrous, and selenium percolate in soil and water are responsible for the contamination. To protect groundwater, surface water and soil from the toxicity of landfill leachate, physical, chemical, and biological methods were used to treat landfill leachate. The paper discussed the different landfill leachate treatment methods and their merits and demerits. In the current scenario, the membrane processes, especially reverse osmosis, have been effectively used for landfill leachate treatment and found suitable for achieving purification.
Manasi Patil, Mahesh S. Endait, Swati A. Patil
An Effective, Environmentally Benign Way for Soil Stabilization Using Xanthan Gum: A Review
Abstract
The most widely used remedy when soil on a building site is weak or lacking in relevant characteristics is soil stabilization. In comparison to other stabilization methods, chemical stabilization is found to be most robust and extensively deployed. However, owing to the various environmental impacts of conventional chemical methods of stabilization efforts have been made to develop more sustainable ecofriendly techniques of modifying soil. Biopolymer derived from natural sources has recently been discovered as a potential substitute for soil stabilizing materials. Past studies explored the likelihood of using Xanthan Gum biopolymer in soil stabilization. It has been discovered that a biopolymer Xanthan Gum has remarkable soil improvement properties that may be successfully applied in a variety of geotechnical applications including shear strength parameters, lowering hydraulic conductivity, shrink-swell potential etc. The compressive strength of modified soil has shown a significant increase when xanthan gum is used as additive to modify the soil. However, the type of soil and the curing time influences how well a biopolymer interacts with soil. Huge additive levels and longer curing times resulted in samples with higher properties. Meanwhile, the inclusion of Xanthan gum greatly lowers the permeability of soil, which is used in several applications such as landfill liners and seepage barriers. This study examines the Xanthan Gum biopolymer's ability to enhance soil qualities and its potential to replace the conventional chemical soil stabilizing agents.
Sheha Shaji, Vinil Kumar Gade, S. Baranidharan
Removal of Microplastics from Water by Using Agro-Waste Biochar
Abstract
Microplastics (MP), an emerging contaminant, have attracted attention all over the world for their increased pollution in the air, water, and soil biota, which in the long run causes ecotoxicological effects as well. Water and Wastewater treatment plants have treatment processes like rapid sand filters, disc filters, and membrane filtration, which remove more than 90% of the MPs; still, some of them get left over in the final effluent. Although each method has benefits and drawbacks of its own, the main disadvantage is changing of membranes from time to time, the use of chemicals, the generation of toxic by-products, high cost and insufficient removal of contaminants. In recent times, adsorption has emerged as a phenomenon which is characterized by its cost-effective nature, low operation costs, high removal efficiency, eco-friendly and extensive processing range. One such adsorbent is biochar (BC), which is a porous carbon substance prepared from various biomass feedstocks like wood, shells, sludge, forest residue etc. by the process of pyrolysis. In this study, rice straws biochar is synthesized at three different temperatures of 300, 450, and 600 °C in a muffle furnace for a residence time of 1 h. The synthesized biochars were applied for the removal of Microplastics from water sample. The removal efficiency at the three temperatures was found to be 75, 81 and 90%, respectively. According to the study, the process of adsorption is driven by electrostatic attraction and chemical bonds between MP and biochar. The degree of carbonization gets affected by an increase in the pyrolytic temperature, thus improving the structural, elemental, morphological and sorption properties. The study emphasizes the important role of rice straws adsorption in microplastic removal. Composite biochar materials are crucial for improving microplastic removal and immobilization.
Ankita Hazarika, Shubham Giri, Prasanta Majee, P. Hari Prasad Reddy
Effect of Different Exposure Conditions on Alkali Contaminated Kaolinitic Clays: A Micro Level Investigation
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, have led to the release of various pollutants into natural ecosystems. Soil often gets contaminated with variety of chemical pollutants. One such chemical is alkali, which has a negative impact on the behaviour of soils, affecting the foundations of the structures built on them. The current research attempted to replicate the long run effects of caustic alkali on kaolinitic clays. This allowed mineralogical and morphological aspects of the clays under consideration to be analyzed at the particle level interaction, so that remedial measures can be taken at an early stage. Two kaolinitic clays red earth and kaolin and chemical caustic alkali of 4N NaOH were selected for the study. An initiatory investigation is conducted by varying experimental conditions. XRD and SEM investigations are carried out to better understand the particle level interaction and mechanism. Micro level studies revealed that the new mineral formations differed with the type of soil as well as experimental conditions. In addition to neogenic formations, long run effects of exposure to NaOH can be replicated instantly by exposing to higher temperatures.
P. Lakshmi Sruthi, T. Aravind, P. Hari Prasad Reddy
Effect of Sustainable Column Materials on Compressibility Characteristics of Decomposed MSW Through Model Study
Abstract
Over a period of time, municipal solid waste decomposes and converts into material having 70–80% soil content. MSW has a sandy gradation, but it has a water affinity, which makes it more compressible. The composition of this waste varies from place to place, as do its geotechnical properties. This waste material can be used as fill material for construction sites, or old landfills themselves can be used as construction sites. However, because of its organic content and fibrous composition, it is compressible in nature and requires long-term geotechnical techniques to reduce compressibility and increase load carrying capacity. As per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), only 28% of collected waste is treated, and the rest is dumped in landfills, which need to be sustainably utilized. The composition of MSW in India is approximately 40–60% compostable, 30–50% inert, and 10–30% recyclable. This will be a complete dual task of waste utilisation and fill material independence from borrow pits. In India, the rate of generation of C&D waste annually increases by 5%, and approximately 40% of fly ash remains unutilized every year, which needs to be utilized. The objective of the present research work is to determine the load-settling characteristics of old MSW by infusing sand, fly ash, lime and C&D waste columns, respectively, from the top. The present work is mainly focused on the improvement in load settlement characteristics like axial load carrying capacity, load resistance, settlement reduction factor, and stress concentration ratio obtained due to the infusion of various column materials.
Manish V. Shah, Alpa J. Shah, Abhishek Jha, Nirali Gajjar
Combined Utilization of Different Inorganic Binders for Solidification/Stabilization of Contaminated Soil: An Overview
Abstract
One of the most serious environmental issues is the widespread contamination of soils with heavy metals due to increasing industrial activities and other processes such as mining. Various techniques are available for the remediation of contaminated soil. One of the most effective and cost-efficient methods is Solidification/Stabilization. In the Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technique, cementitious binders are mixed with heavy metal contaminated soil in order to transform the soil into a solid material with low leachability of contaminants and enhance the mechanical strength of the contaminated soil. Portland cement is the most popular binder used in the S/S technique, but on the other hand, it is also drawing criticism due to the negative effects its manufacture has on the environment. Various other binders such as Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag, lime, waste phosphorus slag, geopolymer, red mud, and combinations of different materials are used as an alternative for Portland cement. The current study critically examines the performance of various inorganic material combinations used as binders for S/S of contaminated soil and provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the immobilization of contaminants in the soil as well as the factors that influence the process. Hence, this paper seeks to fill that gap in the literature by providing useful insight into some of the works done by previous researchers on the combination of binders to treat contaminated soils.
Nikhil Deshmukh, Bhoomi Kamdar, Chandresh Solanki
Metadaten
Titel
Proceedings of 9IYGEC 2023, Volume 2
herausgegeben von
Neelima Satyam
A. P. Singh
Manish S. Dixit
Copyright-Jahr
2025
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-9769-88-9
Print ISBN
978-981-9769-87-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6988-9