Proceedings of ECSF 2021

In aging society, the unit compound, a representative residential form in Chinese cities, is facing a trend of adaptation to the aging. Based on the spatial characteristics of the community and neighborhood interaction, this article guides the renewal of the “actively suitable for the elderly” community in the unit compound. We should make use of the existing resources of the compound for the elderly, improve the spatial organization and utilization of the compound and the communication with the community, and increase and optimize the layout of elderly care facilities in a targeted manner. Under the background that the characteristics of the unit compound are becoming increasingly equivalent to the urban community, the introduction of the excellent experience of typical foreign “actively suitable for the elderly” community construction, the reconstruction of the unit compound’s elderly care space system, and the establishment of an integrated elderly care community information system, which serves as a strategy for the community renewal of the unit compound.

On account of the outpatient medical technology building’s characteristics of multi-subjects of the mechanical and electrical system, large and difficult of construction coordination, and high demands of post-operation and maintenance management in the removal project of one county People's Hospital, the BIM technology application will optimize the profession and process of the hospital project, simulate the construction process and auxiliary coordinated management, finally summarize the advantage of BIM technology application in the medical building projects.

The paper discusses the points of view existing with regard to assigning the liability for actions of artificial intelligence. The approach is proposed towards effective legal regulation and attachment of the civil responsibility, that classifies the harmful actions by artificial intelligence as ultrahazardous activity.

In modern Russia, the use of architectural monuments that previously housed infectious diseases hospitals represent a huge challenge. These monuments face a triple circle of problems that relate to modern regulatory requirements to space-planning design; legal regulation of monument protection; negative perception of the adapted public spaces that formerly housed hospitals.

Technically and hygienically safe and trouble-free operation of equipment will always be of decisive importance when it comes to socially significant facilities including public swimming pools. The paper proposes the swimming pool water disinfection facility that uses electrolytically generated oligodynamic action of silver and copper ions. The facility performance evaluation made use of the approved methodology for assessing chemical exposure risk for public health. The initial parameters were obtained experimentally. The statistical analysis of the laboratory data for six swimming pools, which have been using the electrolytically generated oligodynamic solutions for a period of five years, has shown these solutions’ high level of hygienic reliability and safety. The core parameter used in the evaluation is the intake by human body of silver and copper ions from the pool water. The study has shown that this intake can lead to concentrations many times lower than the established maximum permissible concentrations. The proposed technology fully meets all sanitary and water quality regulations.

The construction of innovative healthcare facilities has its own specific features. There exist a great number of multifaceted requirements to be met by healthcare facility projects and their construction technologies, established in statutory documents and individually developed construction designs. Highly relevant in this context is innovative approach to managing and monitoring the processes arising out of the interaction between construction participants. This paper discusses project finance and smart contracts as mechanisms for enhanced interaction between participants of innovative health facility construction projects.

Genetic examination for emergency situations isn’t standard task now. Centralization of laboratory service with the system of bio couriers changed infrastructure and process of diagnostic. But time of execution of many molecular diagnostic methods is in conflict with the temporal limits of surgical treatment and other emergency situations. “Gene search” is often the wrong question. Results of genetic tests are important for evaluation of premorbid background, dynamics rate and rehabilitation potential. Possible solutions of time conflict are depending from time limit and have some risks and organizational limitations.

The study analyzes the use and prospects of further development of landscape architecture and digital technology-intensive public spaces. The main research methods include logical method, system analysis, and simulation. The study has shown that further development of interactive public spaces with high level of digital maturity can open up new pathways for more effective use of the accumulated knowledge and the technological resources towards urban healthcare facility landscaping.

The paper discusses the integrated methodology for ensuring the environmental safety of buildings (ESB). The building and its surrounding environment are considered as one dynamic system. ESB evaluation uses numerical modeling and experimental determination of structural performance. The study provides cases that can be recommended for ESB purposes.

Healthcare construction has an important role in shaping the image of a country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the Russian Federation as a welfare state with a system of “occupational and human health protection measures.” In 2019, the human health protection was threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Timur Andrbaev, Construction Director at Moscow International Medical Cluster Foundation, “the pandemic will lead to a greater demand in healthcare construction expertise consistent with the international standards and allowing for rapid re-designing of facilities depending on the tasks and scope of work to be achieved.” The innovative approach to healthcare construction can lead a quality improvement of the life of population, as well as make life easier for patients in palliative care. Innovative healthcare development is led by Japan, America, Great Britain and Germany, followed by China and India with. Russia ranks among the least progressive countries as new health technologies appear in its facilities much less often.

The paper discusses the current issues of the legal frameworks for creating and promoting biomedical research infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the experience of the European Union in building long-term development strategies for biomedical research infrastructure. Using the research-based criteria to be met by modern research facilities, a comparison is made between the European and the Russian concepts underlying legal regulation of the biomedical research infrastructure.

Comfortable indoor climate benefits our physical condition and mental health, inducing the desire to visit again, which is especially important for shopping and entertainment centers. In swimming pools, the structural engineering solutions often fail to provide even the lowest minimum air quality. Their poor quality leads to condensation exposure, mold and structural decay. In order to analyze the ventilation performance in indoor swimming pools, a full-scale study was performed of the air quality in one of the pools. The paper presents its methodology and results, as well as recommendations for assuring indoor climate standards for swimming pools.

This study investigates the actual performance of Trox VDW-Q-Z/600×24 air distributors in the warmer period of the year using the example of clean-room Class D premises of RTC Polisan. The obtained performance values are compared against the standard values for indoor climate parameters to be achieved by swirl diffusers. Further comparison is made with regulatory documentation, based on the specific design features of the ventilation systems. Main factors are identified that determine the clean room class of pharmaceutical production facilities.

In this article, the authors describe a method for calculating the limiting service life of reinforced stone structures by changing the geometric parameters of the section. Formulas for calculating the limiting service life of reinforced stone structures for a number of design cases are derived. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are indicated. A number of assumptions are described for calculating the ultimate service life. It describes how to calculate the residual life after determining the service life limit. The authors proposed to calculate the rate of change of geometric parameters using regression equations.

The past decade has witnessed a series of major international events dedicated to the “return of nature to cities.” The modern processes of urban development and planning are associated with creation of comfortable and safe urban environments, the quality of life being the main criterion of the effectiveness of urban planning strategies. To the foreground come the tasks of providing the population with an urban environment that would contribute to longer lifespan and greater comfort of living for all categories of citizens. Healthy ageing is increasingly seen as the main element in urban environment quality evaluation. The comfortable urban setting with increased health improvement opportunities is an important tool to mitigate the negative consequences of urbanization, burdened by globalization and COVID-19. The urban planning and development strategies are currently undergoing changes. The green frames of urban localities, destroyed in the 1990s by unregulated development of various functional purpose, are regaining their role as the key marker of the balanced urban development and spatial planning approach. The study has been conducted within the framework of Grant 29/06-31.

The paper presents the analysis of the environmental management and audit system as an element of comprehensive framework for assuring environmental safety in innovative construction. The analysis covers the tools and measures existing globally in the developed legal systems to ensure compliance with environmental safety standards in design and construction, where the methods of environmental management and audit are assigned their special functional role.

The challenges of creating the conditions for preserving biological, floral and faunal, materials for further use in reproduction and regeneration have occupied scientists for a very long time. The solution is offered by biobanks where biological materials are stored at cold temperature and special storage conditions in line with SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) and ISBER (International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories). Cryobanks form an integral part of the infrastructures used in medicine, pharmaceutical industry, biopharmacology, veterinary medicine, agronomy, animal husbandry, etc. In the Russian Federation, the increasing use of cryobanks as elements of various infrastructures has led to the need for a legal framework to regulate their design, construction and operation. Our analysis of the current regulatory framework existing for the cryobanks in Russia has enabled a conclusion that this framework is still under development and uses as its basis domestic legislation and international recommendations.

The experience gained by the Russian health care sector in introducing innovations and measuring their performance can be expediently illustrated by the example of federal high-tech healthcare centers (hereinafter referred to as “FHTHCs”), as well as other providers of high-tech medical services. Medical research offers publications describing the innovations in use by FHTHCs that have proved highly effective and productive. At the same time, little research has been conducted on the institutional and legal aspects of operating FHTHCs. The lack of the holistic view can mean that there are challenges to the sustainability of FHTHCs of institutional and legal nature. The paper discusses the institutional and legal frameworks designed to make the Russian FHTHCs internationally competitive.

The paper explores the interrelation between magnetic parameter Hp and initial microstructure of 08 ps and 09G2S structural steels under exposure to thermal cycling treatment. Magnetic amplitude Hp is found to reduce within the first three cycles of the thermal processing, while the reduction ratio of the initial microstructure is found to increase regardless of its initial state. An increase in the number of processing cycles to more than three leads to a significant decrease in the reduction ratio in the fine-grained materials under consideration. It is expedient to use passive fluxgate control to monitor steels’ fine-grain structure in manufacturing conditions.

Built after the Great Patriotic War, the hospitals of Sevastopol were designed as architectural, landscaped expressions of the “Victory style”. Their pavilion structure with low-rise buildings and gardens contributing to patients’ rehabilitation is in harmony with the warm climate of the seaside city. This paper is the first to present the archival materials featuring the original design layouts of Sevastopol hospitals and the names of their developers.

The modern problems of providing the population of the megalopolis with healthcare facilities are considered. The development of a methodology for assessing the provision and accessibility of healthcare facilities for the population ensures the balanced development of social infrastructure. The proposed clustering methodology is based on the analysis of providing the population with the most important healthcare facilities—polyclinics, hospitals, ambulance stations. The research was carried out according to the actual data posted on the Digital Master Plan of St. Petersburg. Based on the results of the density analysis, there were identified four groups of the districts of St. Petersburg—the highest density, high density, moderately low and low. A combined analysis of the indicators made it possible to identify balanced and unbalanced areas of the city in terms of the degree of providing the population with healthcare facilities in order to establish strategic priorities for construction.

The paper discusses the basic semiotic codes of garden landscapes. The problem of aesthetic concept choice for hospital’s therapeutic garden is solved in favor of the “living picture” based on pastoral idyll and paradise garden model. The principles of landscape evolutionist aesthetics are critically analyzed. The semiotic analysis of therapeutic landscapes has shown the abandonment of radical forms of Naturgarden style and deconstructivism, as dehumanized geographic models inconsistent with the local cultural landscape and the tasks of therapeutic effect.

There has been a significant advance in the development of medical technologies over the past few decades, posing healthcare engineering designers to more challenging tasks. These tasks are becoming more complex from the perspective of projects themselves and their functions, and in terms of internal and external infrastructure.

The pandemic has increased the role of healthcare services as a sector pivotal to many processes. The experience of different countries has shown that the availability of sufficient funding may not always guarantee excellent performance in healthcare sector. The natural evolution and technology advance have their effect also on healthcare services. This paper discusses the trends existing globally in the development of medical industry and the reasons for their formation. General principles have been identified concerning the design and construction of healthcare facilities.

This paper presents the study that provides a method for identifying the performance specifications of automated medical measurement instruments. Evidence is provided of the expediency of the method that uses multi-criteria optimization. This method consists in identifying, among the range of options, of a compromise solution that fits the given technical and economic policy best.

The paper discusses the legal framework for the design and construction of modern high-tech prefabricated healthcare facilities. It highlights the challenges faced by design and construction works in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. With limited timeframes, healthcare construction projects are using prefabricated technologies that are supposed to meet the highest of construction standards and allow for operation of modern healthcare equipment. This task is being solved also at the legal level. All things considered, the issues of legal regulation of COVID hospitals design and construction in the Russian Federation relevant require due attention.

The paper describes the alternative schemes for ensuring biological safety in the organization of the microbiological laboratories network on the territory of a megalopolis. For St. Petersburg, Russia, two options of work with biomaterial were considered—centralized and decentralized schemes. It is shown that continuous information support at all the stages of biomaterials life cycle is required to meet the quantitative and qualitative objectives. Such support is the most promising through an integrated approach based on the common data environment with the information modelling in GIS and the collaboration and tracking services.

The paper highlights the issue of architectural planning and artistic design of healthcare facilities with account the psychological and emotional status of patients. The evolution of healthcare architecture is traced in the context of the changing medical concepts. Characteristic examples are given of the international and domestic healthcare campuses. The study is limited to urban non-infectious and non-mobile complexes, aiming to explore only the architectural and design techniques contributing to the therapeutic effect of architectural environments. The search for architectural and artistic techniques makes use of graphical analysis and form making methods. Recommendations have been developed for consideration by healthcare design and construction teams at the level of architectural and space-planning design and artistic design solutions. The materials of this paper are intended for landscape architects, medical professionals, government bodies responsible for national healthcare policy, as well as students.

In the design of healthcare facilities’ engineering systems (heating, ventilation, water supply, sanitation, outdoor networks, etc.), the building information modeling (BIM) is a highly effective tool that helps avoid design errors of various nature. Organizational deficiencies are revealed that affect combined activities. Measures are proposed for a more correct information modelling of engineering systems. Autodesk Revit software is analyzed for potential to be used as engineering design tool.

The tasks of modernizing healthcare system necessitate the use of private capital. Global practice shows that public–private partnership (PPP) has proven an effective tool in promoting innovation-driven healthcare services and wiser use of high-tech equipment. The paper discusses the international experience of PPP projects. The challenges and prospects of the PPP institute in Russia are highlighted using the example of the national project “Healthcare”. The author proposes a methodology for monitoring PPP projects throughout the entire life-cycle of a municipal outpatient clinic project.

The results of numerical studies of the air environment state in medical operating rooms are summarized. Trends in the choice of schemes for organizing air exchange and air distribution in identical rooms are revealed. The features of the initial data formation for the numerical experiment, in particular, characterizing the heat and humidity regime, are considered. The accepted principles of constructing computational grids and the choice of turbulence models using the well-known modern software systems ANSYS and STAR-CCM+ are analyzed. The problems that arise in the analysis of particular solutions from the point of comparison view with the requirements of regulatory documents are studied. Recommendations for using the results of numerical modeling in the development of engineering solutions are proposed.

Authors of papers have analyzed the modalities for the operation of PRC’s system of financing the health care, including the pandemic period, and outlined spheres to pay attention to aiming at elimination of existing deficiencies. This requires increase of investments, complex and rational approach to investment projects, promoting new scientific and technical solutions regarding both research activity and infrastructure planning. The results of this study may be applied by other countries including Russia for improving their own counter-emergency strategies and increasing the effectiveness of health care system.

The paper presents the Russian experience of adapting an operating building for use as a medical biotechnology research and production facility. Description is provided by the author of the office and utility building located in a special economic zone and of design solutions that helped to convert its premises into a full-cycle facility for diagnostic test systems production and research. The paper defines the primary and secondary factors to be considered when adapting a premise in a SEC for use as biotechnology facility. Recommendations are provided, based on the experience gained.

The paper discusses the current updates to organizing COVID hospitals (adaptation for use as makeshift hospital, repurposing of existing healthcare facilities) and requirements to their operational management (in the context of innovative medicine and construction) in the Russian Federation.

Theoretical and practical studies highlight the advantages of recycling municipal solid waste and construction wastes. In an attempt to lessen the negative environmental impact from solid waste and to enhance sustainability of energy- and resource-intensive construction, significant efforts have been channeled into re-use of solid wastes for environmentally friendly building materials. This study seeks to identify the ways towards more efficient use of municipal solid waste and construction waste as recycled materials for construction industry. The paper discusses possible applications of solid municipal waste and construction waste as substitute materials in the production of sustainable geopolymer composites. Even though inclusion of these fractions in geopolymer composites is found to have a negative effect on composites’ performance characteristics such as strength, processibility and durability, satisfactory performance can be achieved by adding the correct percentage.

The tense epidemiological situation has caused the need for rapid construction of healthcare facilities and deployment of additional hospital beds. The paper discusses new cost-effective steelwork modules as a design solution for healthcare facilities with improved performance. These structures have proved effective for use in medical emergencies. Further use of prefabricated structural steel frames in healthcare construction will allow us to respond promptly to emergencies, should they occur in the future. Prefabricated steel modular units owe their recognition as the best choice in healthcare construction to their exceptional strength and rigidity. The possibility of using modular breather panels, mounted on angle posts and designed to improve the indoor air quality and reduce the spread of diseases, is considered. The technical solutions discussed in this article make it possible to organize affordable medical care over a short time, ensuring the survival of the population during the pandemic and preserving the quality of life for those who have undergone treatment and rehabilitation in hospitals.

Improved solutions for monolithic construction formwork systems are designed to decrease specific weight of formworks, improve the quality of concrete surface and accommodate complex walls. Having analyzed the conventional designs of formwork systems, that consist of prefabricated panels with waterproof plywood bottom attached to metal frame, the authors came to the conclusion that formwork systems need a cardinally new solution in order to achieve the above specifications. A series of experiments were performed on samples of additively manufactured synthetic fiber-reinforced plastic composites. The use of additive technologies opens up the prospect of creating formwork elements for complex walls, while the use of plastic can decrease specific weight of formworks and improve the quality of the front surface of monolithic concrete structures. Purpose of study. Create a carbon fiber composite formwork for complex monolithic walls with high-quality front surface. Methods. The carbon fiber composite formwork for complex walls is manufactured using additive technology. The resultant 3D samples have been tested for strength and deformation in laboratory conditions. Results. The experimental testing of the 3D-printed carbon fiber samples has shown their sufficient strength and deformation resistance.

The paper discusses the historic building reconstruction technology that involves dismantling the building while retaining its facade for the entire period of reconstruction. The role of various factors influencing the stability of free-standing walls during the dismantling process is analyzed. The overview is provided of façade-retaining solutions to ensure the stability of free-standing walls.

The paper discusses the principles of planning infectious diseases hospitals of a new type, the need for which arose in connection with the global epidemiological situation and the announcement by the WHO (World Health Organization) of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Using the examples of the projects built in the Russian Federation, the prerequisites are analyzed for the decision-making as to functional zoning, architecture, space-planning and design solutions, as well as within the framework of the SDP (Site Development Plan). Options for the subsequent use of the developed solutions in new projects are proposed.

The paper discusses the architectural and artistic strategies for the design of new civil projects, including universal buildings for innovative medical research and development, in the historic built-up environments. The analysis uses the case of refunctionalization of a number of neighborhoods adjacent to the floodplain of the Iset’ River in the city of Yekaterinburg. The paper proposes ways for introducing regional trends into local architecture, as well as principles ensuring the inclusion of the regional specifics in contextual design. The proposed theoretical assumptions have been tested in the experimental design of a series of public and residential buildings, one being an innovative medicine research facility in the central part of Yekaterinburg.

The article discusses the Silver Bullet disinfectant developed by the authors and the innovative technology of volumetric aerosol disinfection. It is shown that the effectiveness of this disinfectant significantly exceeds the leading foreign analogues, and the described disinfection technology is the most adequate for combating coronavirus infection due to the identified air-aerosol method of its spread. At the same time, the Silver Bullet disinfectant is environmentally friendly, since it was developed on the basis of hydrogen peroxide and complex silver compounds with a prolonged bacteriostatic effect.

The paper provides an overview of the current state of, and trends in, the high-tech infrastructures for supporting for innovative medicine in the context of informatization, digitalization, computerization and robotic automation. The paper further discusses the key challenges of infrastructures for supporting innovative medicine and proposes ways for their solution and prospects of development.