Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Modeling, and Analysis for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Volume 1

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Srinagar by Spatiotemporal Modelling

   L. Janani, Sushaan Sharma, Ashish Kumar, Dhruv Ghai, Kirti Yadav

   Abstract

   The rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) has generated considerable interest in their feasibility, infrastructure development, and multifaceted impacts on both the environment and society. The current study delves into key aspects related to electric cars, focusing on their feasibility as an alternative to conventional vehicles, the essential role of charging stations in supporting their widespread adoption, and the consequent impacts on EV travel and social dynamics in Srinagar, India. The study addresses the challenge of minimizing congestion and wait times at charging stations, a crucial factor in improving the EV adoption rate. Optimizing EV charging stations in Srinagar through spatiotemporal modeling aligns with national and global sustainability goals. The present work involves proposing a time series optimization layout model based on spatiotemporal analysis. According to the framework for the optimal layout from the spatial adaptability index map, the low adaptability between urban charging station resources and spatial travel dynamics results in mismatched supply and demand across regions. Instead of merely increasing CS numbers, improving the balance of existing stations better addresses stakeholders’ interests. Two major interpretations are that Srinagar city requires more public charging stations with the best services and some subsidies for two and four-wheelers for the attraction of electric vehicles among the public. Additionally, given potential power supply limitations, the government should expand the existing CS development strategy to incorporate battery swap stations and mobile charging stations. The findings offer insights for urban planners and policymakers to support the sustainable development of EV infrastructure in Srinagar.

3. Optimized Corrosion Resistance in Reinforced Concrete Using Eco-Friendly Coatings Derived from Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis and Azadirachta Indica

   M. Ananthkumar, K. M. Mini, Aswathi Viswam, Ganapathy Kumaresh

   Abstract

   This study explores the use of leaf extracts as a sustainable coating material to enhance the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of steel bars in reinforced cement concrete. Organic pigments were synthesized by combining zinc phosphate and silica fume with leaf extracts from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (H) and Azadirachta indica (A), which were incorporated into an epoxy coating on the steel bars. Tafel polarization measurements were used to examine the corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete specimens in an accelerated corrosion environment containing 3.5% NaCl and 1 M sulfuric acid solutions. Results indicated that the phosphorus content in the extracts significantly reduced corrosion potential and enhanced coating efficiency. Moreover, the A-coated specimens exhibited superior performance, with no coating failure.

4. Performance Assessment of Moisture Damage of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Admixtures

   A. Jegan Bharath Kumar, V. Sunitha, J. S. Lekshmi, Samson Mathew

   Abstract

   Moisture damage in pavements, particularly in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), occurs due to breakdown of adhesion and cohesion, which results in reduced strength and causes pavement distress. Stripping, a prevalent surface defect in flexible pavements, contributes to moisture damage. The primary approach to mitigating this damage involves incorporating additives or modifiers into asphalt binder or aggregate. This study investigates the performance assessment of HMA mixtures by substituting Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBFS) a filler material, focusing on volumetric and mechanical properties under diverse compaction (35, 50 and 75 blows) and moisture conditions (Dry and wet). Field moisture conditions are simulated using a standard water bath with varied adhesion times. Results indicate that wet-conditioned samples with low compaction levels exhibit inferior characteristics compared to dry-conditioned samples with higher compaction levels. Furthermore, the substitution of GGBFS as the filler material reduces the moisture susceptibility of the HMA mix.

5. Experimental Investigation on the Structural Behaviour of FRC Beam with Partial Replacement of Geogrid in Stirrups

   M. Pandieswari, C. Pradeep Kumar, J. Vinotha Jenifer, R. Logaraja

   Abstract

   In olden days the structures were designed as load bearing structures as there were no high-rise buildings. Overpopulation necessitates the construction of high-rise buildings to address land scarcity issues. Reinforced concrete was invented to be used in the construction of tall buildings. RCC’s major component, steel, enhances its durability and load-carrying capabilities. However, corrosion of reinforcements is the greatest concern in RCC. RCC constructions use high-quality steel, however exposure to weather and environment can cause corrosion of reinforcements. To avoid or overcome corrosion problems in the reinforcements, an alternate arrangement is required. One such alternate approach is to incorporate plastic reinforcement into RCC structures. This project replaces steel reinforcing with geogrid. In beams, tension reinforcements balance flexural cracks, while stirrups balance shear cracks. We intend to replace steel stirrups with geogrid at various percentages: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Steel fibres are also inserted to increase the beam’s flexural strength. Both conventional and geogrid-reinforced beams underwent two-point loading tests. The test results for conventional and geogrid reinforced beams are compared and discussed. It has been discovered that the structural behaviour of geogrid reinforced beams enhances load-carrying capacity, displacement, flexural strength, and delays the collapse failure of concrete structures.

6. Experimental Investigation on Impact of Scalability Effect on Foam Concrete Production

   Abhinay Rakam, Sritam Swapnadarshi Sahu

   Abstract

   Foam concrete, a lightweight construction material renowned for its versatility and sustainable attributes, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Its applicability across various sectors, including construction, infrastructure, and insulation, has led to growing interest in understanding its scalability. The scalability of foam concrete refers to its ability to maintain consistent mechanical properties and structural integrity when produced in varying quantities, from laboratory-scale batches to industrial-scale production. Most prior studies on foam concrete have been confined to diminutive cubes and cylinders. To facilitate easier integration into the building industry, studies on practical building elements such as blocks and panels are necessary. Consequently, the effects of scalability need to be examined. Therefore, this paper examines the influence of scaling factors within beam and cubes with fresh density, compressive behavior and water absorption characteristics using various surfactants Sodium lauryl Sulphate (SLS), Nonylphenol Ethoxylate (NPE) and additive Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on properties and performance of foam concrete. Through a systematic experimental analysis, it is observed that NPE with CMC resulted to produce the highest compressive strength value of 19 MPa with lesser water absorption (<5%) observed at a target density of 1800 kg/m³. Moreover, with relation to the scaling effect, foam concrete mixtures with cubes exhibited a 67% increase in compressive strength compared to foam concrete specimens prepared using beams.

7. Monitoring and Controlling Construction Project Through Earned Value Management and Identification of Risk Factors Responsible for Time and Cost Overrun: A Case Study for Rail Gauge Conversion Project in India

   Parul R. Patel, Mahipal V. Prajapati

   Abstract

   The non-identification of risk in the planning stage of the construction project is the preeminent reason for the time and cost overrun of the project. The present study, emphasizes monitoring the “Gauge Conversion of Railway Line” project regularly to identify factors responsible for time and cost overrun. The “Gauge Conversion of Railway Line project” consists of activities such as cutting and dismantling tracks, earthwork, and structures. The progress of each activity is monitored carefully and the data related to Budgeted Cost of Work Performed, Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled, and Actual Cost of Work Performed are collected at an interval of thirty days. Earned Value Management is used to calculate Schedule Variance, Cost Variance, Schedule Performance Index, and Cost Performance Index. Optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic values for “Estimated Cost at Completion” and “Estimate to Complete” are calculated after observing the project for 240 days and presented in the paper. The authors and Project Management Consultant (PMC) have identified risk factors for schedule and cost variances every month and also identified the agencies responsible for the same. The mitigation strategies are suggested. The findings of the present study will help stakeholders in managing similar projects effectively.

8. Challenges of Tunnelling in Mixed Geological Condition

   A. Gowri

   Abstract

   Among the modern transport systems in cities, the construction of metrorails has gained exponential momentum as it provides a safe, quick, reliable, environment-friendly, clean, and comfortable public transport system. The majority of the Bangalore region is covered by the Peninsular Gneissic Complex, which represents remobilized parts of an older crust with abundant additions of newer granitic material. The rocks essentially consist of granites and gneisses intruded by a number of basic dykes. The selection of each TBM was decided by the geological conditions along the tunnel alignments. Tunneling through the complex geology of Bangalore is the toughest task for engineers and geologists. Tunneling in mixed ground conditions with the presence of boulders like gabbro or dolerite below densely populated areas and busy roads was a challenging endeavor. These issues impact the delay in progress as well as heavy damages to cutting tools. Based on site conditions, corrective measures are to be adopted on a case-by-case basis to carry out tunneling in a trouble-free manner. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the hindrances faced during tunneling due to the presence of boulders along the alignment and suitable corrective measures adopted according to the site conditions.

9. Durability Properties of Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete with Copper Slag as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

   C. M. Renju, Mini Soman, S. Deepa Raj

   Abstract

   An alkali-activated precursor yields a stable, solid aluminosilicate material known as geopolymer. The properties and attributes of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) vary greatly based on the type of raw material used. The current work used fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as raw materials to produce ambient-cured GPC. The two fine aggregates most frequently used in concrete are river sand and M sand. The over-exploitation of these natural resources will affect the environment’s equilibrium. To address the environmental concerns arising from the over-exploitation of natural fine aggregates like river sand and M-sand, copper slag was incorporated as a replacement in varying volume fractions (20%, 40%, and 60%) in M40 grade GPC. The findings reveal that copper slag significantly enhances the mechanical and durability properties of GPC. At an optimal replacement level of 40%, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength increased. Durability tests indicated that specimens exposed to H₂SO₄ and HCl exhibited minimal weight loss after 90 days. Furthermore, at 40% copper slag replacement, sorptivity and water absorption were 20% and 13.1% lower, respectively, compared to the standard mix. This study highlights the potential of copper slag to promote sustainable construction practices by reducing dependency on natural resources and managing industrial by-products effectively.

10. Experimental Studies on the Mechanical Characteristics of High Strength Concrete Exposed to Raised Temperatures

    Dharsana Satish, M. Guru Bharan, S. Rajagopal, S. Ranjith Kumar, K. Sachin Chowdary, A. R. Vijayanarayanan

    Abstract

    High-strength concrete (HSC) is increasingly utilized in construction due to its superior mechanical properties and durability compared to conventional concrete. Mix designs were enhanced to obtain optimum density and minimum void content by utilizing the Particle Packing Density technique. Over the course of their service life, reinforced concrete (RC) structures may be accidentally loaded by blasts, impacts, or fires, which could lead to the collapse of the structure, resulting in fatalities and financial losses. Concrete’s behavior and properties change significantly when exposed to elevated temperatures. Understanding these changes is crucial for the design, safety, and maintenance of structures exposed to high temperatures. With an emphasis on the compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and shear strength of HSC, this work offers a thorough experimental and analytical analysis of its behavior. Standard-sized cubes and cylinders were cast and tested at temperatures ranging from 100 to 600 degrees Celsius. The specimens with a strength grade of M75 preserved their compressive strengths at 83.78%, 64.86% and 51.35%, respectively, after the furnace’s temperature reached 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C. Similarly, the splitting tensile strength was retained at 67.93%, 55.35%, and 44.02%, respectively, while the flexural strength was retained at 90.69%, 72.09%, and 62.79%, following the furnace’s temperature reaching 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C. The shear strength of concrete was retained at 89.23%, 75.38% and 66.15%after the furnace’s temperature reached 200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively. The insights gained from both experimental and analytical approaches underscore the potential of HSC in enhancing the longevity and resilience of infrastructure through optimized particle packing density and improved thermal performance.

11. Integrated Assessment of Rainfall Trends and the Effects of Urbanization in the Amaravati River Basin

    Praveen Kumar Roshini, J. Brema

    Abstract

    Climate variability and urban growth have influenced the hydrological patterns of environmental sustainability of the Amaravathi River Basin which is currently facing challenges related to climate change. The present study analyses the combined effects of rainfall trends and urbanization on the Amaravathi River Basin over 23 years. The integrated analysis includes both parametric and non-parametric assessments of rainfall data, followed by landuse changes, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects over the basin. The study revealed the increased annual rainfall, especially after 2010, with Coimbatore recording the highest average yearly rainfall of 1603.08 mm in 2022. The basin covers the major industrial districts (Coimbatore, Karur, Erode, Dindigul) of Tamil Nadu, and identifies a 40% increase in built-up areas, causing a rise in LST from 2013 to 2023, by 2.3 °C. The study also found a shift in peak rainfall from the traditional monsoon months (June–September) extending to October and varied rainfall in Winter seasons. These findings underline the need for climate-resilient infrastructure and sustainable urban planning to address climate changes and urbanization’s impacts.

12. Land Use/ Land Cover Changes of Kannur District, Kerala From 1969 to 2024: A Geospatial Investigation

    Sreya R. Nambiar, S. Sumith Satheendran, R. Dhanya

    Abstract

    Variations in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) impact significant policy decisions and contribute to global developments. Rapid population increase, urbanization, and limited arable land are important drivers influencing global LULC change in the world now. The change in land use does not necessarily indicate the deterioration of the land. Land-use patterns fluctuate due to many causes, compromising biodiversity, energy budgets, water, and greenhouse gas emissions, and leading to significant climate shifts in the biosphere. The indicators of these changes are fast and can be identified as the total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as nitrous oxide (NO), methane, and carbon dioxide transformation, degradation of natural vegetation regions, and biodiversity loss. Geospatial techniques can be employed to recognize alterations in LULC mapping. In this study, the LULC pattern as well as its shifts in Kannur district, Kerala, were assessed using optical remote sensing, as well as their spatiotemporal changes from 1969 to 2024. The investigation indicated that the study area is experiencing significant urbanization due to the large-scale change of natural ecosystems, notably mixed crops and barren land. It was discovered that the attempt to categorize LULC using satellite photos was successful. The results of the study prove that the severe deleterious effects were mainly seen on the vegetation cover as a result of modifications in land use following a growth in development, which alters the pattern of land cover.

13. Behavior of Geopolymer Concrete with Rice Husk Ash—A Review

    K Karthikeyan, A. Chithambar Ganesh, U Nandhini, K Vijay Sankar, S Pream Kumar, A Guna, K Kalaimani

    Abstract

    Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has already gained popularity as a sustainable substitute for conventional Portland CC, since it uses industrial byproducts and has a smaller carbon footprint. One tonne of cement production emits 0.8–0.9 tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere. Thus, a great deal of research is being done on geopolymer concrete. The behavior of geopolymer concrete, including RHA as a partial substitute for traditional binders, is examined in this review study. A byproduct of milling rice, RHA has a high silica content and offers major benefits in geopolymer compositions. The review evaluates the mechanical attributes, longevity, and ecological effect of geopolymer concrete based on RHA by combining data from many investigations. Important characteristics are covered in detail, including workability, flexural strength, tensile strength, and compressive strength. Additionally, the impact of RHA on the geopolymer matrix’s microstructure and chemical composition is investigated. The findings suggest that RHA can enhance the durability and strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete while lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the construction sector benefits from the integration of RHA in the handling of trash and resource efficiency. In conclusion, a practical route in order to produce high-performing, ecologically favourable building materials is the incorporation of rice husk ash into geopolymer concrete. To fully achieve RHA’s potential in geopolymer applications, future research areas include long-term performance studies, mix design optimization, and the creation of standardized testing procedures.

14. Unveiling the Power of Nature: A Review of Nature-Based Solutions for Groundwater Management and Consumption

    Arathi M. Nair, Anil Vinayak, Kancherla Yeswanth Chowdary, Shyam Mannil, S. D. Sooraj, Geena Prasad

    Abstract

    Integrating Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in various sectors, such as water management, agriculture, and urban development, is pivotal for responding to climate change impacts and achieving sustainable development goals. NBS offer a resilient and cost-effective alternative to traditional engineered solutions, providing many benefits like enhanced soil health, increased biodiversity, and economic opportunities. By leveraging NBS, projects can mitigate risks associated with floods, droughts, and extreme weather events while enhancing ecosystem services, promoting human health, and boosting local economies. The scalability, durability, and transformative potential of NBS underscore their significance in fostering long-term environmental sustainability and societal well-being. Through equitable implementation, strategic planning across spatial and temporal scales, and a focus on stakeholder engagement, NBS can drive positive change, ensuring a harmonious balance between human activities and nature. The multifaceted benefits of NBS extend beyond environmental conservation to encompass economic growth, social well-being, and resilience to climate change, making them a cornerstone of sustainable development initiatives worldwide. This review paper focuses on various types of NBS solutions that can be used for the sustainable management and usage of critical resources, groundwater, its benefits, and challenges during implementation.

15. Extracting Aquaculture Ponds from Natural Water Surfaces Around Inland Lakes Through GEE Datasets: A Case-Study of River Krishna Delta in South India

    Saravanan Subbarayan, Ramanarayan Sankriti, Dakshinamurthy Ravi Nemani, Divya Ranganathachar, E. Arivoli, Niraimathi Janardhanam

    Abstract

    Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) is a spectral index used to analyze and map the aquaculture ponds from the Sentinel-2 satellite images that are available in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Monitoring and census of aquacultural activity is conventionally undertaken by field surveys that are time-consuming and expensive. The large-scale identification of aquaculture ponds has also been greatly enhanced by cloud computing platforms like GEE. The main objective of the study is that the machine learning classifier Random Forest (RF) was employed in GEE-based mapping investigations of aquaculture ponds. The study has shown that the Random Forest classifier is capable of extracting aquaculture pond spatial distribution with excellent overall accuracy, exceeding 90%. The locations derived from Google Earth Imagery are found to be consistent with the corresponding aquaculture ponds depicted on the resultant map obtained from the RF classifier.

16. A Conceptual Proposal for a Detachable Grain Storage Silo

    V. V. Badri Prasad, E. Harsha Vardhan, D. Hanu Trishanth, P. Chandar Kiran, A. R. Vijayanarayanan

    Abstract

    India is the second-largest food producer in the world. Moreover, India is anticipated to generate 9.5% of the world’s agri-food output. Effective storage of harvested grains is crucial for maximizing their utilization. Smaller storage options, such as gunnysacks, are ineffective in preventing rodents from accessing grains. Grains stored in large open places, such as godowns, are also susceptible to the same problem. In contrast, grain silos safeguard grains and deter rodent infestation. Grain silos, in general, are massive structures and are strategically located. Thus, the grain generated in each region must be conveyed over a significant distance to be stored. To address this limitation, the study proposes the conceptual development of a portable grain silo system, which can be easily transported and assembled at a desired location. This eliminates the need to transport food grain across significant distances and allows farmers to store their harvests close to their farms. Another feature of the proposed system is its rapid disassembly, relocation to an alternate place, and ease of reassembly. Considering these advantages, the proposed system is expected to minimize grain loss and improve food security in a region.

17. Flood Inundation Mapping by Multi-criteria Decision Analysis—A Study on Recent Floods—Idukki District, Kerala-India

    Surendar Natarajan

    Abstract

    Flood is one of the natural disasters that affects the lives and property of people. Faster urbanization and changes in climate have made high chances for floods. It is not possible to prevent floods, but they can be managed through suitable flood susceptibility maps. This study examines the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes for the years 2013, 2018, and 2024, and its impact on flood is studied for the Idukki district in Kerala. The flood susceptibility map is generated based on the multi-criteria decision process. A total of seven flood impact factors, such as elevation, slope, geology, drainage density, stream to road network, soil, and LULC factors, are counted for generating the flood susceptibility maps in Idukki district. A notable increase in flood depth and spread is observed during the years 2013 to 2024 in the study area. The susceptibility maps characterized the flood from a very high flood zone to a very low zone. The validation of the MCD analysis is compared with historical flood locations that are susceptible to flooding. The accuracy of the generated map is 85% which shows the precision of the model developed. The flood map produced will identify the areas that are susceptible to high and low floods in the Idukki district. The study also infers about the LULC changes and their effect on the flood.

18. Factors Driving Sustainable Construction Entrepreneurship

    T. A. Alka, M. Suresh

    Abstract

    The study analyzes the influence of relations among factors driving sustainable construction entrepreneurship. Grey Influence Analysis methodology is applied to assess the causal influence of a set of seven identified factors through a meticulous examination of existing literature and insights provided by experts that drive construction entrepreneurs to go for sustainable construction entrepreneurial practices. The final data is collected from 10 construction entrepreneurs identified based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in the selection of respondents after data cleaning. Analysis was carried out through a systematic process of expert-based responses. The study identifies that the key factor that drives sustainable construction entrepreneurial practices are: Global Sustainability Trends and Consumer Awareness and Preferences. The rise in consumer preference for green buildings, especially in the design, materials, and construction process, is important. The market demand is driven by an escalation in awareness of environmental sustainability. The global sustainability trends are the push factor, and consumer awareness and preference are the pull factor. These two factors are interrelated, and they contribute to the market creation, building, and enhancing the competitive advantage of sustainable construction entrepreneurs. The intrinsic flaws of the methodology and the smaller sample size compared to other methodologies, such as Structural Equation Modelling, are the major limitations of the study. The study provides a theoretical contribution by filling the research gap and offering future research directions, and the practical implications by giving insight and recommendations to practitioners for the suitable intervention for fostering sustainable construction entrepreneurial practices.