Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development (ICITCSD – 2021)

Many major states of India have large deposits of expansive soil. We all know how difficult it is to work with expansive soil due of its unpredictable shrinkage and swelling behaviour. This uncertain behaviour causes major uplift pressure and stresses on the structure overlying on it. The presence of the mineral montmorillonite is responsible for the expansive soil’s behaviour. Soil stabilization is the technique which is used to deal with problems associated with expansive soil. This research aimed to utilize industrial waste brick ash (that is produced during the production of bricks) in stabilization of the expansive soil with Lime. Brick ash can significantly improve the engineering characteristics of expansive soil.

Urban planners, farmers, academicians, researchers, and students particularly in agricultural and water resources field require daily rainfall information for their study or project preparation. To make this information available for them, a web-based application was developed using Google Earth Engine (GEE). GEE is a tool for analysing geospatial information and a cloud-based computing system. A java script code is compiled in the GEE platform in conjunction with the Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) dataset which is used in the application as a base to download the daily rainfall for any region in India with a resolution of 5.5 × 5.5 km. The methodology adopted is used to derive daily rainfall information for certain coastal locations and other major cities in India. Chennai city receives 60% of Annual Rainfall during October, November, and December with an average annual rainfall of 1440 mm whereas Mumbai city receives 97% of Annual Rainfall during the months of June, July, August, and September with an average annual rainfall of 2837 mm. The information for rainfall estimation will be useful to farmers for estimation of farm pond storage capacity, practicing irrigation engineers of government body to determine the check dam storage levels etc., CHRIPS data is however 75–80% precise to the actual measured rain gauge readings due to bias. If bias correction is carried out, then one would be able to get an accurate estimation of rainfall.

In recent decades, the term Smart City has emerged which has been further extended to villages in the past few years. In India, a major population still lives in rural areas. There are many technological and infrastructural factors that influence the development of these areas. The main aim behind making cities and villages smart is to provide a high-quality lifestyle to the people living in these areas, further leading to the development of a smart, sustainable and self-reliant nation. The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies, popularly known as ICT, and other information-sharing technologies are revolutionizing the smart city concept with the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT). The term “smart” refers to the implementation of the Internet of Things and other technologies to automate and sustain things and systems. Therefore, the Internet of things has garnered a lot of attention over the past few years. The reason for its high importance lies behind its concept of data transfer via minimal human interaction through the objects called “things” which are connected over the internet network. Many researchers and developers have been continuously exploiting the applicability of the Internet of Things to provide smart and sustainable solutions for all sectors. Today, the need for an internet connected world has strengthened tremendously due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it has become even more important to look into and explore IoT-based innovative technological solutions while developing applications and systems for smart cities and villages. The present paper surveys the role and relevance of IoT-based innovative technological solutions for the operation of smart, sustainable cities and villages. The paper also discusses some major advantages of integrating these solutions in order to provide efficient and sustainable management.

When an electronic or electrical device like cellular phones, computers, printers, washing machines, refrigerators, etc. reaches the end of its service life, its disposal results in the creation of electronic waste (e-waste). In 2019, about 53.6 Mt. of e-waste was generated worldwide, and it is estimated to reach 74.7 Mt. by 2030. The rapid up-gradation in science and technology, short product life cycles, and very few repair services contribute to the generation of the copious amount of e-waste. The disposal of this copious amount of e-waste is huge concerning matter regarding the environment. In addition, the presence of noxious substances such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury, dioxins, etc. makes it challenging to dispose of them. The present research work presents a comprehensive review of the previous studies and examinations carried out to find an effective way to utilize e-waste in construction practices. The study finds that recycling e-waste in construction can be a suitable alternative to minimize e-waste while offering new sustainable waste management strategies.

Limited water availability and steadily increasing urban population have resulted in higher water demand, particularly in urban areas. Water scarcity or poor quality can lead to adverse health effects, water-borne diseases, and even casualties if the event is acute. For effective water management, the treatment of wastewater and its reuse plays a crucial role. A substantial volume of water received as rainfall runs off unutilized, contaminating the receiving water bodies in many cases. The first rain scavenges pollutants and flushes contaminants from the catchment making the water non-usable without treatment. Some treatment units like gross pollutant traps (GPT), wetlands, rain-garden, vegetated swales, etc., are the significant components of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and can be used to remove the physical-chemical impurities from storm water runoff. These units have been used to remove the suspended/floating impurities, organic load (BOD), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and even pathogens (coliforms). There has been a wide application of WSUD in developed countries, but it is relatively less popular in developing/poor countries due to several factors. India, the second most populous country of the world with only 2.4% of geographical area, receives non-uniformly distributed precipitation (3880 BCM) mostly during 3–4 months of monsoon, and requires a strong and effective WSUD for conserving water. Suitable technique of WSUD can be applied individually or in combination depending upon the quality of runoff and feasibility of treatment. Design considerations such as type of vegetation and hydraulic conductivity of filter needs attention initially before its application. The lower operation and maintenance cost, no energy input, and formation of non-toxic metabolites make it sustainable. An effective WSUD not only conserves water, it also favours improved urban hygiene, better air quality, carbon sequestration, and healthy ecology.

Sustainability is the need of the hour, and every industry on the planet is focusing on removing environmentally hazardous elements from its supply chain. Organic and inorganic products, heavy metals like chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, etc.; formaldehyde compounds join the stream as dyes, alkali, softeners, salts, fixing agents, levelling agents, ammonia, among other auxiliaries. These compounds are more resistant to biodegradation due to their synthetic nature and complex aromatic structure. Untreated effluent water released into pools of water may pose a significant threat. It has the potential to disrupt the oxygen transport process at the water surface, increasing the turbidity, disruption of photosynthetic activity, and decreased sunlight availability to aquatic organisms. Hence, water quality suffers, as a result, rendering it unfit for human use. Due to increased water shortages and environmental restrictions, the textile industry thus, needs to switch to alternative wastewater treatment solutions that can help minimize the water footprint and maintenance costs. Several agricultural residues and organic wastes are now used as natural adsorbents in effluent streams to remove dyes and heavy metals. These materials are commonly used due to their ease of availability, the potential for adsorption, and reduced cost. Enzymes are an appealing choice for wastewater treatment for various reasons, including their biocompatibility, convenience, and simplicity of process control. Microbial dye degradation and decolorization is a more environmental friendly and cost-effective alternative to chemical decomposition. Dead cells are preferable for wastewater treatment because they remain unharmed by toxic waste and chemicals and do not pollute the environment by releasing toxins or propagating toxins. Since economy and sustainability have been driving forces in modern manufacturing, efforts are being made to manufacture textiles more effectively, with less water pollution.

Soil is among the most important natural resource that provides a wide range of goods and services. However, rapid expansion of heavy industries has led to intensive and unsustainable practices such as effluent discharge, mining, fuel combustion etc., which continues to increase contamination of soil. It is a serious issue as heavy metals are toxic even at low concentration and are resistant to biodegradation. Therefore, they affect all life forms via biomagnification, which necessitates the need to remediate such soils. There are various conventional technologies to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils, but they have certain limitations in terms of reducing bioavailability of metals, removal efficiency, and high costs. This calls for an advanced and innovative alternative to reclaim contaminated soil that will provide economic and sustainable solutions. Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) is one such developing, environmental friendly method discussed in this chapter which uses electric current to remove charged contaminants from soil. Optimization of EKR can result in reduced toxicity with very less disturbance to soil ecology and at low costs.

More than half of the world’s population resides in urban and suburban areas. An increase in the rate of urbanization in recent years has put extreme pressure on the environment which has led to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. The water bodies in urban areas have become primary source of sewage discharge which has led to poor water quality and issues like eutrophication. Therefore it is very crucial to maintain a healthy state of water bodies. The role of eco-restoration becomes critical in this regard. Eco-restoration techniques for improving the condition of water bodies across urban areas involve a mixture of physical (dredging, flushing, aeration, drainage etc.), chemical (clarification, adsorption, disinfection etc.) and biological (species management, microbial remediation, habitat restoration etc.) techniques which are implemented both within as well as outside the aquatic body. These practices are yet to be implemented more effectively in developing countries like India where the rate of urbanisation is fairly high. Eco-restoration holds key to treatment and reuse of water, thus, leading to water sustainability in urban areas. Further, such practices serve as primary solution for improving the health of water bodies which will not only help humanity to better adapt and respond to climate change but also in building a sustainable future.

Plastics are synthetic polymers designed as light weight, inexpensive as well as sturdy material. The application of plastic can be seen in almost all industrialized products. Applicability as well as rate of waste generation is increasing simultaneously. 380 million tonnes (MT) of plastic waste (PW) have been documented in the year 2015 instead of only 2MT in 1950. Central Pollution Control board had estimated 6.6 lack tonnes of PW generation in India in the year 2017–18. The capital of India, Delhi, alone contributes 690 tonnes per day. Nearly half of this remains uncollected. This uncollected PW get consumed by animal or burnt openly or clogs drainage and river system. This leads to starvation and many other adverse health impacts in animals, production of toxic gases or pollution of abiotic components and many more. Majority of this plastic waste is single used one. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has classified plastics in four categories based on their size: mega plastics (>1 m); macro plastics (<1 m), mesoplastics (<2.5 cm); and microplastics (<5 mm). On the basis of morphology, microplastics (MPs) are classified as “primary and secondary”. “Primary” MPs also known as microbeads are one which have been manufactured (<5 mm) for their intended use in medicines and personal care products whereas “secondary” MPs are the result of weathering of primary larger size plastics. Microplastics are difficult to biodegrade and cannot be removed by conventional treatment methods. This results in accumulation of microplastics in water bodies. Accumulation of MPsin tissues can be found at almost all the trophic levels. No legal framework is in place for restrictive use of microplastics in India. This study will provide an overview of the current level of scientific work and knowledge on microplastic pollution in INDIA and will help to suggest the preventive measures for effective management of plastic waste.

The effect of cement dust has been a central role in orchestrating the soil characteristics and quality by changing the vital soil parameters. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of cement dust on soil parameters- moisture content, pH, organic carbon and organic matter, electrical conductivity and exchangeable calcium and magnesium around Jammu and Kashmir Cements limited, Khrew. The present study analyzed the change in these soil parameters at the three sites under study indicating the adversity of cement dust pollution in effecting these parameters of soil. The results indicate that moisture content, pH, organic carbon and organic matter could be used as prime parameters that could be used to assess the quality of soil under the effect of cement dust.

Condition Assessment of a structure is an important aspect for Sustainable Infrastructure Development to ensure its durability. Concrete structures around the world face a threat to their adequate structural and functional performance due to aging infrastructure, carbon dioxide penetration in the old infrastructure made of low-grade concrete. Increase in demolition and construction waste due to inadequate monitoring and maintenance of structures is another concern to environment if it is going directly to the landfill. Investigations on the concrete elements can be done using various non-destructive (NDT) and destructive (DT) methods. The Rebound Hammer (RH) and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test NDT techniques are often used to assess concrete quality and service life. In the current study, experimental studies have been conducted to estimate the concrete compressive strength (CS)Compressive strength (CS) using the above test methods and a mathematical correlation has also been developed between their test results using linear regression analysis. Comparison has also been done on accuracy of correlation parameters using these two test results and that of the Combined Nondestructive Examination. i.e., the UPV Test and the RH Test.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC), because of its magnificent fresh and hardened properties, is widely used around the world. Continuous increase in construction activities lead to enormous depletion of exhaustible resources and now the industry is on the verge of recognising the worth of such limited exhaustible resources. The disposal of some waste products into the land, on the other hand, leads to environmental imbalance. As a result of these factors, the approach to sustainable construction is becoming more prominent. As a result, researchers have performed experimental investigations into the feasibility of alternative fine aggregates (AFA) as a replacement for river sand in order to promote sustainable development and safeguard the environment. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of alternate sand’s physical characteristics, as well as their impact on SCC’s fresh and hardened properties. The use of AFA contributes significantly to the reduction of environmental pollution by lowering carbon dioxide emissions. SCC production costs are also reduced by using alternative fines. As a result, this paper seeks to give useful and important information on the subject, as well as a platform for new scholars to conduct future SCC research.

Every year fire causes thousands of deaths and loss of property across the world. Understanding of the thermal and mechanical properties concrete, structural steel, detailing and various fires protection materials at elevated temperatures is necessary to ensure adequate sustainable structural performance of structures. Columns are an important structural member of a structure and various reinforcement specifications, section geometry and cover standards are specified in design codes. Detailing of transverse reinforcement such as spacing of ties, ties configurations are also found to have considerable effect on performance of reinforced concrete columns under fire. The paper aims at summarizing the analytical, computational and experimental work undertaken in this field of study of improved fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns.

The industrial adoption is wide spread in present scenario because of this generation of waste increasing enormously. ReuseReuse and recycling method and recycling of it is very crucial to safeguard the environment. Through recycling of waste materials and the reduction in carbon emissions geopolymer concrete has the considerable capability to firmly come up with environmental sustainability in industrial sector as well as in construction sectors. Past two decades substantial amount of research has been performed to know the ability of geopolymer and to mitigate the use of ordinary Portland cement. However, geopolymer industry has to face number of challenges to adopt it in construction. Most amount of research was carried and also continuing for wide variety of waste as procures and as aggregates in geopolymer concrete. In this paper construction and demolition, energy production, metal industry, mining and enrichment of ore waste utilization in geopolymer concrete is discussed .Various properties of geopolymer concrete such as their rheology, fresh properties and hardened properties, their environmental susceptibility for aggressive conditions such as chloride and sulphate attack and also to various hazards salts because of which it losses in its strength are discussed. The main agenda of this paper is to review the research into various industrial waste-integrated Geopolymers and specify the difficulties to adopt it in industrial production with an observation to pointing the path for further research.

In this research paper, defect identification is carried out on a concrete block specimen. A finite element modelling software is used to simulate a 3D model of Concrete Block Specimen with different thickness of air void defect embedded at different location. The Concrete Block Specimen is heated using lock-in infrared thermography concept in the models to identify the location and other details about the defects. In lock-in infrared thermography, the model is heated repeatedly at regular intervals for required frequency and responses of the heating on the model is noted. The excitation power of 200-Watt, 500-Watt, 1000-Watt and 2000-Watt were used with 12 different heating periods, which were set from 5 to 60 min with 5 min interval. The duty cycle for each heating period was taken as 50%. Different data like thermal images, temperature difference on the defects, graphs of temperature v/s surface were found. Using a MATLAB program, area of the defects were calculated based on thermal images. An effort is made to find exact amount of heating and time required for a concrete structure to identify defects using simulation of Infrared Thermography in FEM. The area of defects estimated at 60 min for 55 min time period was close to the actual area of defects with minimum error.

Black liquor, a lignin rich colloidal suspension, generated during pulping of lignocellulosic bio-resources in pulp and paper industry is often considered as a waste. Though a waste, it is a valuable resource for producing fuels, chemicals and several other value added products. Cement admixture is yet another value added product that can be developed from pulp and paper industry black liquor. Researchers around the world are concerned towards reducing the consumption of cement in construction due to the hazards of carbon emissions associated with it production process. Efforts are being made to develop admixtures which can reduce the quantity of cement clinker and at the same time preserve the quality of concrete. Use of admixtures in concrete is aimed towards resource conservation by reducing water requirement and energy consumption. In this series, black liquor has been found to be an effective admixture for concrete by researchers. Nevertheless, the performance of cement admixture depends on the physico-chemical properties of black liquor used. This paper aims to review the research carried out on utilization of black liquor as admixture in construction industry. It describes different types of admixture developed from black liquor such as set retarder admixture, viscosity modifying admixture etc. It discusses the effect of physico-chemical properties of different types of black liquor generated from variety of biomass based on different pulping processes. It reflects the performance of black liquor as admixture in terms of properties such workability, compaction, honeycombing, settling time, storage time, viscosity modification, shrinkage, compressive strength, tensile strength etc. Finally, this paper presents relevant conclusion drawn from different studies and advocates effective utilization of black liquor as admixture in construction industry.

From the past two decades, the emission of carbon dioxide has been increased dramatically across the globe. Concrete is the widely used versatile construction material. Hence, this research work was conducted in order to control the emission of carbon dioxide with the help of this widely used material for a sustainable environment. An attempt has been made in the admixing of processed organic materials such as potato peel and seaweed in different proportions to the concrete mixture. Different proportion of mix were the addition of seaweed at 5% by weight of the cement, potato peel at 5% by weight of the cement, both potato peel and seaweed at 5% each by weight of the cement. Test methods such as carbonation and titration method were conducted to find the carbon dioxide absorption percentage; along with the conventional pressure sensitive test at 28 and 56 days. Combined addition of potato peels and seaweeds have improved the compressive strength, carbonation depth and amount of carbonation absorbed. When comparing the specimens with both potato peel and seaweed cured at 28 days and 56 days have showed in the ranges between 42.6 and 45.5 MPa; between 1.9 and 2.4 g; and between 1.9 and 2.6 mm, respectively.

Water pollution is a significant cause of several diseases and requires intensive monitoring, procuring techniques to control contamination in water. Several techniques are implemented to stop water pollution, but somehow real-time monitoring achieves a significant impact among these. In this work, a real-time monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) techniques is implanted to monitor, control, and take precautionary action through intimation to the authorities. The wireless sensor nodes are planted at different locations of water resources to check the water quality, significant impact among these. In this work, a real-time monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) techniques is implanted to monitor, control, and take precautionary action through intimation to the authorities. The wireless sensor nodes are planted at different locations of water resources to check the water quality. The data obtained from sensor nodes are transmitted to a remote server, i.e., a cloud platform, and an analysis is carried out to check the water quality condition. The data samples collected from the different locations were analysed to identify the quality; the intimation is provided to the specific region controllers if water quality changes. The resultant information from the analysis can be used to take precautionary measures and identify the source of water pollution. The implementation of IoT makes it feasible to monitor and prevent water pollution in a real-time environment in a remote fashion.

A blast or an explosion has become a considerable form of threat to civilian infrastructures worldwide in recent-decades because of their highly dynamic, non-linear and destructive nature. As opposed to conventional loads, the response of RC members to a blast wave is highly erratic as it depends on a lot of factors such as type, shape, orientation and mass of explosive, standoff, ground reflection to mention a few. The damage of an RC member on application of blast pressure is also very severe as it is a combination of flexural and shear deformations, spalling and crushing of concrete etc. For RC columns however, when compared to beams or slabs the situation is more critical since its failure can often result in global structural collapse due to progressive failure. This research article provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various composite wraps in protecting RC Columns against the detrimental effects of blast wave impingement by reduction of peak mid span displacement and subsequently the support rotation of column and reduction in deformation, energy and stresses of concrete and reinforcements. The analysis is performed using the CONWEP approach in LS-DYNA finite element package through which blast loading can be applied by specifying the mass and deflagration co-ordinate and then the CONWEP applies the blast load through a time-varying pressure which is very much similar to a real blast scenario.

Sustainability has become crucial due to the increasing dependency on natural resources. With increased population growth, the housing sector constantly faces a deficit in providing for the masses. India has seen a steady increase in the construction of residential buildings to address its population of over one billion people. For decades, the country’s construction sector has been using concrete, fired bricks, or cement blocks supported with reinforcement bars. Their utilization causes negative impacts such as: (i) increased carbon production, (ii) increased energy use, (iii) the toxicity of the by-products and (iv) non-renewable resources depletion. Employment of alternative and sustainable materials in construction is a viable solution to address some problems, but many are reluctant due to a higher cost margin. Therefore, it is vital to use resources in construction that can improve a building’s sustainability while being cost-effective to not over-burden the residents. This paper aims to address the cost-effectiveness of using alternate building materials by comparing red bricks and compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB). The factors like ease of use, availability, and the impact of its usage on the environment were evaluated. Using CSEB significantly reduced construction cost and sale price, making it an attractive replacement for traditional materials.

Soil is a construction material alternative to traditional materials such as steel and concrete. About 40% of the world’s population in most of the regions uses soil as traditional constructional material. Blocks of Stabilized mud (SMBS) are the wetted mixture of stabilizer, soil and sand, which is compacted into a block of high-level density in a machine to produce stabilized mud block. The factors influencing the masonry strength in cement- mortar of various proportions were studied in a systematic experimental analysis. It has been observed, mud block strength increases with increase in corresponding cement content. The effect of alternative building technologies on energy and the environment is addressed, as well as the energy consumption and transportation of common and alternative building materials. The aim of this analysis was to make stabilized mud blocks with locally available red clay soil and ordinary Portland cement as a stabilizer. The mix proportions considered for the trials were 1:0.5 (Soil: Stone Dust), 6%, 7%, 8% cement. The two percentages of each stabilizer were used to make stabilized mud blocks, which were measured after 28 days. The best result was determined by compressive strength, water absorption and the required percent of each stabilizer was selected. The stabilized mud blocks had an average compressive strength of 3.8–4.04 MPa. Average water absorption 13.08–13.67%. This research has yielded a number of intriguing findings. Also, the rise in intensity was found to be constant, indicating that it would continue to grow over time.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization, and population growth have led to an increased demand for infrastructure and the manufactured products. The textile, pharmaceuticals, paper, etc., are the few industries with the increasing demand and have imposed enormous waste management challenges on the human being. The textile industry is also described by high water and chemical consumption and hence generates highly toxic coloured effluent. The textile finished fabric is prepared after several dry and wet processes. Various chemicals, synthetic dyes, and additives such as salts are used along with water to produce the finished goods at each step. The effluent generated from such industries is vast and is estimated that about 70–120 l of water is consumed to fabricate 1 kg of finished good. This effluent is collected in the Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) for its treatment for safe disposal or recycling and reusing back in the industry. The sludge generated from the treatment plant comprises salts, reactive dyes, organic and inorganic pollutants. The sludge is collected at the TSDF (Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility) sites. This sludge is a hazardous material and is challenging to manage. The low calorific value makes it untuneful for the incineration purpose. The transportation of sludge adds cost to the treatment, and the low specific gravity makes it further difficult to transport. The most sustainable solution is to find an alternative that can utilize the textile sludge. One such way is to use it in the construction industry. The study explores current status, opportunities, and challenges, and the best practices to be adapted for efficient ways of waste management. Solutions review the potential of utilizing the textile effluent sludge in the construction industry.

In developing nations, government authorities are mainly concerned with tackling the growing problems of solid waste disposal. However, most people living in Ethiopia’s town and village continue to dispose of solid waste randomly, resulting in severe environmental and public health issues. The present study aimed to find suitable sites for solid waste disposal produced in the Arba Minch town, Ethiopia. Geospatial technology and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method are more cost-effective and reliable for identifying solid waste disposal sites. When choosing a suitable location to ensure environmentally sustainable solid waste disposal, many factors must be considered. Distance from drainage, groundwater level, lithology, land use/land cover (LULC), lineament density, geomorphology, precipitation, elevation, slope, soil type, distance from the road, and wind direction (aspect) were considered in the present study. The theme layers listed above were created using optical satellite images, a digital elevation model, a high-resolution Google Earth image, field data, and collateral data. The AHP method was used to calculate the ranks and weights of the aforementioned thematic layers and their sub-themes. Finally, chosen factor layers were overlayed using raster-based weighted linear combinations (WLC) in ArcGIS for site suitability evaluation. The present research area is 63.5 km2. The current study results show, 6.84% (4.34 km2) of the region, is very appropriate for solid waste disposal, 10.19% (6.47 km2) is moderately acceptable, and 82.97% (52.69 km2) is unsuitable for solid waste disposal. The suitability map of the solid waste disposal location shows the method’s effectiveness. The current study’s findings are crucial for Arba Minch’s planners and administrators.

Nowadays, construction cost is increasing rapidly due to increase in building materials cost, accounting construction waste, delay in construction activities etc. In this technique, the walls are erected without the use of cement mortar for jointing purpose. Each brick is made to lock itself to adjacent bricks using a key-cut-and-lock mechanism. A brief comprehensive review of the different shapes and functions of interlocking bricks was made. An attempt was made to analyze the cost-effectiveness based on the material requirements of a one-story building constructed using various materials such as conventional bricks, solid cement blocks, and interlocking bricks of ISSB “T” and ISSB “SA” type. The building has one room measuring 3 × 3 m. Material requirements and construction cost have been calculated based on current market rates. In a comparative analysis, it was noted that the use of traditional bricks costs more than other materials. If the solid blocks and interlocking bricks are replaced individually, the cost is reduced up to 6.41% and 11.78%, respectively. In the interlaced type, ISSB “T” is better than ISSB “SA” in terms of cost reduction. It is also noted that the cost of the ISSB “SA” interlock is almost the same as that of solid cement blocks. Based on comparative analysis, the design strategy and its specifications have been incorporated into the design of the conceptual framework which can be understood when this interlocking technology is adopted in the construction sectors.

Recently, the construction industry is facing practical problems such as poor productivity, lack of labor, lack of safety, more construction waste and so on. Based on the literature, it was noted that a technical invention like 3D printing had a practical solution to those construction issues mentioned above. Especially in developing countries like India, 3D printing technology is still in the realization stage, but in developed countries, huge works have been done with this technology. It is necessary to have access to the construction cost and its calculation procedure for the method of 3D printing technology. A The study was accomplished with an open source tool “Omni calculator” to access the material cost and labor cost of this 3D printing of different filament materials such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETG) and T-filament Glase (PETT) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS). The cost will be arrived at by considering 3D printing machine filament diameters 0.1 cm, 0.2 cm, 0.3 cm, 0.4 cm and 0.5 cm and the job duration is 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h. In the analysis, it was observed that the larger the filament diameter, the significantly higher the cost of 3D printing about 2.83 times. It is also noted that the duration of the work hour increased the cost of 3D printing very marginally by 1.19 times. Among the different filament materials, ABS materials bear the best result in terms of economic cost. The conceptual framework work is designed by incorporating the reliable factors of 3D printing technology into the build sequence. Hence based on this study, it has been determined that the cost of materials with suitable filament plays a vital role in the adoption of this 3D printing technology in the construction sector.

Hill areas are the places of tourist attractions mainly for the climate and landscape. The study area of Tamilnadu has both Western ghats and Eastern ghats mountain ranges which accommodates six major hill stations with several tourist spots in each of them.This work evaluates the impact of hill areas in the development of tourism. The assessment is done in two ways the physical and the tourist. Physical factors taken into consideration are slope, aspect and altitude which are collated with the tourist factors like the tourist flow and the number of tourist spots in each hill stations to analyze the impact of hill areas in the tourism development.The GIS software is used to analyze the physical factors and the tourist components such as tourist flow and number of tourist spots in the hill stations are obtained from the tourist office.It is found that both the geographical factors and the tourist factors are directly related with one another, when there is an increase in the scenic beauty there are a greater number of tourist spots in the hills which attracts larger number of tourists.There are numerous Geographical features which when converted into tourist attractions will attract a greater number of tourists there by paving a way for the economic development of a country.

Groundnut shell ash (GSA) is an agricultural dissipates whereas Waste Plaster of Paris (WPOP) is a powdered material obtained from gypsum. In order to attain better efficiency of composites, which can be used on roads, the present research is an attempt to investigate how WPOP and GSA along with soils that are available locally are efficiently used. The investigation explores the testing of the soil characteristics when combined with WPOP and GSA to improve UCS and CBR strength. Present work shows that maximum value of UCS was found at – 79% Soil + 18% of WPOP + 3% of GSA and CBR will be highest for 79% Soil + 18% of POP + 6% of GSA. Thus, when both WPOP and GSA are collectively added in soil it leads to an effective reduction in the thickness of pavement by using waste POP and groundnut shell ash thereby reducing environmental hazard while improving the strength.

Metakaolin (MK) is a pozzolanic amorphous powder substance derived by the calcination of pure kaolinite clay, while fiber reinforcement is the minor pieces of reinforcing material that possesses certain characteristics properties. To attain better efficiency of composites that can be used as a material of concrete the present research is an endeavor to investigate how composite fiber-reinforced concrete with metakaolin as an admixture is efficiently used. The current investigation explores the testing of the concrete cube characteristics when combining with steel fiber and metakaolin to improve the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete. This current examination reveals that the optimum value of compression strength and split tensile strength of concrete is achieved by using metakaolin in a proportion of around 15% to 20% along with 1.5% of steel by the weight of cement. Both the findings promote the use of metakaolin and the addition of additives such as hooked steel fibers to provide a concrete of greater strength than ordinary concrete.

The shoreline is more dynamic and complex in nature. Shoreline change is induced by many factors like Littoral current, wave and riverine activities and even some times tides. Construction of coastal hard structures disrupts natural deposition and erosion taking place along the coast. The way they are affected depends upon the type of structure and longshore transport. The current research focuses on evaluating long term Shoreline change analysis and providing Non-structural stabilization measures of coastal areas along the coast of Rameshwaram Taluk, Tamilnadu. India. Shoreline was extracted between the year 1992 to 2015 using the LANDSAT series of satellite imageries (LANDSAT 5,7,8). Transects were created every 100 mts using the oldest shoreline data as a base reference through DSAS plugin. Net Shoreline deposition and erosion were calculated through the End Point Rate (EPR) and Weighted Linear Regression (WLR) model. Results reveal that erosional features dominant during 1995 to 2000 with the highest rate of erosion at −11.1 mts, 2005 to 2011 with the highest rate of erosion at −10.1 mts near the Ollakuda village. Weighted linear regression was estimated for the year (1992–2015), it extends between (−8.0 to 6.8 m/year). Most of the coast falls under (− 1.1 to 0.5 m/year). In order to mitigate the coastal erosion, use of Non-structural Protection measures can be of advantage in Rameshwaram Taluk. Revegetation of pant species with particular capacity of widened and deep root system would provide to be useful in arresting the soil erosion and stabilizing the beach and coastal environment. Species such as Palm trees, Coconut and Eucalyptus trees can be preferred in the current study as a Non-structural mitigation measure to promote a stable coastal environment.

Geopolymer are a unique type of polymer formed when aluminosilicates are combined with sodium/potassium silicate and their hydroxide solutions. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is an excellent alumino-silicate material because of rich silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide content, both of which are required for the reaction of geo-polymerization to occur. In this paper a sustainable concrete has been developed using GGBS and calcined clay (CC) and the same has been investigated for its strength and durability characteristics. Three ratios of GGBS and calcined clay (i.e. 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80) were used in this investigation. As an alkaline activator, a 12 M concentration of NaOH with Na2SiO3 has been used. The geopolymer specimens were cured in the open air for practical reasons. Split tensile, three-point loading and compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical characteristics and ultrasonic pulse velocity testing was done for the estimation of durability characteristics of the developed concrete. Results indicate that as the content of GGBS in the developed concrete is increased its mechanical properties as well as the durability properties got improved.

This paper shows the impact of incorporating bacteria (bacillus cereus) on strength in compression and water absorbing capacity of developed sustainable concrete. The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part cement is substituted with fly ash at the rate of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and in the second part bacteria cereus was added to the concrete along with the fly ash replacement by using a solution of bacteria, at a rate of 10%, in place of the mixing water. The compressive strength of the conventional cement concrete got enhanced on substituting cement with fly ash. The maximum improvement was observed at 10% fly ash replacement. The bacteria incorporated samples showed further improvement in the strength as well as water absorbing capacity after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Adding bacteria increased the 7 days strength by around 19.24%. The water absorption capacity of the fly ash replaced samples reduced considerably due to bacteria cereus and a maximum reduction of around 20.35% in the water absorption value was observed at 20% fly ash replacement. Therefore, bacillus cereus bacteria could be efficiently used to enhance the strength and impermeability characteristics of conventional cement concrete.

The electronic voting machine (EVM), a device within the voting system in India, provided a digital mechanism in the overall voting process of various elections. Remote voting is the process of a unified and globally unrestricted voter’s system, as any voter can provide their selection of vote to the particular candidate of their local from remote/distance, i.e., within in India or out of India. The voter is not forced to visit their unique polling station to vote. In such a case, the achievement of 100% vote in entire national elections is highly possible. The proposed COVID-19 Pandemic - Remote Voting System (C19P-RVS) further provides the social distancing (SD) in the means of a remote voting scheme to ensure the hygiene culture of the society with care and precautions. In addition, the work provides novelty by validating the voter at the initial stage of the voting process as they initiate the remote voting. It collects the geo-coordinates of the voter location and verifies the address data with the validation server. If the validation passes, the voter is permitted to enter further to do the remote voting process, and if not, the voter is restricted from the voting process. Even the voter’s address validation passes, the duplication verification for votes is done in the next stage to identify the voter have already voted or not? The reliability, integrity, authenticity, and completeness with confidentiality of operations within the remote access and accomplishment of tasks of intended purpose are focused in the C19P-RVS.

The research objective is to examine about the Engineering Characteristics and Mixture Design of the Geopolymer Mortar using FA (Class F) and naturally available Zeolite and a combination of Na2SiO3 and NaOH as an antacid activators. Sodium Hydroxide of 12 M obsession has been used and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio is varied from 1, 2 and 3. The geopolymer mortar’s compressive strength improves by the high concentration of NaOH and Na2SiO3 as an activator. The compressive strength was most prominent when theNa2SiO3 to NaOH content ratio was kept at 1:3. The water retention is likewise less at higher soluble base substance because of the presence of lower void spaces. There are various climate and financial advantages of utilizing Fly Ash and Zeolite in the Geopolymer Mortar creation.

Construction industry together with fossil fuel consumption accounts for more than 75% increase in atmospheric CO2. Study of carbon emissions is essential so that greenhouse gas emissions can be monitored and controlled. In a country like India, still old traditional construction techniques and conventional building materials are used commonly. This research work aims at identifying the carbon emissions of those materials which are frequently used in India and to compare their emissions with the eco-friendly materials. A physical model affordable house has been constructed to study the carbon emissions of various materials. The conventional bricks have been replaced by burnt clay fly ash bricks and the cement plaster with the non-erodible mud plaster. Additionally, mud phuska has been used as an insulating medium in place of bitumen. The primary energy or embodied energy used up in construction of model house was found to be 230.7 GJ. The carbon footprint for model house was found out to be 17.5 tonnes of CO2. When compared with carbon footprint generated using alternative materials, a reduction of around 44% in carbon footprint is observed. Therefore these alternative materials can be utilized for the construction of affordable housings with reduced carbon footprint.

A major key factor that contributes to a great extent to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming is the manufacturing process of cement. The use of waste generated from industries and agriculture like ceramic waste, fly ash (FA), RHA and many others as a part substitution of cement may lead to a reduction in the GHG emissions. This paper is based on the utilization of ash, produced by burning rice husk, to partially replace standard cement in mortars. RHA is a pozzolanic material and therefore could be suitably used for the partial replacement of cement. The cement replacement with RHA was done in proportion of 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by wt. of cement. The water/binder ratio of 0.38 was maintained in all prepared samples. Setting times, strength in compression, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and water absorbing capacity of the specimens at each replacement proportion has been investigated at specified days of curing. The times (initial and final) required for setting of pastes were increased as the proportion of RHA in the mix is increased and a maximum time of 151 min for initial setting and 306 min for final setting were obtained. The ultimate compression strength of 47.9 MPa was obtained at 56 days of testing and with 8% RHA content. The ultrasonic pulse velocity values indicate a sound mortar. The water absorbing capacity reduced with increase in the RHA content in the conventional mortar.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nano-biomaterial which is environment friendly and has gained attention in pulp and paper industry. The reason behind its popularity lies in its stout physical properties. BC has high water retention capacity, chemically and mechanically stable, biocompatible, crystalline, ultrafine network structure and has large surface area. The composition of BC consists of glucan molecules arranged linearly with hydrogen bonds. This structure seems indistinguishable from plant cellulose. Unlike other conventional, synthetic or natural cellulose, BC functions well in the field of biomedicine, paper making, nanofillers, water treatment etc. due to its above-mentioned properties. Pulp and Paper industry is one of the sectors where sustainable and environment friendly approach becomes the prime need. Potential application of BC in paper industry can include strengthening of paper, increase water holding capacity of paper, formation of electronic papers and in making of flame-resistant paper. In this review potential applications, current status and physicochemical properties of BC in pulp and paper technology are discussed.

An investigation was conducted in the present work to study the strength characteristics of concrete blended with rice-husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) as partial replacement for cement. Fly ash is obtained from thermal power plants and RHA is an agricultural waste. Both of these materials are available abundantly in India Transportation and disposal of these wastes is a major environmental and health problem. Using them as alternative additional cementitious materials (SCMs) provides a lucrative waste up-cycling opportunity. The strength characteristics of concrete samples with and without FA and RHA were measured and compared by conducting compressive strength, split tensile strength & flexural strength tests. Varying combinations of FA and RHA (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were used as a replacement of cement. The results suggested that at a combination of using 7.5% RHA and 22.5% FA, replacing the cement; the compressive strength, split tensile strengths and flexural strength of concrete increased by 15%, 0.67% and 24% respectively. These results clearly indicated that use of FA and RHA in concrete blend is an efficient and local approach towards sustainable construction.

The characteristics of Geopolymer concrete were investigated in this research study utilizing fly ash supplied from Astra Chemicals Chennai. The main objective of this paper is at what level can Geopolymer concrete participate in place of normal concrete used in construction. In addition, different characteristics of Geopolymer concrete consisting of fly-ash and other components were investigated. In making Geopolymer concrete, solutions made of potassium hydroxides “KOH” & silicate formulations have been mixed in varying proportions. The real compression strength of the concrete depends on different parameters such as a ratio of the catalyst solution of Fly-ash verticality of the alkaline solutions ratio of the catalyst chemical curing temp etc. Concrete is now the world’s second most widely used material, and cement is mostly utilized in its production. Excess consumption of cement is causing great harm to the environment. Keeping all these things in mind, researchers are engaged in a new discovery by turning to Geopolymer concrete. Fly ash is also a type of non-use material, with the help of which the construction sector has been continuously turned. Keeping this in mind Geopolymer concrete has been constructed with the help of fly ash.

India is being called as the third largest world economy after China & United States of America due to rapid industrialization and population growth. In year 2020, the population growth rate in India was 1.1%. The index of industrial production reached to 134.44% in April 2021 with 27% rise in registration of new corporate companies with 17% rise in limited liability partnerships for financial year 2020–2021. As there is a surge in every growing sector in India, it requires incorporation of an efficient waste management disposal system by the Indian Government in industrial, commercial, municipal and agriculture sectors. India generates 62 million tons (MT) of waste annually, 43 MT of which is collected, 12 MT is treated and 31 MT is dumped in the landfills according to 2016 report by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoUHA). It is estimated that between 80% and 90% of the municipal waste is discarded untreated in the landfills without proper management practices and undergoes open burning that leads to air, water and soil pollution. This review paper summarizes, the laws enacted in India, progression on waste management disposal system in terms of reuse, reduce and recycle of the waste. It is a true challenge in India to set out rules and work according to set standard on the field in managing the waste, therefore the paper proposes a model to improvise best practices to regulate the waste disposal in India.

In this modern world, for the past many years, the construction industry has been making some progress by using waste materials in concrete. The geopolymer concrete is made from the by-products like fly ash and GGBS which are generated from the industries which are enabled to minimize the waste products and also to reduce the CO2 emission by decreasing the usage of Portland cement. The goal of this work is to learn the properties of geopolymer concrete by replacing the normal coarse aggregate with lightweight expanded clay aggregate. The works mainly aim to reduce the structural weight of the concrete by using expanded clay aggregate which has the advantage of being lightweight. The Expanded clay material has chemical resistance, fire resistance, easy to handle and also to transport. The Na2Sio3 (alkaline solution of sodium silicate), as well as NaOH (sodium hydroxide), are used for the polymerization process at 10 molarity of NaOH. The normal coarse aggregate is substituted partially with expanded clay with different proportions with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The geopolymer concrete specimen which is made by lightweight expanded clay aggregate such as cube, cylinder, and prism were tested to find their characteristics strength on the 3rd, 7th & 28th days and finally, the results have arrived for the various percentage of replacements. From the results, it is found that around 35% of the weight is reduced when compared to normal geopolymer concrete at 80% replacement by expanded clay aggregate.

Due to past recent earthquakes, bridge failure is more common due to the lack of strength. Extensive damage may occur not only in the substructures, which are expected to yield but also in the components of the superstructure involved in transferring the seismic loads. This leads to giving more importance to the strengthening of structural components using various innovative techniques. The recent techniques which improve the performance of the structures and environmental durability of the structures are likely to be adopted. The current research area is mainly focused on the use of alternative materials to conventional concrete such as fiber-reinforced plastic composites (FRP composites). The use of FRP composite in RC bridge components will increase the factors such as ductility, response factor, energy dissipation, etc. These also improve the adequate strengthening of structure and reduce the cracking pattern.

Environmental flow is the minimal flow required for the ecosystem for its sustainability. The environmental flow and its assessment are slowly gaining its attention throughout the world, hence there is a greater need for the Environmental Flow Requirement assessment. Pertaining to this, National Green Tribunal has passed an order stating to maintain the 15% average of the lean season flow as the minimal flow. In assessing the environmental flow requirements, the flow data corresponding to the inflow and discharge is quite questionable. In order to validate the results, the alternate method should be used as there are various methods for this purpose, here in this research work the drought index Standard Precipitation Index is correlated with the Flow Duration Curve results to arrive at possible environmental flow state in the study area. The Pandoh Hydropower project with an installed capacity of 990 MW is located in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh is partially run of river project. The rainfall station nearby the projects is Sundernagar, Kullu, Mandi, Bhuntar and 38 years of rainfall data is available for analysis purposes. The results from the Flow Duration Curve and Standard Precipitation Index correlated to arrive at 50% as the percentage exceedance necessary environmental flow requirements for the Pandoh basin.

Concrete is a most usable material after the water. From last few decades rigorous research has been done in improving the strength and durability properties of concrete using incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCM).This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the combined effect of SCMs includes fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Micro silica (MS) and Nano Silica (NS) and also complete replacement of natural sand with M-Sand on High strength Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Total powder (Cement + FA + GGBS) considered as 700 kg/m3. Seven mixes were prepared represented as M1 to M7. Mix M1 is 10% wt of total powder replaced by fly ash (FA) and M2 is 25% wt of powder replaced by (10% FA + 15% GGBS). Mixes M3 to M6 were prepared by 5%, 10% of MS and 0.5%, 1.5% of NS by weight of cement added to the (10% FA + 15% GGBS+75% cement) SCC respectively. Mix M7 is addition of 5% MS and 0.5% NS to the (10% FA + 15% GGBS+75% cement) SCC. The test performed to determine rheological and mechanical properties of SCC. Mechanical test performed after curing for 7 and 28 days. The results shows that the addition of MS and NS the paste became sticky which reduces the flow properties whereas strength properties were improved. Further cost of each mixes are analysed and conclusions drawn.

The scope of this project is to establish the use of steel slag, and glass fibre in many effective ways to achieve high strength than conventional concrete. Steel slag is a side product from the steelmaking process. When molten steel is separated from impurities in steel-making furnaces, it is formed. We are currently confronted with some of the most serious environmental protection issues. Many of the items we invent for our opulent lifestyles are accountable for harming the environment as a result of poor waste management. To address this problem, concrete might be supplemented or replaced with fibres or other waste materials. The Experimental programme includes study on the flexural behaviour of concrete with glass fibre and steel slag as fine aggregate with partial replacement. The replacement of steel slag is up to 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%. This paper investigates the M35 grade concrete with steel slag as partial replacement for fine aggregate and the addition of glass fibres was investigated in this paper. The laboratory experiments the compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, impact test, rebound hammer test, and fire resistance test utilising the ideal percentage of steel slag with glass fibre in the concrete matrix. Based on the findings, it was determined that glass fibre intrusion can replace steel slag by up to 35%.

The manufacture of geopolymer concrete fully substitution of cement with fly ash and alkaline solutions. Geopolymer concrete is an advanced construction material to help the sustainable development. In present study, geopolymer concrete prepared was fly ash, alccofine, waste crushed glass and alkaline solutions. The sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide concertation were taken 10M receptively. In geopolymer concrete fine aggregate replaced by waste crushed glass with various parentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% respectively. Now a days to facing the problem on availability of good quality river sand. Utilization of different materials are M-sand, E-waste, waste crushed glass, replaced as fine aggregate. These materials used in concrete to prevent environment and land filling disposal problem. Waste crushed glass was used as fine aggregate because of it contains high amount of amorphous silica. All samples were tested for strength in compression (100 mm × 100 mm × 100), split tensile strength (100 mm × 200 mm) and flexural beams (700 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) for 7, 28 & 90 days cured at ambient temperature. The beam was designed as under reinforcement section to finding flexural behaviour of GPC. The results show workability increased with increase amount of waste crushed glass. The maximum strength in compression, split tensile strength and flexural load was obtained 20% replacement of waste crushed glass.

A great threat to the environment is posed by recycling of lithium-ion batteries. Electronic waste disposal is an environmental threat. One of the compounds in electronic waste that poses a challenge to the recycling of lithium-ion batteries is lithium. Lithium can be used in structural engineering if it is extracted properly. When lithium bases compounds are used in concrete, they help to control cracks due to alkali silica reaction (ASR), which improves the concrete’s strength and durability. While adding the appropriate amount of lithium additives to the concrete, ASR suppression and the formation of ettringite is delayed. The performance of LiNO3 on the properties of concrete, the formation of ASR gel, and the bending characteristics of concrete beams are investigated in this paper. Concrete properties were examined for mix ratios, of control mix, lithium nitrate with 0.6 molarity (M)LiNO3, 0.65MLiNO3, 0.7LiNO3M, 0.75MLiNO3, 0.8MLiNO3. LiNO3 prevents the formation of ASR gel, and also has an excellent influence on the properties of concrete. The 0.75M Lithium Nitrate has high strength, according to the findings. In order to investigate the microstructural characteristics of concrete, SEM analysis was performed on 0.75M and control mixes. When compared to concrete without lithium nitrate, the ASR gel formed in 0.75M was suppressed. Water permeability and absorption test, and Rapid chloride penetration test characteristics are investigated in concrete. The flexural behavior of the rectangular beams is studied and compared with the analytical study using ANSYS 16.0.

In today’s world, global warming is at its peak and the materials are being excessively used by the industry leading to an adverse effect on the environment. This made leaders all over the globe to work on halting global warming, and thus invention led to the rehabilitation of building materials made of agro-waste concrete, which has the additional benefits of carbon restoration, renewability and low embedded energy. Concrete mixes consist of agro-wastes, such as rice husk, coconut shell, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, maize cob, bamboo leaf, Hemp etc. In India, research on Hemp concrete has not been done so far on large scale therefore this surface new opportunity of different outcome on Hemp concrete. The purpose of this paper is to review the research on finding the self-curing properties (Hygrothermal properties), mechanical properties, and light weight properties of hemp concrete so that it can be used as a construction material, with the goal of recognizing research gaps that will guide the future research into its execution in the rapidly increasing green building industry. Several gaps were identified in the research regarding the strength, light weight and the self-curing properties of the Hemp concrete. The article closes with a discussion of the direction and necessity of upcoming research to enhance Hemp concrete’s manufacturing methods and mechanical performance in order to expand its use in the construction sector.

Rapid urbanization and increase in population with changing lifestyle and consumption pattern have led to generation of huge amounts of solid waste. The management of municipal solid waste is very important to cope up with the human health and environmental impacts of its disposal. This paper presents the bibliometric analysis of research publications of India with a global scenario in waste management and disposal during 1996–2020. The SCOPUS linked with electronic database SCImago is used to extract publication related data. To compare the progresses made globally and in India particularly, different bibliometric indicators such as total research publications, citable documents, and number of citations per document have been computed and evaluated. Out of the total publications (n = 367895) produced worldwide in waste management during 1996–2020, the contribution of India was 4.35% with n = 15999 documents & follows exponential trend. Further, this rising trend in research publications will help us to ensure the environmental sustainability along with achieving some of the sustainable development goals by 2030.

The world is currently focusing largely on overall sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal, each country knows that environment friendly infrastructure development is quite quintessential. The reinforced concrete structures are deteriorating with the passage of time. The deterioration of concrete is due to moisture or high humidity, growth of biological or organic agents and chemical ingression through the pores of the concrete, via diffusion’s process, which initiates the corrosion process and hence corrodes the steel reinforcement. The present research work aims at protecting the concrete from the ingression of carbonation and water to increase the serviceability of reinforced concrete structures. The M25, M35, M50 and M60 concrete cubes were cast in laboratory and then curing for 28 days was done. Permeability and accelerated carbonation test were carried out on concrete specimens without coating and with 100% aliphatic acrylic anti- carbonation coating. The samples were kept in carbonation chamber for 84 days to investigate the depth of carbonation and the water permeability test was conducted for 72 h to analyze the ingression of water in the concrete cubes. The test results showed decrease in CO2 and water ingression in concrete with increase in the compressive strength of concrete. The 100% aliphatic acrylic anti- carbonation coating (JAYGARUD) is giving 95% protection against ingression of CO2 and 86% against water ingression as compared to reference concrete cubes samples.

In response to the sustainable development goals and climate change, this paper presents a case study of an existing institutional building located in composite climate zone at Chandigarh, India, for retrofitting it as a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB). Its cost benefit analysis and payback period has been carried out. This analysis determines whether the benefits outweigh the cost of implementation of NZEB. The before and after energy demands of the building has been simulated on eQUEST and validated with actual energy bills. The results of energy simulation has been used to arrive at the potential energy savings. A 250 kWp onsite grid interactive solar PV system on rooftops of existing buildings is recommended to meet the energy demand of the building, after implementation of retrofitting measures. Simulation results indicated that annual reduction in energy demand by retrofitting of building envelope components is 28.82 MWh, by retrofitting electrical appliances is 191.87 MWh, and by retrofitting Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning is 90.46 MWh. An encouraging reduction of 53.6% in annual energy demand by deploying various energy efficiency measures is projected.

With the advances in the field of nanotechnology different aspects are being explored time to time to a significant extent to take up the problems in both stages of design and construction. Amongst others, the nanotechnology sciences are the utmost dynamic research areas with great exploration potential. Its application in multidisciplinary fields has been delved into a number of other fields and disciplines for example in development of composite materials for civil, mechanical, electrical engineering and many others. This paper represents the various studies and researches carried out related to the sustainable utilization of different nano materials such as nano fibers, carbon nanotube, titanium dioxide, nano based coatings, nano silica and many others which provide significant utility in improving strength characteristics in cement and concrete materials along with other enhancements such as insulation, UV ray absorption, lighting, waterproofing, potential reinforcement, fire protection, corrosion resistance and many more when used as building materials. Also, this paper highlights the utilization of nano based structural and functional materials which are used during construction, manufacturing of building materials and also for repair and protection of structures. Hence will aid researchers about the most recent progress of using nanotechnology in field.

Electroplating sludge is considered as a hazardous waste as it contains Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, ammonia, etc. One of the problems faced by cities throughout the world is toxic waste management and sludge disposal as it causes grave ecological influence. The main objective of this investigation is to reuse the electroplating waste sludge in production of checkered tiles of size 250 mm × 250 mm × 25 mm by using polymers as a binder. Five different tile samples (A, B, C, D and E) containing waste sludge @ 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% of total weight of mix were prepared. This method of making tiles does not require any energy for heating and burning, does not consume any natural virgin materials like water, sand etc. To check the suitability of these produced tiles to be used as a construction material, various tests such as wet transverse strength, water absorption test and resistance to wear tests were carried out. The leaching test is also performed as per JSCE-G 575–2005. The experimental result confirmed a new possibility of utilization of electroplating waste sludge i.e. up to 50% in production of checkered tiles without compromising any strength requirements.

With the historical evolution of concrete, while using by UAE in constructing floors, underground cisterns and housing aspects structures in 6500 BC to making the skyscrapers like Burj Khalifa in Dubai in modern day, concrete and its technologically events come so far with using smart sensors for testing concrete maturity and its temperature etc. In present scenario concrete is being used in an aggressive way that it only has to cross the limit of using water on the planet earth. So, it will soon affect the gravity system and a drastic decrease in speed of earth too. So, with huge demand of concrete by almost all nation we have to considerably thinking about the alternative of concrete. Also, we have to seriously take steps about reusing of waste material too so that we can settle down the unnecessary available waste material on earth in a fruitful way. For all this scenario we have a technical revolution in construction field known as supplementary cementitious material like Alccofine. Alccofine-1203 is the latest generation product, ultrafine having very low amount of calcium silicate and also manufactured in India with economic purpose too. Its distinct characteristics are to enhances the execution of concrete in well workable situations. The ultimate prospectus of using Alccofine-1203, because of its availability as a substitute material and economic scenario. For getting high strength we can use it as an alternate material of conventional cement and make the concrete workable as well as durable with adding some admixtures. The design mix considered in this work as M-60. The Alccofine was used as 12% replacement of cement and coarser materials were a substitute by scrap iron slag waste material with a percentage of 25%, 50%, 75%. The compressive strength results, flexural strength points as well as split tensile strength values were found out by different proportions of scrap iron slag at much likely curing periods of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days. Durability of concrete wise tests were also conducted after curing period of 28 days. The strength getting form these mixes were compared with conventional concrete.

Dal lake is one of the famous freshwater lakes of Jammu & Kashmir and is rightly called as “Liquid jewel “in the heart of capital city Srinagar.Over the years the lake is under serious anthropogenic activities which has resulted in pollution of the lake threatening its health and ecology. Despite many consultancies were engaged for the conservation of this lake yet the trophic condition of the lake has not shown any significant progress nor the water quality has improved.In this paper an attempt has been made to assess the measures taken for its conservation, study the current Ecological status of the lake and reasons for the failure of the Conservation of the lake coupled with suggestive measures.

Fly ash, bottom ash and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) are industrial wastes materials. These are using as concrete admixture by geopolymer techniques. Utilization of the above raw materials minimize the transportation, disposal, environment cost and consumption of cement. Ordinary Portland cement produce large amount of CO2 in atmosphere which is not eco-friendly material. This article especially focused on the utilization of raw materials as eco-friendly and check the effect of various chemical environments and exposure time on the compressive strength of products formed by geopolymer technique. The Compressive strength (C.S) changes with chemical environments and exposure durations.

This study explores the various brick categories and their masonry prisms in terms of their compressive loading. It aims to identify the similarities and differences in the strength of these various bricks. The horizontal impact resistance of a masonry infill wall prototype that is based on the strength of its masonry prism and the horizontal de-forming structure of its replica.A masonry prism is a grouping of units that consists of mortar and grout. It is mainly used for construction of masonry buildings. Clay brick masonry prisms have the biggest cumulative energy dissipation and the greatest performance. However, their behavior is non-elastic.

Drone is an emerging technology, recently the application of drone has been increased for the purpose of surveying. Drone surveying is safer and fast, compared to conventional method of surveying. Its a cost-efficient way of surveying in case of inaccessible areas. Drones are affordable, faster and has very less health and safety risks compared to setting up scaffolding and access platform. The usage of drones is rapidly increasing in various fields, due to the rapid growth in technology. It acts as a tool to monitor their construction projects visually. The examination of structures using drone helps in development of efficiency and quality of the structure. The GPS point of the construction site to be monitored is marked manually with the help of GPS essential mobile application. They are exported as kml file to google earth software to make a boundary map of the site, the GPS points at the corners of the site are connected to make the boundary map and exported in the form of kml. This file is manually imported in Drone deploy application and the flight path is made according to the direction of the site, the basic settings such as altitude, overlap, flight speed, etc. are made and set to fly. The input data is collected in form of images are imported to context capture master software. The camera properties of the input data are checked and aero triangulation, reconstruction settings are made and final production is done to get 3Dmodel output of the images. The required data is processed from the 3D model. IOT has the ability to transfer data over a network, when linked with API, which is an intermediatory software that allows two applications to communicate each other, it transfers message between systems. A basic system application is developed with help of python, and linked with API to send the data obtained from the processed 3D model.

Transmission towers are essential component and needs to assess the reliability and safety of these towers to decrease the risk of disruption to power supply which may result from in-service tower failure. Latticed transmission towers are constructed using angle section members which might be capable to hold either tension or compression. Towers are widely appeared to analyze as one of the toughest forms of lattice structure. Factors including errors in fabrication, insufficient joint details variation of material properties and slenderness ratio are affecting the function of towers. Because of high slenderness, the design layout of tower is often governed with the buckling behaviour. In this paper, the buckling behaviour of electrical transmission tower is studied by using finite element analysis (FEA) software tool ANSYS. Initially, the tower is modelled and analyzed by means of STADD.pro software to find the failure members in the 220 kV self-persistent tower structure. The failure members were replaced by cold formed steel built up members. Finally, the axial capacities of hot-rolled and cold formed members are compared by carrying out various tests and numerical study.

Urbanization, increase in population and change in lifestyle of human beings increased pressure on natural resources and accumulation of industrial waste in the environment. Dumping and landfilling of such industrial waste especially the solid waste is leading towards severe environmental degradation in the form of water pollution, air pollution and soil pollution etc. Due to increase in installation of more paper mills, there is rapid increase in generation of solid waste from these industries. Sludge having calcium carbonate (lime mud) generated from paper mill has been considered as a potential useable material. This reduces the quantity of waste and its disposal cost for landfilling/dumping. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the behaviour of bricks developed using the waste sludge having calcium carbonate (lime mud) from paper industry by partial replacement of the clay varying from 10% to 50%. Results demonstrated that bricks made from partial replacement of clay with lime mud are light weight, having desirable compressive strength, corrosion resistant. Also, the indoor air quality assessment of buildings made of these bricks indicted little to no impact on ambient air quality.

This paper presents an overview of various shear strengthening techniques used to enhance the shear capacity of RC beams. The conventional strengthening schemes increase the cross-sectional area and dead load. Whereas the use of FRP strengthening enhances the shear resistance capacity without increasing the dead load. There are various parameters such as type of FRP, wrapping methodology, polymer properties, orientation of fibres, thickness of FRP, inclination of FRP and anchorage has influence on the efficiency of FRP strengthening. The use of FRP strengthening increases the concrete shear capacity and stirrups shear capacity by acting as an external confinement. There are many empirical relations had been proposed to estimate the contribution of FRP in shear resistance. This article summarizes the various FRP shear strengthening schemes, influence of different parameters discussed above and also presents an overview of different models in estimating the shear capacity of FRP strengthened RC beams.

The proposed research is being conducted to determine the possibility of reusing water from a sewage treatment plants for use in certain domestic firm’s different industrial applications. In this study, the water quality after the treatment of sewage in sewage treatment plants has been classify using different machines learning models like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN). Firstly, the data base of the sewage treatment plants at different stages have been collected at different stages. Secondly, a feature extraction and selection process has been implemented for the further process using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Finally, different machine learning model are trained for the classification of the treated water. The proposed methodology is the perfect solution to make an automatic classification of treated water which can be further used for different industrial purpose.

The air-quality forecasting is important tool for planning and decide on mitigation strategies. The predictive model will provide a effective warning system. There is a need to develop a city-scale goal for each air pollution source sector, which is currently missing from many of the urban areas. Each region and city has different characteristics in terms of air pollution sources, local administrative, social, and political conditions. Most of the studies conducted are based on identification of sources of air pollution; Specific research studies have not been conducted to work out long term & short-term mitigation strategy for control of air pollution by application of latest technological interventions. In view of limited research work/emissions inventory data available, there is a need to determine trends and status of ambient air quality and prediction through modeling, contribution of various emission sectors to pollutant concentrations in targeted locations, establish their correlation with meteorological parameters and accordingly formulate a long-term strategy for mitigation.

The term “hydropower” clearly states that the main source for generating electricity would be “water” and this is done by tapping the flow of water from rivers and dams. The hydropower project in Himachal Pradesh are mostly run-of river projects. The conveyance process happens by channelizing a route passage in the underground for the generation of the Hydropower. Sources are generally considered to be very valuable in nature. Developments in the civilization have resulted in ecological changes which in turn has resulted in a situation wherein resources also have become an important criterion for the human survival and thus, we ought to use them cautiously and not generously. This applies to hydropower projects as well. So, a minimal flow of water is recommended to have a sustainable water management and ecosystem. To explain the term “Minimal flow”, it is the minimal water present in the river after the exploitation for hydropower generation, to maintain the water subordinate condition or water dependent ecosystem. Minimal flow value changes with respect to certain factors like: topography, water resources, climatic and farming factors etc., Each nation would require distinctive minimal flow value corresponding to the above said factors. This research paper shall focus on the study of all the environmental flow methodologies including, Indian and International statuses and shall also include comprehensively various other methodologies associated with the environmental flow such as modelling, GIS applications etc., The concluding part shall encompass various limitations, critical analysis of each methodology and overall review of the environmental flow methodologies. The critical review of all the methodologies of international and Indian status facilitated in preparing a methodology for evaluating and validating the environmental flow requirements.

The current research reviews socioeconomic status of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes communities residing in select villages of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh in northern part of India. The research work includes evaluation of current socioeconomic status including population, housing, literacy, education, occupation, livestock land and income status. The awareness about various government schemes and digital services is Also, analyzed. The above information’s are found satisfactory based on the recorded responses except computer literacy, financial status and digitization. Therefore, more emphasis is required to raise awareness, skill and income by transferring latest technology in the villages. More efforts are required from government and other institutions to sustain the initiative being implemented and further help in commercialization of products so produced so that sustainable growth of the villages where such population is there in large scale can take place. Majority of villagers are either matric or lower qualified in both the villages. Their literacy rate is low where % of illiterates is 22.39% in first village and 24.79% in second village. The condition of literacy beyond matric is worst in both villages due to large number of dropouts from school i.e 37.8% in Village 1 and 21.9% in Village 2. The results of the present paper provide valuable insights for the design of suitable framework to overcome some of the highlighted problems of both the villages though technology transfer and digitization.