Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Materials Science

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Structural Engineering and Seismic Performance

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Seismic Performance Evaluation of Full-Scale Structure Reinforced with EP-BRB

      Geecheol Kim, Yuseong Kim

      Abstract

      In this study, the buckling restrained braces are reinforced with engineering plastics(EP-BRB) that can compensate for the disadvantages in the manufacturing process of the existing buckling restrained brace. Performance tests were conducted on a two-story full-scale frame test. The load-displacement curve showed stable hysteresis behavior without strength reduction within the target displacement. The strength of the reinforced specimen showed a significant increase at both LS(Life Safety) level and CP(Collapse Prevention) level. Notably, the maximum strength of the reinforced frame specimen was 4.33 times greater than that of the un-reinforced frame specimen. In the future, it will be essential to conduct structural performance tests that consider various experimental variables and research finite element analysis.

   3. Experimental Investigation on the Flexural Behaviour of Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)-Steel Reinforced Concrete Beam

      Anis Syakirah Ahmad Shukri, Nursafarina Ahmad, Norliyati Mohd Amin, Muhammad Usman

      Abstract

      This study experimentally investigated the flexural performance of four concrete beams reinforced with concrete hybrid beams reinforced with different configurations of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. Four beams with identical dimensions (2200 mm in length, 150 mm in width, and 250 mm depth) were tested under four point bending flexural tests. Two beam was reinforced with a hybrid combination of GFRP-steel rebar, while one beam used conventional RC beam and another one reinforced with GFRP bars. The hybrid configuration includes of one beam GFRP bars positioned in tension zone and another one GFRP bar positioned in compression zone was place at tension part. Meanwhile another one the GFRP bars placed at compression part. The results revealed that beams reinforced with longitudinal GFRP bars in the compression zone exhibited superior flexural strength, achieving a 17.58% higher load-bearing capacity than the conventional steel-reinforced beam. Moreover, this configuration provided the highest balanced deflection capacity (83.79%), indicating an improved ability to absorb energy before failure. Despite these advantages, GFRPB-C displayed nonlinear elastic behaviour until failure, meaning they lacked plastic deformation and did not exhibit a clear yield point. Consequently, the GFRP-reinforced beams failed primarily in shear, highlighting their vulnerability to sudden failure due to crack propagation. These finding suggest that the strategic placement of GFRP in hybrid system can significantly improve the structural performance of RC beam.

   4. The Novel Multistable Structures: Design and Mechanism

      Hongyu Li, Bin Ke, Yongqi Su, Lu Zhang

      Abstract

      Multi-stable structures are categorized as nonlinear mechanical systems with multiple stable states. Their unique characteristics of elastic transition between stabilities make them highly advantageous in many engineering fields, such as storage and release of mechanical energy, and control of vibration damping. Based on mechanical response, these structures can be divided into two categories: (i) superelasticity-systems, which are capable to autonomously rebound and are suitable for dynamic scenarios, and (ii) superplasticity-systems, which require reverse loading to return to their initial state, exhibit higher energy dissipation efficiency and are suitable for impact protection scenarios. Currently, three main challenges exist in the design of multi-stable structures: the mathematical formulations are not well-established, the mapping mechanism between key parameters and mechanical responses is not clearly illustrated, and the systematic mechanical analysis is lacking. Therefore, this study developed a design for a multi-stable structure with a proper mechanical analytical model based on fundamental solid mechanics. Through parametric analysis, the geometric configuration and material properties were optimized in terms of the structural response mode, providing systematic theoretical support guidelines and technical support for the applicability and practicality of multi-stable structures.

   5. Optimal Design of Superelastic Friction Pendulum (S-FP) for Geometry and Material Under Cyclic Loading

      Mohammad Yasir Mohammad Hasan Shaikh, Pramesh Poudyal, Sourav Gur

      Abstract

      This study examines the influence of various shape memory alloys (SMAs) on enhancing the performance of a superelastic friction pendulum (S-FP) under cyclic loading and investigates the impact of different SMA wire configurations on S-FP’s design. To achieve this, S-FP system was developed by integrating four types of SMA wire (NiTi, Fe-based, and Cu-based) into FP isolator in three distinct configurations, namely X, V, and W shapes. A comprehensive nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis is performed using ABAQUS to assess the effects of different SMA material and geometric configuration on the force-displacement response, recentring capability, and energy dissipation efficiency of S-FP isolation system, relative to the FP system. Numerical findings indicate that, the Fe-based SMA (FeNCATB) exhibits superior recentring ability and energy dissipation compared to the NiTi and Cu-based SMAs, making it the most effective choice for the vibration control applications. Furthermore, among different types SMA wire configuration, W-shaped arrangement demonstrates the highest energy dissipation capacity (EDC) and damping ratio, followed by the V-shaped and X-shaped configurations. These results provide critical insights into the optimal selection of SMA materials and configurations for S-FP system, facilitating the development of customized S-FP systems tailored to specific performance requirements in structural vibration mitigation.

   6. Experimental Investigation on Delay Rectification of Honeycomb Defect in Reinforced Concrete Column

      Nur Syazlina Moh Samsudin, Nursafarina Ahmad

      Abstract

      Honeycomb defects in reinforced concrete (RC) columns can affect structural performance, particularly in high-rise building construction. This experimental study investigate the effect of delayed rectification on the structural performance of RC columns with honeycomb defects. Two rectification methods (grouting and patching) and materials (SikaGrout®-215 and MapeiGrout 218) were used to repair honeycomb defects at different days intervals after removal of formwork. A total of 14 scaled-down specimens including control specimens and honeycomb RC columns with dimensions 350 mm × 150 mm × 2000 mm were cast in this study. The RC column with honeycomb defects were rectified at three different intervals days: immediately, 7 days and 14 days after formwork removal. The results showed that RC column repaired immediately after removal of formwork using the grouting method demonstrated higher compressive strength compared to those repairs using the patching method. This suggested that early intervention of repairing the defect combined with an effective grouting technique significantly enhances the structural recovery of honeycomb RC column.

3. Cementitious Composites and Concrete Engineering: Design, Performance, and Evaluation

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Effects of Chemical and Thermal Treatments on Rice Straw for Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites: Contact Angle and Functional Group Analysis

      Hemwadee Thongchua, Teewara Suwan, Gunamon Thongchua

      Abstract

      The effective use of agricultural waste in sustainable construction is gaining attention, with rice straw offering potential as a fiber reinforcement for cement composites. However, its natural hydrophilicity and organic content limit bonding with the cement matrix. This study examines the effects of chemical and thermal treatments—sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 1 M and 5 M concentrations, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and boiling—on rice straw fibers and their impact on fiber-reinforced cement composites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Contact angle (CA) measurements analyzed chemical modifications and surface wettability. Results showed that NaOH 1 M and boiling treatments improved fiber bonding by removing waxy substances and reducing hydrophobicity while preserving cellulose integrity. The contact angle decreased from 79.89° (untreated) to 41.43° (NaOH 5 M), enhancing wettability. However, NaOH 5 M caused excessive fiber degradation, reducing their mechanical properties in the fiber-reinforced cement composites. The findings highlight NaOH 1 M as the optimal treatment, balancing fiber modification, mechanical performance, and sustainability. This study supports the potential of rice straw as an eco-friendly reinforcement in cement composites, promoting sustainable construction materials.

   3. Polypropylene (PP) Bioplastic with Coir Fibers as a Reinforcement in Concrete Composites Using Artificial Neural Networks

      Nathalie Faye H. Almazan, Blete Mae S. Dante, Mitzi S. Velos, Donna Ville Gante

      Abstract

      This study investigates the mechanical performance and predictive modeling of concrete composites reinforced with shredded Polypropylene (PP) bioplastic and coir fibers. 121 concrete samples were prepared with varying PP content (0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%) and coir fiber content (0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%) and subjected to a 21-day curing period. ASTM D790 standards evaluated flexural strength. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was also developed using the R “nnet” package to predict flexural strength outcomes. The final ANN structure, consisting of nine hidden neurons, demonstrated high predictive accuracy based on R², Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Garson’s Algorithm was applied to determine the relative importance of each input parameter, showing that PP by weight contributes approximately 53.49% and coir fiber by weight contributes about 46.51% to the overall prediction of stress (MPa). Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis revealed that both PP and coir fiber are statistically significant predictors of flexural stress (p < 0.001), with PP exhibiting a positive influence (β = 906.94) and coir fiber showing an adverse effect (β = −2057.78) on strength performance. These results establish a data-driven foundation for optimizing mix designs using sustainable materials and confirm that PP bioplastic combined with coir fiber presents a viable alternative reinforcement for non-structural and lightweight concrete applications. Nonetheless, limitations regarding experimental scale, material consistency, and laboratory conditions highlight the need for further research and real-world validation.

   4. Influence of Chemical Additives on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of High-Temperature Cured Oil Well Cement

      Yang Li, Xueyu Pang, Shenglai Guo, Kaihe Lv, Jinsheng Sun

      Abstract

      In the study of ultra-high temperature cementing systems, it is generally believed that the slurry performance of well cement is primarily determined by chemical additives, while its physico-mechanical properties are influenced by the incorporation of mineral admixtures. This study investigates the effects of different additives on the physico-mechanical properties of well cement systems after curing at 240 °C for various durations. The results show that chemical additives can significantly affect the physico-mechanical properties of cement by altering its setting temperature. Among the three formulations tested, the well cement formulation H70, which includes a complete set of chemical additives such as suspending agents, retarders, dispersants, and fluid loss reducers, and satisfies the high-temperature setting and hardening conditions at 240 °C, achieved a 2-day compressive strength of 44 MPa. However, during the 90-day long-term curing process, the cement exhibited notable pore coarsening, increased porosity, and strength retrogression. In contrast, the cement formulation H70-R, which contains all additives except the retarder, reached a 2-day strength of only 15.5 MPa. Over the 90-day curing period, it showed an increase in strength and a reduction in pore size, but porosity increased. The cement formulation H70-A, which only contained the suspending agent as chemical additive, achieved a 2-day strength of 32 MPa. During the 90-day curing process, its strength continued to improve, with pore refinement and nearly unchanged porosity. Through high-temperature, high-pressure thickening time experiments simulating the heating process in curing vessels, it was found that the setting temperatures for formulations H70, H70-R, and H70-A were 240 °C, 160 °C, and 90 °C, respectively. This difference in setting temperature is the primary factor responsible for the significant variations in the physico-mechanical properties of cement paste in similar systems.

   5. Optimization of Waste Plastics Incorporation in Asphalt Concrete Using Simplex Lattice Mixture Design for Enhanced Marshall Stability and Flow Performance

      Kenneth D. Marcos, Michael G. Calamba, Alfredo J. Mores Jr., Marites B. Tabanao, Meryl Mae C. Rodriguez

      Abstract

      The growing volume of plastic waste presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating innovative solutions for its effective management and reuse. This study investigates the optimization of waste plastic incorporation in asphalt concrete mixtures to enhance Marshall Stability and Flow properties, utilizing a Simplex Lattice Mixture Design. The waste plastics used are High-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene. The experimental design involves varying the proportions of three different types of waste plastics at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% by weight of the asphalt concrete to determine their impact on the mixture’s performance. Marshall Stability and Flow tests are conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the modified asphalt concrete mixtures. Regression analysis is employed to develop predictive models that correlate the plastic composition with the Marshall Stability and Flow values, facilitating the optimization of the mixture design. It was identified the optimal mixture is with 1.0% PET which yielded the maximum Marshall stability and minimum Marshall flow values. ANOVA results underscore the significance of PET in influencing both Marshall Stability and Flow, indicating its crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the mixture. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the potential of waste plastics as sustainable additives in asphalt concrete, offering a promising avenue for improving pavement performance and promoting environmental sustainability.

4. Sustainable Building Materials and Waste Valorization

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Utilization of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash on the Geopolymer Concrete for Enhanced Mechanical Performance: An Optimization Based on Response Surface Methodology

      Kenneth D. Marcos, Meryl Mae C. Rodirguez

      Abstract

      This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic impacts of fly ash and bottom ash on the mechanical performance of geopolymer concrete. An optimization framework based on Response Surface Methodology was employed to develop quadratic models that predict the compressive and flexural strengths of the geopolymer concrete as a function of the fly ash and bottom ash replacement levels. The ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the models, indicating that the fly ash content had a dominant influence on the mechanical properties, followed by the bottom ash content. The optimization analysis revealed that the optimal mix design to maximize both compressive and flexural strength is achieved with 53.79% fly ash and 51.52% bottom ash as replacement materials for cement and fine aggregates, respectively. This optimal mixture design resulted in a compressive strength of 35.93 MPa and a flexural strength of 4.82 MPa, representing an improvement of 42.58% and 33.89%, respectively, compared to the control mixture. The study provides valuable insights into the synergistic utilization of these industrial by-products in the development of high-performance and sustainable geopolymer concrete.

   3. Assessment of Sustainable Concrete Mixtures: Utilising Alum Sludge as a Partial Cement Replacement and Palm Kernel Shell as a Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement

      Gunalaan Vasudevan, Hidayu Murni Binti Abu Hussain, Hashdi Bin Abdul Muid, Eva Selviana Sanuwar, Idaura Fadhya Binti Che Ibrahim, Nik Norzahariah Ashikin Bt N. Mohamed, Mohd Mawardi Bin Hassim

      Abstract

      This study examines the potential of palm kernel shells (PKS) and alum sludge (AS) as sustainable additives in concrete production to address the waste disposal challenges in the palm oil industry and water treatment plants. The research evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of concrete mixtures containing varying percentages of PKS and AS by examining their workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, carbonation depth and microstructural characteristics. Results indicate that the mix containing 15% PKS and 10% AS has significantly enhanced performance with better workability, higher compressive and tensile strengths, and reduced water absorption compared to the control mix. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms that the denser microstructure of the optimised mix contributes to its superior durability. However, incorporating higher than 10% AS adversely impacts the mixture’s workability and tensile strength, thus underscoring the importance of incorporating optimal additive percentages. By incorporating PKS and AS into concrete mixes, this study promotes sustainable construction practices and minimises landfill wastes and the carbon footprint of building materials. Nonetheless, more in-depth research is necessary to refine the optimal mix, assess long-term performance under diverse environmental conditions and validate the findings in real-world applications.

   4. Utilization of Mine Tailings as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement in Masonry Grout

      John Briones, Quennie Mae A. Estrella

      Abstract

      Mine tailings, the residual waste materials from mining operations, pose significant environmental challenges due to their hazardous nature and long-term storage requirements. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing mine tailings as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in masonry grout. The primary objectives include determining the optimal percentage replacement of mine tailings that yield the highest compressive strength, comparing different replacement levels against the ASTM C476 standard, and assessing the consistency of the grout mix.

      An experimental method was employed, incorporating mine tailings at replacement levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by volume. The study followed ASTM standards for mixing, curing, and testing, with compressive strength tests conducted after a 28-day curing period. Results indicated that a 20% replacement level achieved the highest mean compressive strength of 3584 psi (24.71 MPa), exceeding the minimum required strength of 2000 psi (13.79 MPa). Additionally, grout mixes with 10% and 20% mine tailings demonstrated superior strength compared to the control sample. However, further increases in tailings content reduced compressive strength and workability.

      The findings suggest that mine tailings can be a viable alternative to natural sand in masonry grout, contributing to sustainable waste management in the mining and construction industries. Further research is recommended to explore the chemical properties of mine tailings and optimize their incorporation into construction materials.

   5. Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Sheep Wool and Rice Husk Ash in Lima, Peru

      Luz D. Quispe, Adeliz N. Arizaca, Keith M. Gutierrez, Jose G. Arbildo, Rick M. Delgadillo

      Abstract

      Currently, alternative materials are being sought to help strengthen concrete structures, while promoting sustainable practices to mitigate pollution caused by conventional materials. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of compressive and tensile strength of concrete reinforced with sheep wool and rice husk ash, compared to conventional concrete. An experimental methodology was used to carry out this research. Initially, the fibres and other materials for the production of concrete were obtained. Then, the correct dosage was established in order to proceed with the preparation of the samples. This research shows the distinctive characteristics of the fibres and the workability they provide. Finally, the corresponding tests were carried out in the laboratory after 7, 14 and 21 days of curing. Finally, results were obtained with an optimum percentage of fibre addition in concrete, 1.5% for tensile strength and 25% for compressive strength; also a slump of 4.2 cm.

   6. Comparison of the Embedment Strength and Mechanical Characteristics of Gigantochloa Scortechinii and Dendrocalamus Asper in Malaysia and Indonesia

      Siti Suhaila Suderman, Hazrina Mansor, Yazmin Sahol Hamid, Mohd Khairul Kamarudin, Zakiah Ahmad, Buan Anshari

      Abstract

      This study presents a cross-regional analysis of the embedment strength and geometrical characteristics of Gigantochloa Scortechinii (G.scortechinii) and Dendrocalamus Asper (D. asper), two widely used bamboo species in Malaysia and Indonesia. A total of 1080 specimens were tested using three embedment methodologies namely Single Half-Hole (SHH), Full-Hole (FH), and Double Half-Hole (DHH) with 6 mm and 10 mm bolts at top, middle, and bottom culm positions. The results indicate that embedment strength is significantly influenced by bolt size, test method, culm position, species, and region. D. asper demonstrated superior embedment strength and wall thickness, while Malaysian samples generally outperformed Indonesian samples. Moisture content and density varied with culm height and region, showing higher values in both Malaysia and Indonesia specimens. Failure mechanisms were predominantly governed by grain alignment, with observed modes including yielding, splitting, and surface cracking, typically initiating at the base of pre-drilled holes. Culm position also affected mechanical behavior, with higher strength recorded toward the top. These findings underscore the impact of anatomical and environmental factors on bamboo performance, supporting the need for localized material data in structural applications. The study offers essential insights to advance bamboo standardization and its use as a sustainable construction material.

   7. Performance Evaluation of ICEB Prisms: Insights into Sustainable Masonry Systems

      S. Saari, B. H. Abu Bakar, N. A. Surip

      Abstract

      This study systematically examines the compressive strength of Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick (ICEB) prisms, with a particular emphasis on various configurations, including wall, beam, column, and half brick designs. A total of 48 ICEB prisms were subjected to testing to ascertain their axial load-bearing capacity. The results indicated that wall brick prisms demonstrated the highest average compressive strength of 4.63 N/mm², while beam brick and half brick prisms achieved compressive strengths of 4.02 and 3.30 N/mm², respectively. Conversely, column brick prisms exhibited the lowest compressive strength at 2.71 N/mm². Notably, the compressive strength of ICEB prisms was found to be 24% lower in comparison to individual brick units, a discrepancy attributed primarily to inadequate grout-brick bonding and inefficiencies in load distribution. The observed failure modes predominantly involved vertical splitting along the brick faces, with cracks propagating through the grout interfaces. These findings underscore the critical role of grout volume and bonding efficacy in influencing compressive performance. Despite these limitations, ICEB prisms present a feasible and sustainable alternative to traditional masonry systems, particularly in the context of low-cost construction. Enhancements in grout application and improvements in interface bonding are likely to contribute positively to the overall structural efficiency of ICEB systems.

   8. Repurposing of Waste High-Density Polyethylene Plastic as Floor Tiles

      Jianlu Candice B. Denia, Lauren Alexis C. Diez, Monica Kristel B. Oamil, Roy Reniel S. Gacal, Jay T. Cabuñas

      Abstract

      This paper focused on the production of plastic floor tiles made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic wastes that have standard compressive property based on the standard values of ASTM D695, also known as the Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics. This is relevant in introducing a new method to repurpose plastic wastes and transform them into new construction materials such as floor tiles. In this study, a Research and Development design was employed where five (5) phases were executed which were collecting, cleaning and sorting, melting, testing, and evaluating. Nine (9) trials of tile production were performed to measure the amount of HDPE plastic wastes and sand needed to produce a single 4 × 4 × 0.5 inches plastic waste tile, which was found out to be a total of 130 grams. After conducting the compressive test, the mean compressive strengths of the tile groups, Pure HDPE, 90% HDPE; 10% Sand, and 80% HDPE; 20% Sand, were discovered to be 2655.4 psi, 2852.2 psi, and 2922.6 psi respectively. In addition, their compressive moduli of elasticity were 72.75 ksi, 80.34 ksi, and 114.61 ksi, respectively. The data showed that the 80% HDPE; 20% Sand group exhibited the greatest compressive property. Testing the significant difference of the groups through One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD showed that only between the groups of Pure HDPE and 80% HDPE; 20% Sand did the significant difference occur with a significant value of 0.009. These were the conclusive data indicating that the produced plastic waste tiles met the minimum requirements of ASTM D695 and were suitable for flooring use.

   9. Research on the Preparation of Green Eco-Bricks Using Steelmaking Products: GGBS and Reduced Slag

      Wen-Cheng Yeh, Po-Yuan Su, Ming-Hui Lee

      Abstract

      With the development of the steel industry, the annual production of industrial slag has been steadily increasing. Millions of tons of steel slag waste have become an economic burden for the steel sector. The disposal of inefficient steel slag waste has also caused severe air and water pollution. As the manufacturing of various products, construction projects, transportation, and industrial machinery are all closely tied to the steel industry, a significant amount of by-products—namely ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and reduction slag—are generated annually, totaling approximately 400,000 to 1.6 million tons. In contrast, traditional bricks used in construction around the world are commonly made by extracting natural clay minerals and subjecting them to high-temperature firing processes that consume large amounts of energy. This study proposes an alternative approach by mixing GGBS with reduction slag to produce environmentally friendly green energy bricks. The results show that incorporating 25% reduction slag is optimal, as it minimizes shrinkage during high-temperature sintering. The resulting bricks also exhibit compressive strengths ranging from 11 to 20 MPa, which meets the requirements for general infrastructure applications. Moreover, the eco-bricks developed in this study emit only about one-third of the carbon emissions compared to traditional fired bricks. This approach not only helps conserve natural resources but also promotes the beneficial reuse of industrial by-products. In tropical countries, these eco-bricks can be applied to sidewalk tiles, curbstones, interlocking bricks, grass pavers, or indoor partition walls, and they also offer significant potential for improving indoor temperature regulation.

   10. Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Field-Used Bamboo and Newly Aged Bamboo Under Accelerated Aging

       Pawarit Chakchuan, Teewara Suwan, Chayanon Hansapinyo, Panumat Tangphadungrat, Markus Roselieb

       Abstract

       This study evaluates the durability of Dendrocalamus asper bamboo under accelerated aging conditions to simulate real-world environmental exposure. Two aging methods were applied: wet-dry cycling, which mimics fluctuating humidity and periodic water absorption common in tropical climates, and heat-cool cycling, which replicates temperature variations in regions with high diurnal temperature differences. Experimental results showed that compressive strength decreased with aging. A compressive strength reduction of approximately 25.5% was observed when comparing treated bamboo between new and 10-year-old samples, decreasing from 497.91 ksc to 370.98 ksc. Similarly, treated bamboo subjected to 20 wet/dry cycles exhibited a compressive strength reduction of approximately 20.7%, declining from 497.91 ksc to 394.99 ksc. The 20-cycle wet-dry aging method produced compressive strength values (394.99 ksc) closest to those of 10-year-old treated bamboo (370.98 ksc), with only a 6.47% difference. In contrast, the heat-cool method resulted in a greater discrepancy of 23.29%. Additionally, shear strength decreased slightly with borax/boric treatment, with more pronounced reductions under heat-cool cycling. These findings suggest that wet-dry cyclic aging provides a more reliable approach for assessing bamboo durability in humid environments, offering valuable insights for sustainable construction material applications.

   11. Development of a Green Concrete Composite Using Recycled Cement Paste Powder, Hemicellulose, Chitosan and Fibers of Banana and Bamboo

       Ejazulhaq Rahimi, Yuma Kawasaki, Ayane Yui, Yuta Yamachi, Yusei Ishikura

       Abstract

       To address the growing reliance on natural resources and mitigate the environmental impact of construction waste disposal, waste utilization and eco-friendly production methods are essential. This study presents the development of a green composite using cement paste waste (CPW) and hemicellulose, with mechanical properties further enhanced by replacing 50% of the hemicellulose mass with chitosan. Additionally, the incorporation of natural fibers derived from bamboo and banana was investigated for their impact on the composite’s performance. The composites were fabricated using a hot-pressing technique, and their mechanical properties were evaluated after a three-day curing period. The findings revealed significant influences of heat pressing, fiber reinforcement, and chitosan addition on the mechanical behavior of the composite. Among these factors, the inclusion of chitosan exhibited the most substantial effect, surpassing both fiber reinforcement and heat pressing. Fiber reinforcement demonstrated a greater impact on flexural strength, while heat pressing was more effective in enhancing compressive strength. Notably, the reduction in composite density caused by the partial replacement of hemicellulose with chitosan was compensated through the hot-pressing process. This research is part of foundational studies in the development of high-performance cement composites integrating chitosan and hemicellulose, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional materials in the construction industry.

5. Soil Mechanics and Ground Improvement

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Impact of Pressmud Incorporation on the Physical Properties and Permeability of Marine Clay at Bagan Hailam Port Klang

      Shafizah Safingi, Mazidah Mukri, Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman

      Abstract

      Marine clay, renowned for its high water content, compressibility, and low shear strength, presents substantial challenges in construction, particularly in coastal and offshore areas. This study investigates the potential of using pressmud (PM), a sugar industry byproduct, to improve the properties of marine clay for compacted clay liner (CCL) applications. The procedure included the preparation and analysis of marine clay and PM samples, conducting tests on physical properties, and carrying out analysis using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Various proportions of marine clay and PM were analyzed to determine the changes in Atterberg limits, particle density, linear shrinkage, compaction characteristics, and permeability testing. Findings indicate that PM, enriched with calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and potassium oxide (K2O), improves water retention, stability, and reduces permeability, which are crucial for applications such as CCLs in environmental engineering. Optimal performance was observed with 20% pressmud content, significantly enhancing the clay’s physical properties. Compaction tests showed that replacing 10% of the clay with pressmud achieved the highest maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.38 Mg/m³, demonstrating improved soil strength and compactability. 20% PM showing the ideal for effective leachate containment as a compacted clay liner.

   3. Sustainable Soil Stabilization Using Biopolymers and Geopolymers for Road Subgrade Applications: A Comparative Review

      Marc Daniel D. Laurina, Mary Ann Q. Adajar, Reynaldo C. Carolino

      Abstract

      Sustainable soil stabilization is causing increased interest in geotechnical engineering as a method to improve the properties of soil while reducing the impact on the environment. This study investigates two promising methodologies: biopolymer-based stabilization and geopolymer-based stabilization. Biopolymers, like xanthan gum and guar gum, enhance soil strength by hydrogen bonding and particle encapsulation, providing advantages such as renewability, little carbon impact, and ease of application. However, issues like as water sensitivity and biodegradation limit their long-term effectiveness in the field. Geopolymers, made from industrial wastes such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), establish rigid aluminosilicate networks by alkaline activation, greatly enhancing soil strength, durability, and environmental sustainability. Despite these advantages, geopolymers require careful control of activator concentration and curing conditions, and concerns persist over activator management and variability at field scale. Hybrid biopolymer–geopolymer stabilization is offered as an innovative approach that integrates the mechanical performance, durability, and environmental sustainability by recognizing the mutually beneficial strengths and limitations of both technologies. Identified research gaps include the need for extended field studies, improved mix design methodologies, and thorough environmental effect evaluations. This analysis emphasizes the potential of hybrid systems for improving sustainable soil stabilizing methods and provides future research possibilities for developing these technologies in road subgrade and infrastructure applications.

6. Building Information Technology and Construction Project Management

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Development of EstiMatik: Artificial Neural Network-Based Tool for Predicting Construction Material Prices Based on Macroeconomic Indicators Using Python

      Julia Bien D. Florencio, Dante L. Silva

      Abstract

      In the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines last 2022, construction materials prices peaked in 14 years, with the Construction Materials Wholesale Price Index (CMWPI) rising by 8.3%, a significant jump from 3.2% in 2021. Masonry materials, including Portland Cement (PC), and tinsmithry materials such as Reinforced Steel Bar (RSB), have surged annual increases of 123% and 141% since 2012, respectively. The cost increase of construction materials is crucial, as it accounts for 65%–75% of project costs, leading to cost overruns where actual costs exceed initial cost estimates by as much as 183%. Macroeconomic factors including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Money Supply, Interest Rate, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Unemployment Rate, Producer Price Index (PPI), Inflation Rate, Exports, US Dollar Exchange Rate, and Lending Rate influence these price hikes, accurate prediction tools become essential for cost management. Using Python programming, the research aims to develop EstiMatik, a computational tool designed using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to forecast construction material prices about key macroeconomic indicators in the NCR. By compiling historical price trends and correlating them with macroeconomic indicators, EstiMatik enables contractors, suppliers, and government to anticipate future price changes and make informed decisions, therefore minimizing cost overruns. Stakeholders can improve budgeting, optimize resource allocation, and better manage financial risks in construction projects.

   3. A Supply Inventory and Re-ordering AI Tool for Enhancing Construction Material Management and Project Efficiency for Small Contractors

      Pheby M. Moog, Dante L. Silva

      Abstract

      Effective material management is crucial in the construction industry to make sure that every project remains on track, meets the budget and schedule, and free from costly delays—a challenge often faced by small contractors. This research aims to address these issues by developing cost-effective, user-friendly AI tool aligned to the needs of small contractors. This tool leverage modern technology to streamline material inventory management that enables contractors to track material consumption, monitor supply levels and receive alerts when supply is in the re-ordering point level. The research involves three phases: identify the challenges in material management and evaluate its impact, evaluate existing construction material management (CMM) methods and practices and develop an AI -powered re-ordering system, design a user-friendly dashboard with alert notification The application, “Bracket: Construction Material monitoring and Inventory” was initially designed for works including, CHB laying, plastering, tile works and dry wall partitioning. Focusing on materials being quantified by counting such as CHB (pieces), cement(bags), tiles(pcs), adhesive (bags) and boards (sheet). This mobile application aims to address the technological gap in CMM, and to modernize and improve project efficiency for small construction firms.

   4. Biased Simulated Annealing for Facility Layout Problem

      Ornurai Sangsawang

      Abstract

      Facility layout planning (FLP) is an important part of enhancing operational efficiency to minimize material handling costs and optimize spatial arrangements within manufacturing systems. This study proposes an improved metaheuristic approach. This study investigates two metaheuristics, Simulated Annealing and Biased Simulated Annealing algorithm to solve the Facility layout planning. The objective is to minimize the total material handling cost. From the result, the Biased SA outperformed the SA, both in terms of solution quality and convergence rate. The enhanced method is especially effective in handling problems with high-flow networks or specific constraints. This study shows the advantages of integrating mechanisms into metaheuristic structures for effective layout problems.

7. Hydrology and Wastewater Treatment

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Analysis of Flooding Caused by the Hypothetical Failure Flows of the Los Ejidos Dam

      Rubén Esaú Mogrovejo Gutiérrez, Diego Alonso Ramos Gonzales, Jair Ronaldo Enrique Pareja Hurtado

      Abstract

      The major problem currently presented by the arrival of the El Niño Phenomenon is flooding due to changes in meteorological conditions, causing damage to civil works such as bridges, roads, dams and reservoirs, irrigation canals, population centers, etc. This study aims to analyze flood areas caused by hypothetical burst flows from the Los Ejidos dam to the Andrés Avelino Cáceres bridge and along the Piura River channel. Hydraulic modeling is carried out using Iber software (version 2.5.2) considering three dam break flow scenarios using the equations of. Finally, this study demonstrates that the breakage flow of the equation presents a greater range of overflow with maximum velocities of 1.521 m/s, peak flow of 6795.3 m³/s, affecting the population of the city of Piura, Urb. Miraflores, Urb. Miraflores Country Club and Open Plaza, in addition to generating a flooding area of 50.79 hectares on the left lateral bank and 42.63 hectares on the right lateral bank in the Piura River channel.

   3. Delphi-Based Identification of Decision Factors for Electrocoagulation Adoption in Regional Hospital Wastewater Treatment

      Tanat Kaochim, Amon Boontore

      Abstract

      The hospital conducts a wide range of activities and generates a massive amount of effluent daily, especially in hospitals in developing countries. The higher the service density they provide, the larger the amount of wastewater they generate, which contains both infectious and non-infectious contaminants, such as radioactive materials, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical chemicals. This research aimed to identify the factors that influence the decisions to adopt the electrocoagulation (EC) method for hospital wastewater treatment (HWWT) in the regional hospitals under the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand. The Delphi technique was used to identify expert-consensus factors through four rounds of surveys. The final result of this research revealed four factors achieving unanimous consensus: (1) area requirement, (2) operational flexibility, (3) Operational Expenditure, and (4) environmental friendliness. The findings of this research are expected to support efficient decision-making when considering the use of EC treatment systems for hospital wastewater treatment, particularly tailored to the needs of regional hospitals in Thailand.

   4. Geopolymer-Alginate Composite Beads for Water Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review on Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Organic Contaminants

      Nyah Jedia S. Magbanua, Marc Roland T. Orong, Adrian Marley L. Dolleson, Lalaine Joan A. Limbago

      Abstract

      Geopolymer-alginate hybrid composite beads have emerged as promising adsorbents for wastewater treatment due to their enhanced porosity, mechanical stability, and functional group interactions, making them effective in removing heavy metals and organic pollutants. However, despite growing interest in these composites, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research regarding their adsorption performance, synthesis parameters, and practical applications remains limited. This systematic literature review aims to address this gap by evaluating peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025 from databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and SpringerLink. Following the PRISMA protocol, relevant studies were categorized into five key areas: (1) the role of precursor materials and synthesis conditions, (2) adsorption mechanisms and material characteristics, (3) the impact of experimental parameters on adsorption efficiency, (4) adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling, and (5) research gaps and potential advancements. Findings indicate that geopolymer-alginate composites exhibit high adsorption capacities due to increased porosity, ion-exchange capacity, and functional group interactions. Heavy metal adsorption follows the Langmuir isotherm, while organic pollutants align with the Freundlich model, and adsorption kinetics conform to pseudo-second-order models, indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Despite promising results, challenges persist regarding material regeneration, long-term stability, and large-scale applicability. Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis conditions, enhancing selectivity through functionalization, and evaluating real wastewater conditions to improve industrial feasibility and wastewater treatment efficiency.

   5. Prioritizing Factors for Electrocoagulation in Hospital Wastewater Treatment Using AHP: A Case Study of Regional Hospitals in Thailand

      Tanat Kaochim, Amon Boontore

      Abstract

      Hospitals are significant contributors to a large amount of complex wastewater, into domestic wastewater and municipal sewer. Hospital wastewater (HWW) can contain both infectious and non-infectious contaminants, such as radioactive materials from cancer treatment, heavy metal contamination from science laboratory work, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Currently, hospitals in developing countries often have a high service density, generating and increasing large amounts of wastewater daily. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an effective electrochemical approach for treating specific types of polluted wastewater, particularly those contaminated by infectious pathogens, which require daily treatment. This study applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize factors influencing the adoption of the EC method for hospital wastewater treatment (HWWT), using the Central Hospital under the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand as a case study. The findings indicated that area requirement was the most important factor, followed by operational expenditure (OPEX). The factor weightings derived from this study provide evidence-based guidance to support decision-makers in adopting EC systems for hospital wastewater treatment.

   6. Impact of Rheology on Hyperconcentrated Flow Applying FLO-2D in the Buena Vista Creek

      Rubén Esaú Mogrovejo Gutiérrez, Fernando Francisco Alarcón Andreu, Anthonny Raúl Vargas Chuquicondor

      Abstract

      This article deals with the impact of rheological parameter variation on the choice of the type of sample of alluvial material from the Buena Vista stream in the city of Arequipa, Peru. In the last 4 years, the urbanisation of the Buena Vista hill has witnessed 3 flooding events due to hyper-concentrated flows during the rainy season. The lack of urban planning in the city of Arequipa and the growth of the population has caused the population to invade the bed of this dry creek, which is a latent danger to the lives of these people. For this reason, simulations and analysis of hyper-concentrated flows were carried out in this study to predict flood plains in the event of extreme events by varying the rheology. The topography, soils, geomorphology, and precipitation were characterised by means of satellite maps using ArcGIS software. A hydrological analysis was also carried out using rainfall data from the city of Arequipa for a return period of 5 years. For the simulation of hyperconcentrated flows, the FLO-2D software and the input data from the characterisation stage were used. Three simulations were performed with different rheological parameters. Then, calibration and validation was carried out with the event occurring on 2 January 2021 for each type of sample, and the flooding currents at 2 control points were obtained by means of maps. Finally, the modelling results show that the Gleenwood Type 2 sample is the one that adequately represents the event with a simulated flood flow of 0.40 m at the control points.