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2015 | Buch | 1. Auflage

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Man–Machine–Environment System Engineering

herausgegeben von: Shengzhao Long, Balbir S. Dhillon

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This research topic was first established in China by Professor ShengZhao Long in 1981, with direct support from one of the greatest modern Chinese scientists, XueSen Qian. In a letter to ShengZhao Long from October 22nd, 1993, XueSen Qian wrote: “You have created a very important modern science subject and technology in China!”

MMESE primarily focuses on the relationship between Man, Machine and Environment, studying the optimum combination of man-machine-environment systems. In this system, “Man” refers to working people as the subject in the workplace (e.g. operators, decision-makers); “Machine” is the general name for any object controlled by Man (including tools, machinery, computers, systems and technologies), and “Environment” describes the specific working conditions under which Man and Machine interact (e.g. temperature, noise, vibration, hazardous gases etc.). The three goals of optimization are to ensure safety, efficiency and economy.

These proceedings are an academic showcase of the best papers selected from more than 400 submissions, introducing readers to the top research topics and the latest developmental trends in the theory and application of MMESE.

These proceedings are interdisciplinary studies on the concepts and methods of physiology, psychology, system engineering, computer science, environment science, management, education, and other related disciplines. Researchers and professionals who study an interdisciplinary subject crossing above disciplines or researchers on MMESE subject will be mainly benefited from these proceedings.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Research on the Man Character

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Experimental Study of Muscle Fatigue in a Standing Work Posture

Fatigue can directly affect a worker’s health. Using experimental analysis, we investigated whether a standing chair can reduce fatigue and how to optimize the design of work conditions for standing staff. Ten college students were selected to participate in fatigue comparative experiments. We scored the subjects’ feelings and evaluated the subjects’ muscle fatigue using a surface electromyogram (EMG) of the subject’s leg muscles. There was significant difference in fatigue between standing posture and sitting/leaning postures. There was no significant difference between a sitting posture and leaning posture. Surface EMG showed that a leaning posture had the lowest fatigue for the three postures. The appropriate selection of an auxiliary chair can assist workers in effectively reducing muscle fatigue, even more than an ordinary office chair.

Hao Yu, Duming Wang, Liezhong Ge, Chuan Wang
Chapter 2. Customer Perceived Value as a Predictor of On-line Clothes Loyalty in a Chinese Sample

Research on the on-line shopping effects of positive on customer perceived value is limited, especially regarding its relation to the young generation’s loyalty. This study examined the effect of the on-line customer perceived value (production perceived value, service perceived value, on-line shopping environment perceived value, and cost perceived value) on customer loyalty (attitude loyalty and behavior loyalty) in a Chinese sample of 280 young generation (e.g., post-80s and post-90s). Results showed that customer perceived value was associated with greater customer loyalty. Customer perceived value emerged as a significant predictor of customer loyalty. The service perceived value and product perceived value had the strongest relationship with loyal attitude. The product perceived value, service perceived value, and cost perceived value were the alertest predictors as customer behavior loyalty. Theoretical and practical implications for customer perceived value on on-line shopping are also discussed.

Xueyan Wei, Yahui Qi, Wenjie Liu
Chapter 3. The Anthropometric Data of Chinese Male Taikonaut Candidates with 175 cm Stature

All of Chinese male taikonaut candidates came from China Air Force pilots aged 25–35 years. The stature is ranged from 160 to 172 cm in medical selection while the upper limit may be shifted from 172 to 175 cm. The maximum stature is becoming one of the main constraints on taikonaut product design. The anthropometric data of Chinese male pilots with 175 cm stature was re-analyzed in comparison with that of pilots with 172 cm stature in the present paper, based on the databank of GJB4856-2003. The mean, stddev, and the 5th, 50th, 95th percentiles for the subsample were reported in 67 fundamental items according to GJB4856-2003 in statistics. The effects of bigger stature on production design were discussed.

Xiaochao Guo, Duanqin Xiong, Yanyan Wang
Chapter 4. Selection of Basic Measurements on Head Segment of Male Pilots for 3-D Anthropometry

The 3D digital design and flexible manufacturing technology on head protective products call for 3D anthropometric data from user population. ISO 20685:2010(E) recommended extracting the six measurements by head scanner while all standards relative to male pilot products were based on one-dimensional (1D) anthropometric databank with traditional measurement in China. The 35 basic measurements were selected by designer survey and data analysis of 904 cases with 53 measurement items in GJB4856 databank to confirm the technological design requirements for anthropometric data on head segment. And 40 landmarks on head segment were identified for 3D anthropometry. The basic measurements covered the main technological design usage for pilot products.

Xiaochao Guo, Lili Zhang, Duanqin Xiong, Linghua Ran, Yanyan Wang
Chapter 5. Numerical Calculation and Analysis of Influencing Factors on Waist Force of Armored Vehicle Driver

High morbidity of low back pain is a prominent problem for crews in operating armored vehicles. The low back pain of drivers has a direct relationship with the waist force under unreasonable postures. Based on the national military standard (GJB) and national standard (GB), this paper built a biomechanical model of armored vehicle driver’s waist aiming at operation characteristics of armored vehicle driving. Influencing factors on waist force of armored vehicle driver were figured out. Numerical calculation was conducted and the change laws of influencing factors were analyzed, which gave out analysis conclusions. The results obtained from this paper can provide reference for improving waist force of armored vehicle drivers.

Weiping Liu, Binhe Fu, Xixia Liu, Yi Jin
Chapter 6. Peer Assessment Modeling and Design in Military Training

Peer assessment software is useful as part of mutual assessment in military training to enhance the overall training level. We conducted experiments to obtain a scoring algorithm and the relevant weight on which the software should be developed to score each trainee. The basic algorithm and software procedure contribute to the final scoring of each trainee. By employing a large amount of experimental data, the algorithm and software may provide an accurate method for peer assessment in military training.

Cheng Jin, Zhibing Pang, Xiaogao Wang, Zhaofeng Luo, Quanliang Yin
Chapter 7. An Analysis of Major Psychological Misunderstandings in Military Academy Course Design

The significance and value of psychology in the military academy course design is not fully acknowledged and accepted, and the divergences in its theoretical cognition and practical exploration exist. Thus there are many psychological misunderstandings in course design. By wide research and theoretical demonstration, the article reveals the major psychological misunderstandings in the military academy course design, which include the misunderstandings of thinking, value orientation, emotion and attitude, and roles. Based on the analysis of these misunderstandings, the article finds out that the most fundamental way to eliminate the misunderstandings is to enhance the psychological quality of course designers. It is expected to provide effective psychological aid to the military academy course design.

Hua Li, Weixin Liu, Jie Xing
Chapter 8. A Research on Operator Selection Criteria of a Certain Type of Equipment

This paper is on purpose to increase the scientificity and reasonability of the selection and improve the training effect through the research on selection indices of certain equipment. It adopts the methods of consulting literature materials, expert marking, and practical testing to research the effects of physical and psychological indices on the selection of operators. The specific model of weapon has unique requirements on physiology and mental qualities of operating personnel. The physical and psychological parameter indices of operator are presented through data processing; the indices priority is determined and they are endowed with weights. Some of the physical indices are necessary for the selection, and the left physical and psychological indices have certain effect on the operator. The research result of this paper will provide feasible selection criteria for the operator selection which is of practical significance.

Zhaofeng Luo, Zhibing Pang, Jun Chen, Hongyan Ou, Yu Jin, Cheng Jin
Chapter 9. Operation Optimization of a Chariot Operator Using Remote Measurement of Heart Rate

In this study, remote measurement of heart rate was applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis, in order to optimize the process and improve the effectiveness of a chariot’s operation. The methods used to investigate heart rate burden and time depletion of the operator included reality-based experiments, instrument measuring, comparison, and analysis. The heart-rate remote-measuring system was used in reality-based experiments; the experiments collected heart burden and time depletion before and after operation process optimization. After operation optimization, the heart rate of the operator decreased, as did the required operation time. These results may help to promote combat effectiveness and improve combating capability for members of the army.

Hongyan Ou, Honglei Li, Zhingbing Pang, Shuai Mu, Chenhui Li
Chapter 10. Analysis and Research of Grenadiers’ Comprehensive Quality Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

To a great extent, how to make grenades function well and reduce accidents when throwing them depends on the comprehensive quality and ability of grenadiers. Subjective and objective factors should be considered when evaluating grenadiers’ quality during training. In order to evaluate the quality of grenadiers, physical condition, operation ability, mental factor, and daily performance of grenadiers are analyzed and quantified as the base. This paper builds fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of grenadiers’ quality which is based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory and adopts second-level fuzzy evaluation, also provides application cases, and obtains a result which is accordance with the actual condition.

Qian Shen, Haiyan Dai, Peng Han, Chunxin Wang, Chen Shen, Wenlong Zhang
Chapter 11. An Analysis on the Screening Mechanism of the Manipulator Based on Game Theory

There exist some problems in the recruitment process of the manipulator in the man-machine environment. We always hope to find high-quality personnel and make them bring greater benefits to the unit; however, high-quality personnel need more human resources cost. According to game theory, we have an analysis on recruitment screening mechanism from the perspective of benefit under the asymmetry information condition based on the signal mechanism between the cost of the benefit and the cost of HR. And we put forward some advice on how to determine a reasonable screening mechanism in accordance with the cost of human resources and the probationary period. We build a model to realize the conclusion and prove that it is feasible through the typical example. The conclusion can provide guidance for screening of the manipulator in all kinds of man-machine environment.

Chunxin Wang, Zaochen Liu, Qian Shen, Peng Han, Shuai Mu
Chapter 12. Research of Evaluation Methodology for Graduate Advisor Based on Learning—Guiding

Objectives, inspire advisor’s enthusiasm on graduate student training, improve advisor’s integrated quality in order to improve the quality of graduate level training. Methodology, combine factors from both student and advisor for advisor evaluation and construction of evaluation model. Results, constructed graduate student’s capability and advisor’s quality-based evaluation model, through analysis from both student and advisor. Conclusion, advisor is the key point to guarantee graduate student training, it’s more comprehensive, reasonably and accurately to use student capability and advisor quality-based method on advisor evaluation, so that to enhance the level of advisor team.

Zhibing Pang, Rongzhi Yang, Cheng Jin, Hua Li, Chenhui Li, Honglei Li
Chapter 13. Technical Staff Job Engagement and Influencing Factors

The aim of this study was to examine Job Engagement concept as well as the scale for technology management in China. 230 subjects from a research institute in Beijing presented with questionnaires on job engagement, job burnout and job characteristics, and 20 of them were interviewed. Using SSPS software, the authors processed the data or information collected for psychological statistics analysis, exploring factor analysis, and regression analysis. The results indicated: the concept of job engagement can reflect the psychological status of the technical staff at work; UWES-C is reliable and valid; UWES-C and the job engagement prediction model can be helpful with safety management.

Xuejian Sun, Yiqun Gan, Zhiyong Wang, Zhen Wu
Chapter 14. Analysis on Professionalism and Ability Structure of Secrecy Sergeant

One of the important contents of the sergeant system reform is to push forward the sergeant professionalism construction. According to the fact and teaching practice of military secrecy, the paper discusses the construction situation of secrecy sergeant professionalism, the equipped capability structure of secrecy sergeant professionalism, speeding up the occupational skill testing work and promotion training work of security sergeant, building the security system of secrecy sergeant professionalism, etc. in the ways of literature study, researching, expert interviewing in order to provide theory reference for pushing forward the process of security sergeant professionalism.

Hongbiao Wang, Huili Yu, Wei Zhang
Chapter 15. Research on Design of the Battlefield Soldier Physiological Status Monitoring and Analysis System

After investigating the development of the physiological status monitor technology in China and abroad, the author studied the physiological status monitor technology for soldiers in the battlefield. According to the requirements for performance imposed by modern wars, the author analyzes the system composition, functional design, and data transmission of the Battlefield Solider Physiological Status Monitor System, so that it can analyze soldiers’ operational intensity and fatigue procedure, and allocate combat missions properly on the basis of physiological information; estimate the condition of wounded soldiers in time and exercise evacuation; analyze comprehensively the physiological status of the personnel in combat units and thus provide a basis for command and control operations.

Chenhui Li, Zhibing Pang, Yanjun Zhang, Shili Chu, Xiaofei Zhai, Hualiang Xu, Zengjun Ji
Chapter 16. Analysis and Countermeasures of Aimer Operation Errors of a Certain Type of Anti-aircraft Artillery

Through analysis of aimer operation errors of a certain type of anti-aircraft artillery this essay finds the existing prominent questions and reasons, and takes effective measures to solve them. From training characteristics and operation errors reasons of aimers the essay deeply researches training matters of aimers using qualitative and quantitative analysis scientifically. In accordance with regularity in an orderly way and training scientifically the aimers can be gradually improved at operational level. According to the principle

from separate operation step to consistent operation, from simple operation to complicated operation and from simulated training to live operation

we should fully improve operational level of aimers and make them adapt training requirement of the live combat drill through scientific training, active changing training spot, and creating the live combat situation.

Junlong Guo, Rongzhi Yang, Dapeng Wang, Zaochen Liu
Chapter 17. A Quality Evaluation Index System of Group Leaders in an Aerospace Enterprise Based on a Fuzzy Evaluation Method

We investigated how to choose and appoint group leaders in an aerospace enterprise. The study analyzed the characteristics of group leaders’ work, including their ability for management, operation, communication, and vocational morality, and analyzed their impact on the quality of the requirements for aerospace enterprise practitioners. The article built a structural model of group leaders in the aerospace enterprise, including 4 factors and 12 subsidiary factors. It established an index system of group leaders in the aerospace enterprise based on the basic theories of the fuzzy evaluation method and Delphi method. It examined the rationality of the index system through an example and offers a reference to choose and appoint group leaders in the aerospace enterprise.

Yuchuan Bian, Man Zhang, Peng Qi, Jiang Yu

Research on the Machine Character

Frontmatter
Chapter 18. Rethinking the Mode of Modern Commercial Walking Street Planning and Design

In this paper, the modern, urban commercial walking street is the research object. The purpose is to promote the level of commercial walking street planning, and improve the quality of urban commercial shopping environment. Based on the updated mode of modern commercial walking street planning and design, a case analysis is performed. The planning ideas of the project of Ming Yang Commercial Walking Street in Xinyang is discussed and the important principles in planning and design of the modern commercial walking street from different aspects, such as the design concept, overall layout, landscape design and architectural modelling is summarized. Thus, this work makes a valuable reference for contemporary urban commercial walking street.

Zhen Li, Fang Liu
Chapter 19. Knowledge Distribution and Text Mining of International Aviation Safety Research

Aviation safeties (AS) has become a hot topic in social media, for a number of AS issues have occurred in 2014. Generally research of AS were focused on narrow and specific topics. In this study, we try to analyze AS in a new sight, study the publications of the former scientists. The data was collected from the scientific database Web of Science and more than 1000 scientific papers were downloaded. Knowledge distribution and topics related to AS were discussed in this paper. The results show that the AS papers were mainly from the journal

Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine.

Geospatial analysis shows that NASA, USA and cities from the USA and the European Union are active regions in AS research. Topics analysis has shown that “aviat”, “safeti”, “accid”, “human”, “risk” and “factor” have high frequencies among the AS words. Words including “analysi”, “human”, “factor”, “risk” and “aircraft” have high degree, been regarded as the information hub of AS research. Cluster of AS topics showed that AS mainly focus on five fields and can be summarized as outside and inside AS factors, risk assessment and human-factors etc.

Jie Li, Xiaohong Guo
Chapter 20. Application Research on the Webpage Accessibility Based on the GOMS Model

In many studies, the majority scholars study webpage accessibility from the aspects such as psychology, consumer behavior, etc., but seldom studies focus on webpage accessibility from the aspect of quantitative analysis. In this paper, thinking four famous website as example, the formation of executive level quantitative model in the use of GOMS model, measure and analysis tasks quantitatively. At the same time, taking the time that participants spend as the dependent variable, intuitively compare and analysis the influence of webpage accessibility on website and page views, and thus could be able to provide suggestion for the websites so as to enhance web accessibility more target-oriented.

Shuyu Shao, Hua Qin
Chapter 21. The Design and Application of the Air Purification System of the Meteorology Command Vehicle Based on the Photo-catalytic Technology

This paper is focused on the mobile command vehicles of the meteorological department. It aims to study and design a set of air purification system which takes the photo-catalytic technology and the sensor collection technology as its core. The gas in the vehicle will be introduced into the gas inlet, going through three-layer mechanical filtration. The filtered gas will then go through a metal filter screen coated with catalytic materials. Under the ultraviolet light, the nanometer metal oxide (the catalytic materials) will chemically react with ultraviolet light to form a kind of powerful oxide which can sterilize and disinfect the filtered gas achieving the purification of the air in the cabin of the command vehicle and effectively guarantee the interior air quality and the health of the workers.

Kun Yang
Chapter 22. The Research of the Cluster of Modern Service Industry’s Innovation Mechanism Under the Social Network Perspective

With the development of economic globalization, modern service industry has gradually become the main driver of economic growth, during which innovation has become the eternal topic, and clustering as well as networking have become the main trends in the development of modern service industry in the future. Based on the knowledge and funds, these two kinds of network resources acting as “bridge”, the paper highlights the main parts of the knowledge sharing and fund raising to improve the cluster enterprise innovation. The features of the cluster network include three aspects: network centrality, network density, and structural holes. Knowledge sharing and fund raising have a significant impact on cluster innovation mechanism, and on the contrary, the characteristics of cluster network will affect knowledge sharing and financing as well, and what follows next is that it will affect the cluster innovation mechanism.

Yan Li, Jianping Jiang, Yingyi Wu
Chapter 23. Research on Applied-Information Technology with Trendy Utilization of Archival Information Resources

In the big-data era, more than 80 % of information exist electronically. Without a doubt, paper and microfilm are the best, long-lasting storage forms for archiving. However, this is not practicable for the huge amount of digitalized information that will need to be archived in the near future. To some extent, it is even impossible because of the enormous amount of disk space that will be needed for big-data in different kinds of archives. Archival storage depends on the corresponding programs and technology for the eternal use of the digitalization archives’ information resources. This chapter discusses some useful and practical functions and applied-information technologies for the utilization of archival information resources.

Shisheng Cheng, Yongqing Zhang, Haiyan Ma
Chapter 24. Information Support for Real-Time Decision-Making Based on Big Data: Knowledge-Enabled Machine Activeness and System Efficiency

Real-time decision-making requires efficient information support that dynamically provides information useful to decision makers. Traditional fixed information service mode is challenged by Big Data environment, while search-based methods do not guarantee efficiency. To solve the problem, a method is proposed to improve machine activeness on information collection, allowing user to be focused on decision-making, so as to improve the efficiency of the whole decision-making system. During human decision-making process, machine keeps aware of the decision task context, dynamically recognizes user information requirement, automatically activates search process, based on domain knowledge previously built reflecting the latent relations between decision task types and the information required. It is proved by experiments that the method can effectively save user time cost on information requirement expressing and improve task relevance of collected information.

Xin Jin, Shiqiang Zong, Youjiang Li, Shanshan Wu
Chapter 25. Dark Pixels Law-Based Image Dehazing in UAV Reconnaissance

The visible light band is an important band of UAV reconnaissance to acquire the information of targets. In this paper, degradation principles of haze images in UAV reconnaissance is first demonstrated by analyzing the effect of haze and fog upon UAV reconnaissance imaging. Then the entire atmospheric scattering model of haze images is set up straightly, and a realization of recovering a haze-free image in UAV reconnaissance using dark pixels law is discussed. Experiment results indicate that image dehazing based on dark pixels law can significantly improve the quality of reconnaissance tasks when there is a haze atmosphere around and a visible light imaging equipment onboard. The experimental results show that the method has obvious promotion effect on UAV reconnaissance equipment implementation of visible light imaging reconnaissance tasks in the haze situation.

Qinlan Yue, Hongjie Zheng, Chengneng Jiang
Chapter 26. Analysis of Recognition Performance of SVMs Based on Three Types of Common Feature Datasets

The recognition performance of a support vector machine (SVM) is seriously affected by the feature datasets it trains. SVMs with different type of feature datasets have different recognition performances. Three type of common feature datasets, including gray value dataset, Hu moment dataset, and principal component dataset, are studied by experiments in this paper; results show that SVMs based on the gray value dataset is applicable to the low-resolution image recognition; SVMs based on the Hu moment dataset is applicable to the high-resolution image recognition; SVMs based on the principal components dataset is too time-consuming to the real-time image recognition.

Linbo Fang, Xiaoshan Song, Shuangyan Hu, Jing Yuan, Bei Wang
Chapter 27. Study on the Aerial Target’s Threat Degree Ordering Model Based on BP Neural Network

This paper introduces the significance of air-raiding and anti-air-raiding for modern war and ordering of air attack targets to air defense, analyzes the influence index of aerial target’s threat degree, and determines the normalized treatment of these influence indexes. The paper brings in BP neural network theory and illustrates its algorithm steps and establishes the model of BP neural network, training using the constructed network to sort the threat degree of aerial targets. Result shows that the established BP neural network model has a strong nonlinear mapping ability and self-learning ability, it provides a reference for the air defense unit to evaluate aerial target’s threat degree, so could help commanders to make better decisions.

Songli Zhang, Yanfei Kong, Xiaohui Peng, Xiaogao Wang
Chapter 28. Research on Availability Simulation of Antiaircraft Gun Weapon Systems

A simulation method that uses discrete event simulation for availability evaluation of antiaircraft gun weapon systems is presented based on the distribution characteristic of the RMS time of antiaircraft gun weapon systems. The simulation method can overcome the disadvantages of the analytic method, and can evaluate the availability of complex weapon systems, while RMS time follows any distribution. In the example, the availability of the antiaircraft gun weapon system is evaluated based on the simulation method presented in this paper. The example illuminated that the method is effective for availability evaluation of antiaircraft gun weapon systems.

Hao Liu, Hui Gu, Haimin Hu, Quanliang Yin
Chapter 29. The Strength Study of Thermal Power Unit Absorption Tower Desulphurization Pump Impeller Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Calculation

The study of impeller strength for thermal power unit absorption tower desulphurization pump with new material was performed based on fluid-structure interaction calculation. The numerical simulation results of flow field in thermal power unit absorption tower desulphurization pump under 0.8 Q operating point, 1.0 and 1.2 Q were imported to ANSYS Workbench, and the structure field of thermal power unit absorption tower desulphurization pump was studied to find the stress distribution law of impeller. In the end, the strength of impeller was checked. The results show that the stress distribution of main blades, back blades, and impeller–shroud is axial symmetrical, and the maximum equivalent stress is located in the junction between the impeller–shroud and main blade outlet, which means that this area has phenomena of stress focus. This paper was performed to provide reference and guidance for the design of thermal power unit absorption tower desulphurization pump.

Zhenjun Gao, Jianrui Liu, Chenxu Guo, Wei Fu, Xiaoke He
Chapter 30. Manycore Polymorphic Computation Model for Complex Embedded System Tasks

Tasks of complex embedded system have requirements on high performance computing and need to be changed with external environment. Considering the characteristics of complex embedded system tasks, we combine the advantages of polymorphic computing with manycore computing and introduce manycore polymorphic computation model. Meanwhile, we design three computing modes which is called as

computing state,

and three typical tasks are designed to verify the performance of our model. The result shows that no matter how data scale change, the model can work effectively in appropriate computing mode to meet the requirements of various tasks. The experiment also illustrates that each of the proposed computing modes can shorten execution time of different type of tasks.

Mei Luo, Linlin Li, Chengjian Li, Yongmei Luo
Chapter 31. A New Automatic Quality Control System for Fiber Ring Production

Fiber optical gyro (FOG) as one of the most important component in Fiber inertial measure unit (FIMU), the production quality of which will affect the accuracy of FOG and FIMU; through decade years improvement in craftwork design, the main target has shifted to quality control promotion during production. This paper has proposed a new methodology for automatic production quality control; the method uses the computer vision technology to apply a system which can distinguish real-time fiber ring production images, applying pattern recognition of data mining technology for understanding of the type of fault production image. Pre-processing of computer vision has treatment to distil the image from real-time noised image for feature achievement, upon the qualified conducted result; a fast pattern recognition method support vector regression (SVR) has fast convergence which has utilized delightful result.

Xinfeng Li, Haoting Liu
Chapter 32. A New Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Regression Modeling

A new algorithm for parameter estimation of nonlinear regression modeling based on hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is proposed with a constraint condition by defining

n

dimensional column vector

X

= (

x

1

,

x

2

, …,

x

n

)

T

;

a

i

x

i

b

i

(

x

ji

= IND[

j

] . chrom[

i

] × (

b

i

a

i

) +

a

i

;

j

= 1, 2, …,

N

;

i

= 1, 2, …,

n

) and founding individual fitness function

F

(

X

,

t

) = [

S

(

θ

,

t

) +

ε

]

–1

, and using the linear ranking selection strategy. According to the fitness value of population member size from good to bad arrangement of

X

1

,

X

2

, …,

X

N

and then through a series of operations of transform, crossover, and mutation, the HGA is terminated by the terminal criterion of algorithm. The new algorithm can rapidly converge to the global optima by performing global search and local search alternatively, and achieve better performance than those of traditional algorithms. The experiments verify generalization and effectiveness of the algorithm.

Jinshan Chen
Chapter 33. The Quantum Cryptography Communication and Military Application

The quantum cryptography communication became a new communication technology, with the developed of quantum computing. Quantum cryptography used some specific properties of quantum physics, and it solved some difficult problems of classical cryptography. It is a reliable technology for ensure the security of network communication that in future ages of optical communication. Based on the quantum key distributions protocol, and in recent years the United States, Germany, Sweden, Japan, and other western developed countries in the progress in research of quantum cryptography communication from the research results, the quantum cryptography communication has entered the practical stage in developed countries; our country also should be more in-depth and extensive research in this aspect; the assay analyzed the application perspective of the quantum cryptography communication in military communication.

Xiaoli Zheng, Digang Jiang

Research on the Environment Character

Frontmatter
Chapter 34. Mass Concentration of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Southern Tailings Reservoir

Total suspended particle (TSP) and fine particulate matter (PM

2.5

) samples were collected continuously using an atmospheric particulate matter sampler at sampling points in a tailings reservoir in the south from October 28 to November 3, 2013. The mass concentrations of particulate matter in the air, the contents, and morphological analysis of heavy metal elements (Pb, Cd, U, Cu) were also studied. The results indicate that the air particulate matter concentrations exceed the mass concentration limits of national Grade II ambient air quality standard (GB3095-2012); The heavy metals content in air particulate matter from high to low order is: Pb > Cu > U > Cd and heavy metals are easier to be concentrated on fine particulate matter (PM

2.5

); heavy metal elements (Pb, Cd, Cu) exist mainly in the exchangeable morphology, especially the element Cd.

Yingyun Liu, Pei Xiong, Danfeng Han
Chapter 35. Illumination Effect Estimation Based on Image Quality Assessment

An image analysis-based illumination effect estimation method is proposed. This technique is developed for the illumination device design and application of space station. To estimate the illumination effect, first, the visible light camera is utilized to capture the image of illumination region. Second, the illumination direction and its distribution are estimated by the image analysis methods. The Mojette transform is used to estimate the illumination direction; while the image quality metrics are employed to evaluate the illumination distribution. Third, to improve the computational effect further, both the subjective and objective image quality evaluation methods are employed. Many experimental results have shown the validity and the correctness of our proposed technique.

Haoting Liu, Jin Yang, Wei Wang, Zhexi He, Wenpeng Yu
Chapter 36. An Analysis on Jamming Threat of Air Raid Targets

Modern air raid operations are featured by large scale, high intensity and diversified aircraft platforms with complex jammers of strong jamming capability, various jamming methods and broad jamming frequency spectrum. It is actually fairly difficult to make judgment on the threat of air raid targets, as there are many factors that need to be taken into account. This paper analyzes the main factors that may affect the jamming threat of air raid targets, and sets up the analytical model of jamming threat of air raid target by joining altogether nine factors of platform and radar in accordance with multi-attribute decision theory. The model is then applied in the calculation of three jammers and the result agrees fundamentally with the actual situation, therefore providing an effective approach to the jamming threat judgment for land-based air defense operations.

Honglei Li, Hao Lu, Meng Kang, Jiang Luo
Chapter 37. A Study on Teaching Environment of Military Practical Courses

This paper is purposed to analyze possible influences upon military practical courses posed by teaching environmental factors and their characteristics. By combining theoretical analysis method and practical teaching statistical method, it sums up and sorts out conditions of climate, conditions of the site and natural conditions, summarizes the merits and demerits and provide basis for scientific decision-making, and identifies various direct and indirect influences upon military practical courses by environmental factors. Through analyses of conditions of climate, conditions of the site and natural conditions in field training of military practical courses, this paper gives countermeasures on how to effectively utilize environmental factors and improve military practical courses.

Jiang Wu, Zhibing Pang, He Wei, Honglei Li, Meng Kang
Chapter 38. Quantitative Estimation of Porosity of Solidified Sludge Based on GIS

The microstructure of soil body is considered determining its macro-characters. Meanwhile, the gray level that the SEM images are present is regarded to have a close correlation with microscopic distribution of the soil. Thus, based on GIS, the SEM images of solidified sludge (SS) with different cement content are studied and quantitatively analyzed in this paper. 3D porosities are extracted as the micro-perspective research methods for SS, and the extracted results are compared with the soil test ones to analyze the errors. Conclusions are drawn despite the minor errors between estimated results and soil test ones, quantitatively estimating 3D porosities in a feasible way to offer technical parameters for soil mechanics research, as well as instructing for construction.

Fei Xu
Chapter 39. Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Saposhnikovia Divaricata by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with GC-ECD

A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for determination of organochlorine pesticides in Saposhnikovia divaricata by ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with GC-ECD was developed and validated. The extracting agent was a mixture solvent of acetone–methylene chloride (1 + 1). The extracts were cleaned up with concentrated sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent. The samples were separated by the capillary column HP-5. 6 organochlorine pesticides in Saposhnikovia divaricata were determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) simultaneously. 6 pesticides reference substances had good linear relationship in the concentration range of 8–150 ng/g. The average recoveries were, respectively, 83.5–97.3 %, 84.4–99.7 %, and 89.9–98.7 % at three added levels of 15, 30, and 60 ng/g. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was, respectively, 3.0–7.3 %, 4.6–7.4 %, and 3.9–8.7 %. The method was simple, rapid, and high selectivity. It was suitable for determination of organochlorine pesticides in Saposhnikovia divaricata.

Lang Lang, Bo Wang, Yubin Ji
Chapter 40. Environmental Stress Selection Based on GRA and Preference

Environmental stress (ES) is a major cause of faults, the different ES has various contributions to the fault, and someone ES usually plays a dominant role. In order to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis, a novel approach to select the most-related ES with the fault based on gray relational analysis (GRA) and preference is present. First, the related ESs are selected preliminarily by analyzing the environmental condition when the fault occurring and the output of FMEA. Second, decision and preference matrix are constructed which denotes the relationship of the fault and ESs. Third, the sort of related ESs which express various contributions to the fault is given by calculating the gray relational degree. Finally, case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. This approach can be used to select the most-related ES to study the failure mechanism, and, hence, help diagnosing, and prognosticating the faults which are environmentally sensitive.

Guanqian Deng, Zhi Li, Ning Yan, Yongwu Yang, Xiaojian Li, Jun Zhan
Chapter 41. Peak Inhalation Air Flow and Minute Volume Measurements Used for Powered Air-Purifying Respirator Design

The supply air volume of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) determined by the peak inhalation air flow (PIAF) and minute volume (VE) of human body. Six healthy men participated in this study were pedaling a bicycle ergometer at step workload test. We measured their PIAF, VE, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO

2max

) during the test. According to ISO 8990:2004 and data analysis, we got the averages of PIAF and VE under light (40 % VO

2max

), moderate (60 % VO

2max

), and heavy (80 % VO

2max

) workloads. Moreover, the measured values were done to confirm the PIAF/VE ratio within the ISO16976-1:2007 range. Finally, we obtained the relation between PIAF and VE by the fitting analysis. The study offered some key data to PAPR design.

Ying Li, Xuezhi Zhang, Songtao Ding, Xiangxuan Liu
Chapter 42. Auto-Brightness Curve Model for a Night Vision Imaging System Compatible with White LED Integrally Illuminated Information Panels in Airplane Cockpits

This chapter explores the optimal brightness of a night vision imaging system compatible with green LED integrally illuminated information panels when pilots are reading in different ambient illuminance, in an attempt to build an auto-brightness curve model. A total of 285 fighter pilots took part in the experiment. The equipment used in the experiment included an LED panel and a system to simulate light environments. In every grade of the simulated brightness, pilots adjusted the minimum brightness, the optimal brightness, and the maximum brightness when they read the LED panel. According to the data, the auto-brightness curve models of the minimum brightness, optimal brightness, and maximum brightness were found for the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile of the 285 pilots. The engineering applications for these models need to be verified by the users and might be revised according to the verification.

Duanqin Xiong, Xiaochao Guo, Lili Zhang, Muzhe Zhang, Chunmei Gui, Yu Bai, Jian Du, Yanyan Wang, Wei Zheng
Chapter 43. Research on Gravity Compensation Technology for Extravehicular Activity Training Facility

Objective:

To improve the current extravehicular activity facility, new gravity compensation technology is researched.

Methods:

To assure the rapidity and precision of gravity compensation, high torque motor and low torque motor cooperation are applied to generate contragravity; to offload the maximum added mass, the system tracks the target position actively by servo control; to meet astronaut specific needs of extravehicular activity, the ingenious lift spreader of suspension system is designed.

Results:

Design analysis and model verification show that the position track error is less than 10 mm and the accuracy of the single suspended cable tension force is 99.5 % at the maximum limit of 0.1 m/s velocity and 0.1 m/s

2

acceleration.

Conclusion:

The facility that applied new gravity compensation technology is able to generate near-zero microgravity environment, which is more suitable for training of extravehicular activity.

Shang Huan, Hua Deng
Chapter 44. The Measurement and Analysis of Noise for a Military Vehicle

Vehicle interior noise is one of the harmful environmental factors, It affects the overall efficiency of the vehicle through the physiological and psychological influence on occupant. In the noise reduction design, noise source identification is the primary work of noise control. In the vehicle standing idle or low speed, the engine noise is the main noise source of vehicle. The noise of the engine can come into the passenger compartment through the engine compartment bulkhead. In this paper, one military vehicle interior noise is test in the vehicle standing idle, the spectrum characteristics of the noise are analyzed. The results show that the noise transferred to the passenger compartment is steady and continuous sound when the engine idle working. The noise pressure level is increased with the increase of engine speed. The noise frequency is mainly concentrated in the low and intermediate frequency band.

Yuping Luo, Longtang Xu, Ruiping Niu, Yonggang Sun, Yajuan Bai, Yaofeng He

Research on the Man–Machine Relationship

Frontmatter
Chapter 45. Experimental Study of Optimized Interface Displays of Navigation Information System

In the man–machine interface, display information is very important. How to display information to optimize the design is the key that is related to the ability to display information retrieved by the user effectively. Most existing studies carried out in this manner are shown in the model of the role of man−machine interface design assessment; optimization of the design requirements for specific studies is not in-depth. In this study, the design of the existing information system navigation information display location, manner, and color matching are studied experimentally. The results show navigation information system information display message box that is presented at the upper left point of the display mode which is the best choice. In a fixed position in the display, the message box is presented at the top right corner of the optimal display mode. In the case of a black background, the target display information is displayed in white for the best.

Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Hao Yu, Duming Wang, Xiaowei Yang, Qiao Wang, Fei Li
Chapter 46. Research on the Integrated Assessment Method for HCI Design of Digitized OM System in NPPs

The human−computer interface (HCI) of digitized operation and monitoring (OM) systems has been the most important interactive interfaces between operators and nuclear power plants (NNPs). The integrated assessment methods were researched for HCI design of the digitized OM systems. The assessment indexes structure of HCI was constructed based on the NNPs standard. A fuzzy theory-based multi-experts subjective assessment model was established to reduce the influences of ambiguity and uncertainty of the subjective assessment comments on the final results. Eye movement analysis method was researched and applied to HCI design during operation task. It was expected to optimize HCI design to reduce operation burden of operators and to improve the operation safety of NPPs.

Kun Yu, Rui Ma, Ying Zhang
Chapter 47. Research on Subjective Evaluation Method in Human−Machine Interface Based on Grey Theory

Subjective evaluation is an important basis for judging and improving the usability of human−machine interface. Subjective evaluation theories and methods require further exploration. A subjective evaluation method based on grey system theory is put forward, based on human thinking having “grey characteristic”. By establishing describable indicator information, the unknown or uncertain influence factors of human−machine interface become concrete and describable, making the comprehensive subjective evaluation questions solvable.

Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang
Chapter 48. Application Research of Gaze Tracking Technology in Battlefield Situation Visualization Assessment

Battlefield situation visualization provides imaginable, intuitive, plentiful battlefield information for command decision. The quality of visualization and the recognition of commanders will directly affect the war. For the situation information display, this paper introduces an evaluation method which can assess the effect of visualization by extracting the visual region of interest and calculate changes in visual attention on the time domain. According to analyzing changes in visual attention, the effect of battlefield environment rendering and fighting, target detection in battlefield situation visualization can be assessed. By paying attention to the important role of the human factor in the battlefield situation visualization system, this method can provide a scientific basis for improving the efficiency of situational information perception.

Yanjun Zhang, Zhibing Pang, Chenhui Li, Hualiang Xu, Xiaofei Zhai, Shili Chu
Chapter 49. Construction of Human–Machine Interface Evaluation with Multi-index Weights Allocation Method

Based on the analysis of traditional AHP, statutory right of the main problems exist; the evaluation of human–machine interface is based on the characteristics of the index weight allocation method and the multi-index weights allocation is based on the reliability coefficient of correlation based on grey-level analysis. Use HMI index weight allocation method, reliability coefficients-based grey theory of AHP correction, reliability coefficient from the perspective of the overall similarity of structure expert judgement to achieve a quantitative description of the cognitive characteristics to solve the multi-expert judgement gathering information. Case studies show that the weight distribution method is not only a clear concept, but is simple and easy to operate which reduces the influence of subjective factors on weight, so that the weight distribution becomes more clear and reasonable. The results are more scientific and reliable. Multi-level index weights based on grey relational analysis method for redistribution to the grey from the perspective of the overall analysis of the structure and type II and I judgement matrix to solve excessive number of indicators to determine the number of pairwise comparisons too many problems. Case studies show that the judgement matrix I is only simple and convenient, easy to operate and high resolution, suitable indicators when excessive weight distribution.

Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang
Chapter 50. Basic Principles of Information System UI Design

Basic principles of information system UI design are user participation, user control, interface design, information feedback, rapid system response, help system, fault tolerance and security, and interface modification. Quality of user–system interaction interface is immediately related with computer input and output, user’s operation and control, as well as the overall performance of the information system. Properly following the aforementioned principles including UIs are designed for users, user control, consistency in interface design, good information feedback, rapid system response, applicable help system, good error tolerance and security, repeated interface modification, in information system UI design, shall effectively improve user–system interaction.

Ruijie Yin, Bingjun Zhang, Meng Kang, Tao Li, Kang Chen, Yong Kang
Chapter 51. Human–Machine Interface Evaluation with Multiexpert Weighted Aggregation Methods

Cronbach given the information itself from digging out the size of the reliability of the expert, fully reflects the credibility of the information given to achieve a quantitative description of the characteristics of human cognition, human cognitive characteristics to solve the problem difficult to quantify; Meanwhile this paper Cronbach determine the index weight fully consider the human perception of gray and reduce the interference of subjective factors, the effective implementation of the multi-expert weight information gathered, to avoid the existence of the analysis of traditional AHP (analytic hierarchy process) to determine the weights of defects. Therefore, the use of indicators based on weight assignment of reliability coefficients determine the weight, weight assignment can become more clear and reasonable, the results of more scientific and reliable.

Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Wenhao Zhan, Xiaowei Yang, Qiao Wang, Fei Li
Chapter 52. An Analysis of Man–Machine Interface Design Principles of Military Hardware

This paper aims to study the principles of man–machine interface design which are expected to give significant theoretical guidance on humanized man–machine interface of the military hardware. It is an important constituent of the military hardware design and an essential aspect for improvement of service life of the military hardware. It adopts man–machine–environment system engineering theory and practical experience in combination of definition, classification and composition of man–machine interface to make this research a creative approach by integration of theory and practice. In accordance with the general requirements of humanized design, the man–machine interface design should follow man-oriented principle, safety principle, high effectiveness principle, economic efficiency principle, comfortableness principle and unity principle. Thus, the concrete design principles proposed in this paper are of great significance to 'two adaptation approaches' and the whole service life of the military hardware, and further promote the development of the military hardware.

Zhibing Pang, Honglei Li, Liang Yu, Hong He, Mingming Li
Chapter 53. Analysis and Construction of Evaluation Index Screening Methods Based on Comprehensive Multifactor Methods

Based on a review and analysis of evaluation screening methods to determine the relevance, importance, and effectiveness of indicators, evaluation screening algorithms based on a comprehensive multifactor methods were constructed using gray relational clustering, vague analysis, and gray correlation analysis. The algorithm takes multiple factors into account, not only retaining the index system of the more important indicators but also allowing each index to be independent, so that both can be used in the overall index system without redundancy. On this basis, further analysis by validation ensures that the screening results are scientific and effective, providing new methods and ideas for the screening evaluation of complex systems. In addition, gray correlation analysis can be applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the overall approach, the degree of the curve in similar geometry to reflect the size of the effectiveness indicators, and the effectiveness of the inspection conducted. Exploratory research can broaden the scope of application of gray correlation analysis.

Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Chunhui Wang, Xiaowei Yang, Fei Li
Chapter 54. Research on Display-Control Layout of Haptic Interaction Interface Based on Character Input Task

This study investigated the influence of the layout of control and display areas of the haptic interface on the performance of word/number input task. Based on QWERTY/numeric keyboards, we designed several schemes of the haptic interface, and developed the haptic interaction software. Nineteen subjects participated in the test, and finished word/number input tasks on the different haptic interfaces; we recorded their task completion time and accuracy, and subjective ratings are recording and analyzed. Results show that the input speed and accuracy of the subjects on the several haptic interfaces do not have significant difference. However, from the subject ratings, we found the subjects favor the haptic interface with the keyboards on the right side of the interface. Chinese character input method can influence task performance significantly. The current study can provide support for the development of relevant ergonomic requirement of haptic interface in the space station.

Lifen Tan, Shihua Zhou, Yu Tian, Chunhui Wang
Chapter 55. Optimization Design of Mechanical System Human–Machine Interface

The human–machine interface of mechanical system includes lots of contents such as display, manipulation, geometric position, lighting, sound, vibration, temperature, etc. It is very difficult to comprehensively study their impact on the operators. All along, the evaluation and optimization of mechanical system human–machine interface geometric position matching relation is one of the inevitable questions of designing human–machine system. This paper elaborates the research situation of mechanical system human–machine interface, and overviews the traditional mechanical system human–machine interface design, and proposes mechanical system human–machine interface optimization design methods based on evaluation and research.

Siyuan He, Chuan Wang, Xiaowei Yang, Qiao Wang, Fei Li
Chapter 56. Design and Evaluation of Human–Machine Interface of Simulation Training System

Human–machine interface is an important component of the simulation training system. First, the general principle of the human–machine interface design is briefly introduced. Based on the principles, considering the specialty of the users of simulation training system and the feature of war field application, the tactical requirement of the interface design is discussed, as well as some typical problem in the design process. Finally, the evaluation index system for the human–machine interface of simulation training system is put forward, and some advices for the uniform design of the human–machine interface are provided.

Meng Li
Chapter 57. The Man–Machine Interface Research on Manned Lunar Rover

A study of manned lunar rovers’ ergonomic design is presented. Based on summarization and characteristic analysis of NASA’s and other nations’ manned lunar rovers, design status and development trend are resulted. Lessons learned from the ergonomic design of lunar roving vehicles are discussed, when the astronauts are on the lunar EVA suit. Then we put forward Chinese manned lunar rovers’ conceptual design. By studying the fundamental configuration of man–machine interface, we carry out five conceptual design categories of man–machine interface for Chinese manned lunar rover. Finally, we list some key technical indexes related to man–machine interface of manned lunar rovers. As many ergonomists work extensively on the development of lunar rovers, we know that it will be a footstone for our manned lunar rovers to explore the moon and other planets in the near future.

Baogui Qiu, Chunhui Wang, Fan Li, Zheng Wang, Shoupeng Huang
Chapter 58. Research on Assessment of Eye Movement Sensitivity Index Through Aircraft Cockpit Man-Machine Interface Based on Eye Movement Tracking Technology

It aims at finding sensitivity index of the eye tracker in the evaluation of aircraft cabin static human-machine interface usability, and sets up the model of static eye movement test data. Method: based on the typical aircraft cockpit display interface, two groups of subjects have been set up with different difficulty, participants are required to find the corresponding position in the original image according to the given target image in the shortest time. Eye movement data of 40 participants, who take part in the tests with different degree of difficulty, has been used for paired T test; factor analysis has been done to eye movement indicators of statistical significance to T inspection results. Results are in the commonly used 25 eye movement indicators, there are 17 indexes with significant difference and

P

< 0.05. Results of factor analysis show there are five indicators with single factor contribution greater than 1; 5 indicators’ cumulative contribution rate is 87.75 %. The first main components have been extracted, namely the index directly related to performance of the eye movement, including seven factors: Fixation points, total saccade time, spent time in AOI, total fixation duration, number of fixation points before arrival AOI, duration before first fixation arrival, total saccade distance. The sensitivity indicators: Number of fixation points before arrival AOI. The second main components of the pupil-related indicators include four factors: Average pupil area, average pupil diameter, average pupil diameter in AOI, average pupil area in AOI. The sensitivity indicators: Average pupil area in AOI. The third main components of the first eye movement indicators include three factors: First saccade distance, first saccade speed, and first fixation duration. The sensitivity indicators: First saccade distance. The fourth main components of the AOI eye movement index include two factors. The fifth main components include one factor: Average fixation duration in AOI.

Yanyan Wang, Qingfeng Liu, Duanqin Xiong, Xiaozhao Guo, Yu Bai, Jian Du, Huajun Xiao

Research on the Man–Environment Relationship

Frontmatter
Chapter 59. The Protection Measure Research into the Medical Diagnostic X-ray of “Peace Ark” Hospital Ship

In order to understand the radiology injury to the working personnel and subjects it is detected the dermal dose of subjects receiving radiology diagnosis on the “Peace Ark” Hospital Ship, to statistically calculate the average dose volume and weighted dose equivalent of each X-ray diagnosis posed on the subjects, and carry out comparison analysis for the risk degree of subjects of different ages and genders. Results demonstrated, for each diagnosis, the subjects to radiology diagnosis would all have different radiology dose on skin and other corresponding organs; with the increase of age, the radiology risk degree of subjects would decrease gradually, the male subjects have different risk degree in different radiology dose and risk degree compared with female subjects in different tissues and organs. It is suggested that radiology diagnosis working personnel and subjects should be careful to apply radiology diagnosis, to justify the radiology diagnosis, at the same time, reduce the exposure, to realize the optimization of radiology protection.

Hangtao Cheng, Chuan Wang, Jianguo Zhang
Chapter 60. The Establish of Evaluation Index System for Equipment Personnel Effectiveness in High Altitude Area

The plateau environments make a great impact on soldier’s physiological, biochemical, physical, and other personnel factors, which affect the soldier’s battle effectiveness. In this paper, the soldier’s SaO2, heart rate, physical endurance explosive force are analyzed in plateau and plain area. The test plan is designed for soldier’s comprehensive ability based on ergonomics, and then the effects of plateau on the staff’s operational efficiency are studied. Finally, the index evaluation system is established; it provides the basis for the evaluation of equipment personnel changes in plateau combat.

Heping Wang, Xuegong Liu, Fang Zhang
Chapter 61. The Evaluation Standards and Methods of Human Vibration Comfort in Seated and Recumbent Position

In this paper, the evaluation standards of human vibration comfort were summarized contrastively. During the standards, the ISO 2631 (Evaluation for human exposure to whole-body vibration) was widely used to evaluate the human comfort under a vibration condition. In China, the evaluation standards were established refer to the ISO 2631 and revised by own experiment. Summing up the published standards externally and internally, the general evaluation method for human vibration comfort in seated position and recumbent position were given. The method of fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary

$$ T_{CD} $$

T

C

D

was used to evaluate human vibration comfort in seated position. The method of frequency-weighted acceleration at the buttock and head

$$ a_{xbhw} $$

a

x

b

h

w

was used to evaluate human vibration comfort in recumbent position. On the base of the standards, students were researching the new methods.

Chen Su, Deguang Duan, Fu Niu, Xudong Ren, Xiuguo Zhao
Chapter 62. The Influence Research on Operational Efficiency in Northeast Cold Regions

The purpose of this paper is to summarize and analysis the natural environment characteristics, research operational efficiency between soldier and weaponry in the northeast cold regions. The methods include find documents, questionnaires and detection equipment, in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the northeast cold regions environment impact on workers and weaponry. The results summarized that northeast cold regions environment affects “man” and “weaponry” seriously. A greater impacts on workers of physical, skills and intelligence, and a greater impacts on weaponry to mechanical wear, fuel consumption, mobility, and performance. Conclusion shows that environmental characteristics in northeast cold regions severely restrict man-machine operating performance improvement. Article’s findings will enhance the ability to provide for combat troops some theoretical support in cold regions, and have practical significance.

Honglei Li, Hualiang Xu, Zhibing Pang, He Wei, Zhengchao Li, Cheng Jin
Chapter 63. Countermeasures to Improve Operational Efficiency in Cold Regions of Northeast China

This chapter summarizes the characteristics of Northeast China’s cold regions and their impact on man–machine operational efficiency. We present operational countermeasures in the cold northeast region to enhance man–weaponry operational efficiency and increase the level of combat. The methods included a document search, questionnaires, and detecting equipment to sum up measures to improve operational efficiency in the northeast’s cold regions. The results summarize environmental effects on workers and weaponry in the northeast cold regions, and we make specific proposals for countermeasures. The chapter has three aspects: the human factor, the machine, and the man–machine combination. We propose ten concrete measures that can effectively improve the operational efficiency in the northeast cold regions. The chapter complies with the laws of human work, the cold zone environment and the army’s combat training needs.

Zhibing Pang, Haitao Zhao, He Wei, Honglei Li, Chenhui Li, Hongyan Ou
Chapter 64. Comfort Performances of Permeable Chemical Protection Clothing in Hot Temperature Environment

Two permeable chemical protective clothing sets (clothing system 1 and clothing system 2) were tested in a hot temperature environment, in order to study the influence factors of clothing comfort.

Methods:

Using the sweating guarded hotplate and thermal manikin, two methods to measure are thermal resistance (Rct) and water-vapor resistance (Ret) values of the two clothing systems.

Results:

In sweating guarded hotplate test, clothing system 1 Rct

11

is 14.51 × 10

-3

m

2

K/W and the Ret

11

is 6.87 m

2

Pa/W, clothing system 2 Rct

21

is 22.62 × 10

-3

m

2

K/W and the Ret

21

is 10.28 m

2

Pa/W; in thermal manikin test, clothing system 1 Rct

12

is 9.62 × 10

-3

m

2

K/W and the Ret

12

is 5.08 m

2

Pa/W, clothing system 2 Rct

22

is 14.21 × 10

-3

m

2

K/W and the Ret

22

is 8.36 m

2

Pa/W.

Conclusion:

The air gap is the main factor which leads to the different results between two test methods. Optimization of chemical protective clothing structural design can effectively promote the clothing heat dissipation, which has a positive effect on the comfort and safety of chemical protective clothing.

Ying Li, Xuezhi Zhang, Songtao Ding, Xiangxuan Liu, Jie Huang
Chapter 65. Analysis of Interface Pressure During Load Carriage

Objective

Load carriage often leads human to be uncomfortable, tired or even injured. Shoulder fatigue, as the most common local fatigue in load carriage, severely restricted the holding and plays physical fitness. This study aimed to investigate the pressure bearing and distribution characteristics of shoulder under load carriage and try to establish a fatigue model based on the biomechanics method.

Methods

overall average pressure, means of top 10 measuring points, peak pressure value and contacted area on shoulder of six participants are measured during treadmill tests under different rucksacks and loads (25, 29, 34, and 37 kg).

Results

The means of top 10 measuring points are found to differ significantly with the different width of the straps, the narrower strap is found to result in slightly higher readings. The differences in overall shoulder pressure, mean top 10 sensors and maximum pressure are found to be significant between different loads.

Conclusions

This method is sensitive to design differences between should straps and load weights and which produces results which agree with participants’ ratings of perceived fatigue.

Chenming Li, Yuhong Shen, Yafei Guo
Chapter 66. Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics and Fatigue on Shoulder During Load Carriage

To investigate the force bearing and distribution characteristics of shoulder under load carriage marching, and try to establish a fatigue model based on the biomechanics method, three loads (25, 29, and 34 kg) were performed on six subjects using the simulation experiment. The pressure data of shoulder, the pulling force of shoulder strap and fatigue feeling is acquired. Then a fatigue model was established by the multiple linear regression, in which the dependent variables are the values of fatigue feelings, and the independent variables are pressure, pulling force, and load.The proposed pluralistic fatigue model had a good linear fitting degree, and the simplification of model was established with the biomechanics method. It may play an important role in loaded walking mission design and the backpack ergonomic design.

Yuhong Shen, Yafei Guo, Chenming Li
Chapter 67. An Experimental Study of the Effects of Low Barometric Pressure on Human Hearing Level

The goal of this study is to explore the effects of low barometric pressure on human hearing level in aviation environment. A hypobaric chamber was used to simulate low barometric pressure condition in aviation. 7 participants were exposed to the hypobaric chamber at 5 simulated altitudes (1500, 2400, 3000, 4000, and 5000 m). 5 frequencies pure tones (50, 100, 400, 1000, and 8000 Hz) were played at each altitude. The hearing thresholds were recorded. It was found that the hearing thresholds ascended with the increasing of simulated altitude under all the frequencies pure tones. There were significant differences of the hearing thresholds between altitudes mostly (

P

< 0.05). It could be concluded that low barometric pressure had negative effects on hearing threshold significantly. The hearing level decreased with the altitude raising. This study is useful for the pressure design, sound design, and audition protecting in low barometric pressure condition.

Junmin Du, Weiyu Sun, Huajun Xiao, Wangqiang Xu
Chapter 68. Correlation Analysis Between Eye Gaze and Image Content of the Natural Scene Pictures

Study of the eye movement characteristics of humans when watching pictures can help to improve the analysis accuracy of calculation models in the visual salient region. This study selected 100 natural images from the image library and the tested eye movement data of subjects were recorded by eye trackers, features of human eyes at gaze points were analyzed when freely viewing pictures (no task instructions), emphasizing on the study of the picture’s first fixation point and second point fixation ratio which can complete characterization of picture content. Application method of eye movement data in the calculation model of visual significant area is put forward by combining with characteristics of the picture.

Yajuan Bai, Meng Yang, Yaofeng He, Yuping Luo, Guansheng Huang
Chapter 69. Research on Special Vehicle Crew Thermal Protection Equipment Cooling Effect Trial

Purpose: To supply technical support for installing and applying crew thermal protection equipment on special vehicle. Object and Methods: Analyze and evaluate the design rationality and cooling effect of crew thermal protection equipment by performance testing, crew member physiology and psychology testing and subjective sensations surveying. Results: (1) Average temperature difference (tested person of the tested group to tested person of the contrast group): chest 1.4 °C lower, left axilla nearly the same, right axilla1 3 °C lower, chest temperature of the cooling clothes 5.2 °C lower to general clothes, and back temperature 5.8 °C lower; (2) No obvious difference between tested group and contrast group before/after trial; (3) 66.7 % of tested person in cooling clothes felt very comfortable, 33.3 % felt quite comfortable; (4) Tested group(three persons) fatigue degree recognition: One person normal, two persons quite ease. Compare group (three persons) fatigue degree recognition: two person quite tired, one person normal. Conclusion: Real vehicle testing manifest: crew thermal protection equipment has a good service effect. It excellently satisfied the requirement of the high temperature of special vehicle interior under the damp heat conditions of South China. It can significantly enhance the persistent working capability.

Yaofeng He, Guansheng Huang, Haiyan Niu, Yuping luo, Yajuan Bai, Jianxing Bu, Rui Tian

Research on the Machine–Environment Relationship

Frontmatter
Chapter 70. Electronic Equipment Service Life Prediction Under the Southeast Coastal Environment

Objective

: To improve the study of life under hot and humid southeast coastal areas of high salinity conditions of electronic equipment.

Methods

: This paper analyzes the characteristics of electronic equipment, as well as the impact of high temperature, humid, and high salinity environment for electronic equipment, the use of neural network method to establish hot, humid, and high salinity environment of electronic equipment life prediction models.

Results

: The predicted life of the equipment at a specific temperature and humidity conditions of electronic equipment, and provide a basis for preventive maintenance.

Conclusion

: The method can be workable, effective solution to the problem of equipment life prediction of high temperature, and high salinity humidity conditions for electronic equipment.

Xiaoyang Li, Zuobin Yang, Zhibing Pang, Yangke Liu, He Wei, Jiang Luo
Chapter 71. Analyses on Influences of Humiture upon Ammunition Storage and Countermeasures

[Purpose]

Based on the status quo of ammunition storage in the army, this paper starts with studies on influence of humiture, to explore countermeasures of high-quality ammunition storage.

[Method]

It finds out various factors influencing ammunition storage environment, followed by an analysis of how those factors function, and points out that humiture is the primary one that leads to ammunition quality decrease.

[Result]

Through studies, it obtains a favorable humiture range for ammunition storage.

[Conclusion]

In accordance with the guiding principle of

solving key problem by grasping principal contradiction

, this paper combines the functional mechanism of the primary factor, puts forward countermeasures of humiture influences, and affords army units references to improve ammunition storage quality.

Rongzhi Yang, Zhi Li, Meng Kang, Xuming Sun, Haoran Zhu

Research on the Overall Performance of Man–Machine–Environment System

Frontmatter
Chapter 72. Evaluation on PPy-Coated Conductive Fabric for Human Motion Monitoring

The wearable human motion monitoring system benefits the prevention and treatment of some diseases. Because conductive fabric can be well integrated with the garment, it is ideal sensing elements of wearable human motion monitoring system. However, the electrical resistance of conductive fabric is lack of systematic evaluation. This paper prepared PPy (polypyrrole) conductive fabric by in situ polymerization, and the anisotropic property of the fabric resistance as well as the resistance-strain relationship were measured. And also, the relationship between the resistance and the human knee and elbow movements were discussed preliminarily.

Xiaofeng Zhang, Guohao Li, Jiyong Hu, Xudong Yang
Chapter 73. Analysis of Human Factors on Troops Training Accidents and Research on Precaution and Control Countermeasures Based on CREAM

With a strong military practice deeply advancing and the reality-based military training continuously developing safety risk of troops training is increasingly widening. How to perform safety precaution and control well in military training has been a real urgent subject. At present, research on troops training accidents mainly depends on qualitative analysis and is short of scientific guide, so it is difficult to find the root cause of accidents occurrence correctly. Applying CREAM, this essay constructs retrospective analysis mode of the root cause of human factors error in troops training accidents, performs retrospective analysis of the accidents root cause, and puts forward the strategy and idea of precaution and control in troops training accidents. It provides scientific basis and effective means based on the analysis of the 158 troops training accidents.

Peng Gong, Zhenguo Mei, Chang Mei
Chapter 74. Mechanisms and Human Factors of Military Accidents and a Prevention Strategy

Military activities are full of risks. The whole process is very comprehensive and complicated; in the process, all kinds of unsafe factors struggle with each other. In today’s world, the risks are continuously increasing, with deep contradictions and questions of safety management gradually emerging. All of these factors necessitate new and greater requirements for the management of troops’ safety management. Troop commanders must understand the mechanisms of accident occurrence, as well as the human factors of the accidents. In addition, commanders must determine and firmly enforce an appropriate prevention. Through a series of efforts, the commanders provide safety support for building a strong military and advancing troops’ safety. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms, human factors, and prevention of military accidents.

Zhenguo Mei, Jun Qi, Zaochen Liu, Chang Mei
Chapter 75. Design and Implementation of Cockpit Virtual Prototype Based on Virtools

The virtual prototype technology is a comprehensive technology and Virtools is a tool used for virtual reality, which has a user-friendly graphical interface and a powerful 3D engine. This paper introduced the characteristic advantages of virtual prototype technology and tried to build a virtual prototype of the cockpit. With the help of Virtools and multimedia technology, all modules’ functions in cockpit were demonstrated and exhibited. All the work was applied in a multi-channel virtual reality system. To build a virtual prototype, cockpit based on Virtools is helpful to improve the efficiency of scientific research and to reduce the cost and the difficulty of assess.

Xue Shi, Zhenqi Xu, Fang Xie, Qun Wang, Ruyuan Liu, Sijuan Zheng, Zhongliang Wei
Chapter 76. Extravehicle Activity (EVA) Ergonomics Research in the Space Station

Extravehicle activity (EVA) plays an important role in the construction and operation of the space station. Ergonomics research is crucial to the accomplishment of EVA tasks. This chapter discusses the common ground-based zero-gravity simulation techniques and platforms and summarizes achievements in the field. We discuss relevant research achievements worldwide, China’s existing research, and the technological status of the space station. We also analyze the baseline of the work capacity, ergonomics requirements, and evaluation methods, as well as the direction and key points of the evaluation technology research of human–extramobility unit (EMU) systems, in which way the research and development of the space station may be effectively guided.

Yulin Xu, Chunhui Wang, Li Wang, Shihua Zhou, Changhua Jiang
Chapter 77. Design of Non-commissioned Officer Cadet Management Information System

Since non-commissioned officers of all levels shall receive training before promotion, the quantity of members of non-commissioned officer college increases sharply, and various non-commissioned officer cadet information is doubled and redoubled. Traditional management is low-efficiency and poor reliable. The development of non-commissioned officer cadet management information system based on the campus network of the military academy may abstract the labor management method to automatic mode of processing on computer. The system design shall fully consider the characteristics of the military academy, carry out demand analysis and system analysis, work out the purpose of the system development and design, determine suitable system structure, and complete function division and module design of the system based on careful investigation and research.

Huili Yu
Chapter 78. Design of a Virtual Training System and Application of an Evaluation Scheme for Orientation in a Spacecraft Cabin

In manned spaceflights, weightlessness has great influence on the astronaut`s spatial orientation ability, especially in large spacecraft with complicated structures, such as space stations. Lack of gravity cues and a variety of body postures often result in astronauts’ spatial disorientation. In a mockup on the ground, astronauts are only able to conduct spatial orientation training in erect postures and cannot simulate the variety of body postures. A virtual reality training system for coping with spatial orientation training was proposed, and the training methods and courses were devised. Research on applying evaluation approaches for the virtual training system were conducted. A preliminary evaluation scheme including the relationship of human physiology, cognitive mentality, space orientation ability, and the usability of the virtual training system is presented in this chapter.

Xiuqing Zhu, Yuqing Liu, Bohe Zhou, Ming An, Xuewen Chen, Fuchao Hu, Guohua Jiang

Theory and Application Research

Frontmatter
Chapter 79. Application of Man–Machine–Environment Systems Engineering in Financial Innovation and the Transition of Central Banks

To analyze the financial innovation and the transition of central bank, the research framework of man-machine-environment system engineering (MMESE) on this field is proposed in this paper. The main conclusions are: central banks (“man”) needs to comply with the long-term trend of marketization of financial market (“environment”), to change its temporary and passive crisis aid system afterwards into active continuous innovation of monetary policy tools (“machine”), and policy transmission mechanism (“machine-environment relationship”). With breakthrough in its traditional function, the central bank can create a new “man-machine-environment system” to control financial risk and ultimately achieve its “safety, efficiency and economy” objectives.

Yinying Huang, Zhihao Hu
Chapter 80. Application Research on Man–Machine–Environment System Engineering Theory in the Development of Simulation Training System

Man-machine-environment system theory provides important theoretical guidance and practical method to develop simulation training system; it is of important realistic significance for the development of simulation training system to apply these research results. This thesis is about the application of man-machine-environment system engineering theory in the development of simulation training system, introduces the functions and roles of simulation training system, explains the guiding significance of man-machine-environment system engineering theory to the development of simulation training system, and puts forward the basic thoughts to use man-machine-environment system engineering theory research results to guide the development of simulation training system.

Junfeng Liu
Chapter 81. Software Aging Analysis Based on Man–Machine–Environment System Engineering

According to the problem that lacking of systematic analysis of software aging, and the factors people focused on are just empirical. From the man–machine–environment systems engineering perspective, a systematic analysis process for software aging factors is presented here. Through the establishment of the hardware/software environment view and the system data view of the software system, the factors that lead to software aging have been identified from the software/hardware environment and the data. One common characteristic of these factors has been concluded: they are all the function of time. We propose a corresponding software rejuvenation method as a reference for the software design and maintenance stages, which eliminates the influence of software aging factors.

Baiqiao Huang, Yuanhui Qin
Chapter 82. Application of Human–Machine–Environment System Engineering in Handle Design of Power Hand-Held Tools

The design, selection, evaluation, and use of the power hand-held tool must be combined together with the ergonomics for research. The purpose of this research is to analyze the handle design of the power hand-held tool with the principle of human-machine-environment system engineering technology, starting from the hand anatomy, to optimize the handle design of the power hand-held tool, to study the handle’s shape, angle, length, and diameter using the method of data analysis, and to enable the handle design of the power hand-held tool more scientific and rationalized.

Yifeng Du
Chapter 83. Situation Analysis of Fire Management Based on Human–Machine–Environment System Engineering Thinking

System thinking emphasizes the essence of safety and advocates people to see the thing as an organic connection and interaction of the development integration, guide people in making a general survey of the whole thing from partial, provide insight into the root cause from the surface, and understand the interaction among different elements from static analysis. On this basis, people are able to clarify the structure relationship hiding behind the things and look for a systematic approach to solve the problem. Viewing from systematic thinking mode and combining with the current situation of fire, the paper analyzes the problem existed in fire management and puts forward the development strategy.

Xiuwen Zhao
Chapter 84. Study on Technology System of Human Factors Engineering (HFE)

Objective:

to establish the technology system of HFE in the manned spaceflight and equipment manufacture of China, evaluate TRL, TAL, and TUL of key technology, and lead the innovation and development of HFE in China.

Method:

by studying the demand of HFE,analyzing the hotspot and trend and learning the successful application of HFE, the systematic and scientific model of HFE technology system was built.

Result (Conclusion):

an explicit definition of HFE technology was given, and a tree-structure model of HFE technology system was presented. The first-order leaf nodes represented three technology directions (research directions) to which seven technology themes (research themes) in the second-order leaf nodes were attached, and the third-order leaf nodes were 31 technology contents (research contents) that belong to the technology themes, and the fourth-order leaf nodes were key technologies for solving the specific problems or research methods in the technology contents. A quantitative evaluation of TRL, TAL, and TUL was given and a general evaluation of HFE technology level was also made.

Baozhi Wang, Guohua Jiang, Zhiqiang Tian, Junrong Li, Jialu Ma, Ning He, Wei Zhao, Wenhao Zhan
Chapter 85. Research Progress on Man–Machine–Environment System Design of Chinese Space Kitchen

During space flights, repast and preparation will supply chances and sites to assemble and decompress for astronauts. The repast equipment, layout, environment of kitchen, and repast procedure will have effect on astronauts’ nutrition and health. In this paper, based on the analysis of man–machine–environment system design of the foreign space kitchen, corresponding Chinese kitchen engineering restricts, the thinking of “Integrated Space Kitchen” is proposed. Integration function of storage, preparation, repast, clean and garbage management of the kitchen is realized through design of region merging and equipments integration. This makes the astronauts repast in a convenient, clean, and beautiful environment. The man–machine–environment system design of kitchen’s location, size, layout, equipment, hygiene, environment and repast procedure was also analyzed. Finally, research progresses on layout, putting style to table, minimum repast area, and local smell control in repast area were discussed.

Jie Li, Jingtao Zhu, Wei Zhao, Bin Chen, Yanbo Yu, Miao Yuan
Metadaten
Titel
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Man–Machine–Environment System Engineering
herausgegeben von
Shengzhao Long
Balbir S. Dhillon
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-48224-7
Print ISBN
978-3-662-48223-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48224-7

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