Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Building Innovations

Despite the abundance of fuel and energy resources, Azerbaijan is currently grappling with the issue of how to use them rationally. Buildings and structures spend the most part of the final energy- 45%, and heating systems utilize the most energy in buildings (21% of 45%), highlighting the enormous potential for improving the energy efficiency of buildings, particularly the heating system. Low-temperature radiant heating, or the transfer of heat energy through radiation, is efficient and energy-saving heating system. Radiant heating is a viable replacement for convection heating. The design elements of a ceiling heating system employing polypropylene heating mats are discussed in this study, a method for calculating and developing this system, as well as the benefits of application and barriers to use in Azerbaijan. Polypropylene heating mats will save nearly twice as much energy for heating buildings as standard convection heating systems. Polypropylene heating mats also have certain unique characteristics in terms of comfort, energy efficiency, and ergonomics. Further research in this direction will remove the current roadblocks.

The analysis of the moisture state of the zone of adjacency of the brick pilaster to the wall during its insulation from the inside is performed in this research. Brick pilaster is made of slotted ceramic bricks. The influence of filling the cavities of the slotted brick with cement-sand mortar on the moisture state of the adjacency zone was considered. The moisture state at the incomplete filling of the seam between the pilaster and the wall with cement-sand mortar is considered. The conditions of the beginning of the moisture condensation on the surface of the seam that is not filled with mortar are detected. The variant of a seam filling, in the case of which the condensation zone is the greatest, is revealed. The reasons for the detachment of the pilasters from the wall were identified. The influence of internal insulation on the formation of condensation and ice in the zone of adjacency of the pilaster to the wall is revealed. Methods of improving the moisture condition and eliminating the identifying shortcomings are proposed.

The results of experimental researches of compressed elements with sheet reinforcement are given. Based on the experiment, conclusions were made about the influence on the bearing capacity of the structural solution (element height, type of reinforcement), the eccentricity of the application of force. Rational methods of frames reinforcement with external reinforcement in the form of sheets allow on the one hand to increase the bearing capacity of the concrete core, creating a volume-stress state, and on the other–more profitable to use reinforcement by changing the static scheme of individual elements or structures. The main task of finding new types of steel and concrete is to achieve the highest technical and economic performance of buildings by using the advantages of each of the components. Reinforced concrete is used in various fields of construction. It is effective in compressed structures (racks, columns), when overlapping buildings and structures (slabs, beams, crossbars).

The construction of a significant number of new facilities takes place on the territories, where geological-engineering conditions are complicated by the presence of man-made soils or soils with special properties, which makes it necessary to reinforce the basement. This problem becomes particularly topical in construction of such structures as grain storage silos that transfer significant loads to the basement. One of the options for reinforcement is the installation of soil–cement elements, manufactured according to boring and mixing technology. Reinforcement of the basement in this way is quite effective due to the applicability of elements of different diameters and lengths, as well as through adequate choice of distance between them. Variation of these parameters allows to perform reinforcement almost in any geological conditions, taking into account the possibility of consolidation of the bases and foundations below the water table. However, designing and operation of the structures, standing on basements, reinforced in this way, requires intensive study of the stress–strain state of the system “foundation bed–reinforced basement”, taking into account operational features of such structures. Proper allowance must be made for different degrees of silos loading and cyclic loading and unloading. Investigative research of the deformability of such systems is possible by applying various models of soils and the finite-element method as a mathematical apparatus. When choosing a model, consideration must be given to such factors as the accuracy of behavioral model of foundation soils and the simplicity of identification of parameters, required for performing calculations. Special attention should also be given to monitoring the development of subsidence of the structures, built on the reinforced basement, taking into account the time factor for comparison with the results obtained analytically.

Since the adhesion of reinforcement to concrete is the main factor of their joint operation, and the studies of fiber-glass composite bars with concrete are obviously insufficient despite the growth in their use in road and housing construction, an analysis was conducted to compare the adhesion between metal and fiber-glass reinforcement with heavy-weight concrete by the beam method. The adhesion forces create a complex stress–strain condition in the concrete adjacent to reinforcement bars. Such condition results in distribution of stresses along the reinforcement axis, so that the longitudinal forces on the reinforcement become variable along the entire bar length. It has been experimentally proven that as the stress on the concrete beam is increasing in the areas of contact between the reinforcement and concrete, shear stresses are observed to be shifting from the starting points towards the end ones within the anchoring area; and for metal reinforcement, the shear stresses are less than for glass composite. It has been determined that the adhesion stress between glass-fiber reinforcement and concrete is significantly higher than steel reinforcement.

The purpose of the experimental research, presented in the article is to study the work, determine the load-bearing capacity and the nature of the destruction of composite fiberglass-reinforced wooden beams with OSB wall with solid belts and their comparison. The object of the research is laminated fiberglass-reinforced wooden beams of I-beam cross-section with an OSB wall and solid belts for covering buildings and structures. To achieve this goal, we have made six composite fiberglass-reinforced wooden beams of an I-shaped cross-section with an OSB wall and solid belts. The first two beams were made with single reinforcement at the top and at the bottom, the second and the third beams were made with double reinforcement at the top and at the bottom, the fifth was made with symmetrical single reinforcement and the sixth one–with symmetrical double reinforcement, so as to make it possible to study their operation under static loads. Additionally, six beams with the same parameters but of smaller size were made to compare deflections from loading with one force. To determine physical and mechanical characteristics of pinewood, 9 specimens of a rectangular parallelepiped shape for compression tests and 3 samples of beams for bending tests were made from the same wood simultaneously with the experimental beams. To determine the characteristics of the oriented strand board, 8 samples were tested for compression along and across the fibers, 12 samples were tested for bending along and across the fibers, and the dimensions of the bending samples were increased, as well as 3 samples were tested on other test rigs. Also, tensile tests were performed according to the method of tensile tests of steel reinforcement to determine the tensile strength of fiberglass reinforcement and for this purpose, we prepared 3 samples of the same reinforcement that was used for the manufacture of beams.

The development of a solid investment project for the production of new resource-saving corrugated boxes will allow potential foreign investors to really assess the risks and prospects of such a startup project. Given this, the issue of developing a project for manufacturing structural solutions for the real construction sector is relevant, and the theoretical and practical significance of this challenge is not in doubt. The purpose of the work is to develop an innovative start-up for the production of resource-saving structural solutions in construction based on European experience; to solve an important national economic problem of improving the efficiency of construction work by creating an economically justified project of light beams with a profiled wall and determining the economic feasibility of their use. Tasks of the work are to review the market conditions of existing structural solutions for light corrugated beams, which provide a number of advantages over traditional structures; to develop a step-by-step start-up for manufacturing resource-saving structural solutions using European technology on the basis of PJSC “Kharkiv plant of metal structures”. Research methods include conducting research on resource-saving structures using theoretical and analytical methods of calculation, economic justification using the AVK-5 PC.

Today, more than ever, the issue of environmental safety in general and, in particular, the protection of the environment from aggressive pollution arising from the operation and operation of engineering and communication systems. Therefore, there was a need to create environmentally friendly, as well as cost-effective technologies that meet modern requirements. As known, the question is also relevant at the present time use of alternative energy sources instead of traditional ones or their sharing. For application of geothermal waters in systems heat supply, heating, industrial technological processes and agricultural industry, its salt content must be brought to the required standards. To prevent the formation of solid, practically insoluble precipitation on the heat exchange surfaces of thermal equipment is mandatory the condition is the removal of hardness, alkalinity and sulfates. Since, these ions precipitate in the form of scale. It is for this reason that in heating systems to prevent the formation of scale is supplied softened network water. This article discusses a new technology softening of geothermal waters, which will be used as coolant. The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the processing of geothermal water with a Na-cationite filter. Softening methods are also compared geothermal waters by cocurrent and countercurrent methods. Showing advantages of using a new developed technology for processing thermal water using a two-flow-counter-current cationic filter. In the article schematic diagrams of a water treatment plant with a drainless water softening based on direct-flow and counter-flow Na-cationite filter. The developed method for the treatment of geothermal waters on two-flow countercurrent filters is a new promising direction both in the preparation of water for systems heat supply and the use of alternative energy sources.

The paper aims to elaborate engineering methods of calculating heat loss through combined roof constructions. Roof heat losses can reach up to 40% of total heat losses of a building and affect its energy efficiency class. In Ukrainian construction regulations there are no methods of roof heat loss determination which would take into account structural features. Combined roofing is a multi-layer envelope with variable thickness layers (for example, to create a slope for organized drainage system). Therefore, the total thermal resistance varies in different areas of the structure. This paper analyzes calculation of heat transfer coefficient of components with variable thickness layers according to PN-EN ISO 6946:2008 and proves the necessity of including the methods above in the Ukrainian guidelines for calculating heat transfer by transmission. The article is a continuation of the author's previous scientific research. The main papers are given in the bibliography.

The analytical model of calculation of flexural strength of composite steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) enclosed T-beams is proposed in the work. This model makes it possible to calculate the strength of the calculated sections of enclosed SRC T-beams taking into account their stress–strain state at the time of maximum bearing capacity. Comparison of experimental test data of enclosed steel-reinforced concrete T-beams and elements, which were performed by scientists of the world, with theoretical calculations of the proposed model confirmed the possibility of its use in the practice of their design. The following analytical dependencies can be used to solve two practical problems: checking the flexural strength and designing the optimal cross sections of span steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) elements in concrete casing in the form of a T-section.

The study of the composite steel and concrete grid structures is considered and updated. The structures are made of separate spatial units. The units have the shape of a pyramid, where a reinforced concrete slab is at the base, and the role of the pyramid's ribs is played by steel rods made of hollow tubes of a circular cross-section. The connection of a reinforced concrete slab and steel rods to each other is carried out during concreting the slab by putting the rods into the slab solid. Such structures were fairly well studied by the authors in early works, but still, the structures are not devoid of drawbacks. First of all, the disadvantage of the structures is the way of connecting the units into a roof structure. The units connecting are provided via bolted flange connections. As the practice of introducing such structures into the real sector of construction has shown, flange bolted joints in such structures are not the best solution. Since they are difficult to manufacture, they complicate the structure, make the structure vulnerable, and quite significantly increase the weight of the structure. In this regard, the current investigation is devoted to the study of such structures in the context of the search for a way that helps to avoid flange connections and indirectly increase the reliability of structures and reduce their weight.

The article describes the methods of reconstruction of groundwater irrigation canals, which work continuously or intermittently during the year. In Azerbaijan 50% of main canals with a total length of 2370.45 km, 82% of first-class distribution canals with a total length of 8867.2 km and 75% of second and third distribution canals with a total length of 41,985.3 km are operated in the ground canal. An average of 30–35% of the irrigation water transported through these canals is exposed to leakage losses, and therefore there is a shortage of water during the irrigation season. At the same time, as a result of global climate change in recent years, freshwater resources in the world, including Azerbaijan, are gradually declining. In the first method, to carry out reconstruction work the canal is divided into separate parts, a temporary transmission canal is laid in parallel and the main canal is covered. At the same time, the hydraulic structures on the canal are being repaired or reconstructed. In the second method, the main canal is divided into two parts by longitudinal partition boards, and the dried part of the canal is reconstructed. After the completion of this work, the second part will be reconstructed. In the third method, without compromising the operation of the canal, the bottom and slopes of the canal are covered with prefabricated reinforced concrete or asphalt concrete, as well as with the mats made of bentizol materials. In the fourth method, underwater concreting is carried out with the help of caisson chambers, it means the bottom and slopes of the canal are provided with a waterproof coating. There is also information about the advantages and disadvantages of the methods described in the article.

The pumping stations of water supply systems, which belong to the restored objects, are considered. Reliability indices for restored objects can be calculated by compiling and solving a system of differential or linear algebraic Kolmogorov equations. Such solutions are obtained by numerical methods on a computer. A method for calculating the reliability of such stations, based on the analysis of the state graph in the form of a tree, is proposed. This allows to obtain an analytical solution to the main indicators of pumping stations reliability. Thus, there is no need to compose and solve the Kolmogorov equations by numerical methods.

Calculating reinforced concrete structures based on a nonlinear deformation model, it is important to calculate the normal force and bending moment from the compression stress that occurs in concrete in cross section. An essential role in the development of a nonlinear model for calculating reinforced concrete structures at an arbitrary load level is played by the presence of an expression of the bending vector and the bending moment formed from compression stresses arising during detonation. It is accepted that the hypothesis of flat sections for a reinforced concrete section up to the moment of complete collapse is correct. Using this hypothesis and the fractional rational expression of concrete proposed by Eurocode during compression, analytical expressions were obtained for the normal force and bending moment depending on the level of deformation on the compressible section face and the height of the compressible section zone for an arbitrary load level.

On the basis of the existing building of the industrial refrigerator, owned by LLC “KHLADOPROM” in Kharkiv, a study of the causes of destruction of wall enclosing structures for a 60-year period of operation was conducted. It is established that due to the physical aging of mineral wool insulation, as well as due to its shedding, there was a violation of the heat and moisture regime of the wall enclosing structures. This led to the accumulation of moisture in the wall panels and subsequent corrosion of the working reinforcement of the panels. At opening of separate parts of panels it is established that due to corrosion the section of working armature makes 1.5–3 mm, and in separate places is destroyed completely. In combination with the passive action of the wind, this led to the removal of the thin-walled part of the panels.

The rational topology of combined steel trusses with spans of 12–30 m is offered in the work, which meets the criterion of minimum mass. It is shown that the rational calculation scheme for combined steel trusses is a scheme with inseparable upper and lower chords, and the connection of the lattice elements to them is hinged. Decreased for 30 m of combined truss, moments in the upper chord up to 28.4% compared to the truss when connected at all hinges. New methods of stress-deformed state (SDS) control in combined steel trusses are proposed. According to the results of numerical studies found that hat when adjusting the stress-deformed strain state in the combined steel truss with a span of 30 m, it is possible to reduce the moments in the extreme panels of the beam stiffness up to 13.8%. It is shown that to increase the efficiency of the estimated regulation of SDS it is rational to apply the optimal design. The practical implementation of the proposed methods of SDS regulation during construction confirmed its effectiveness.

The article considers the theoretical and experimental investigations of the pumping medium interaction processes with compensating volume of air in the single-piston mortar pump compensator as well as factors that affect the air removal kinetics from the compensator of single-piston mortar pumps. The problem of air removal from the cylindrical chamber analysis of the combined mortar pump compensator is carried out. Indicators characterizing the rate of compressed air removal from the compensator during the operation of the mortar pump are set. It is established and proved that air is removed from the cylindrical chamber depending on: pressure, productivity of mortar pump, solution temperature and intensity of exchange between pumped solution and compressed air. The allowable compressed air contact area of the compensator’s cylindrical chamber is established by installing a float at the air-solution interface.

The article presents solutions for the problems of determining the rational geometric parameters of corrugated sheets at which their minimum mass is achieved. The study concerns the sheets of the body steel rectangular silo for the storage of bulk materials. Various options for jointing the sheets with each other were considered. The dimensions of the sheet cross section are determined by four independent parameters—the corrugation height, the width of the corrugation shelves, the distance between the corrugations and the angle of tip of the walls. The thickness and length of the sheet are constant values. According to the optimality criterion set, formulas are obtained convenient for engineering use to determine the height of the corrugation and the width of its shelves, for different types of sheet mounting. The domains of applicability of these expressions for each considered case are substantiated.

The results of researches of light and colorimetric parameters LED lamps and fixtures for general lighting entering the market of Ukraine are given. Conclusions are made about high energy efficiency of products and satisfactory level of light quality.

This work includes the results of studies about the state of the secondary protection against corrosion to ensure the building metal structures’ durability. The task of preserving the qualitative and quantitative indicators under the influence of the aggressive atmosphere in industrial enterprises is being solved. Methodology. The technique of improving the efficiency of the means technology and methods of metal structures secondary protection from corrosion during the technical condition monitoring is stated. Results. The developed diagnostic procedures include statistical accounting and the corrosion state monitoring of metal structures, identifying the causes of the occurred defects and damage. The basis of prediction for service life and reaching the limit states are determined by the level of vulnerability and threats, taking into account the actual state. Scientific novelty. A procedure for servicing structures based on the actual state has been developed. The procedure for drawing up specifications of corrosion protection measures according to the criterion of corrosion hazard has been determined. It makes possible to meet the requirements for the reliability of building metal structures, to prescribe technological safety management measures during the established service life of construction objects. Practical significance. The proposed generalized indicators of the actual structures’ corrosion state determine the structure’s operability as a whole. The functional dependencies between the operability of the main and auxiliary structures are established. The relationship between the values of corrosion resistance indicators and metal structures durability are determined. Actual technical condition control consists of checking that the values of these indicators are within acceptable limits. Taking into account the degree of operating environment aggressiveness is one of the determining factors in order to ensure the secondary protection effectiveness against corrosion. This procedure is the basis for the rational specifications appointment for anti-corrosion protection systems with subsequent display in the design and technological documentation.

There have been considered the main calculations of developed horizontal cylindrical tank for wartime conditions. There have been revealed advantages and disadvantages of constructive solutions in accordance with the principles of simplicity and efficiency. There has been proposed to increase material savings through detailed calculation.

Layout of buildings should be implemented with the comfort and safety of customers’ requirements, including customers with special needs due to disabilities. In case of an emergency, the irrational layout of the building, which makes evacuation difficult, can lead to serious consequences in the form of significant damage to human’s health or death. Military events in Ukraine have shown that persons with disabilities and other members of groups with limited mobility were vulnerable in case of need for emergency evacuation to safe places during rocket attacks and fires. In addition to limited mobility, the presence of physiological changes in the health state can cause the influence on the increasing of the time of recognition of a signal about the occurrence of danger, the choice of an evacuation route, which leads to an increase of evacuation time and the risk of suffering in case of an emergency. The article analyzes the problems associated with organizing the evacuation of persons with disabilities who belong to vulnerable groups of population, a comparative analysis of layout requirements in the context of organizing the evacuation of persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups, which are required by the standards of Ukraine and the UK was carried out, and also a comparative calculation of the evacuation time of persons with disabilities. The data obtained as a result of the calculations show that they differ by more than two times, which indicates the importance of taking into account the preparatory period at calculation of the time of evacuation in order to further take this information into account at layout of the buildings with the stay of persons with disabilities.

Approximation models of the method of design resistance of reinforced concrete were considered for the calculation of normal sections of reinforced concrete bending elements with double and multirow reinforcement. It is proposed to use approximation dependences of two types—polynomial and linear. Approximation models were developed based on the method of design resistance of the reinforced concrete, which is based on generally accepted theoretically proved assumptions and hypotheses. This method is based on the use of nonlinear diagrams of concrete deformation, acception of the Bernoulli hypothesis, and the usage of the extreme criterion for determining the bearing capacity based on the nonlinear deformation model of calculation. The proposed approximation formulas can greatly simplify the calculation of reinforced concrete bending elements with double and multi-row reinforcement. They eliminate the need for the usage of tables and the performance of complex calculations with iterative methods, as is the case with most existing deformation models. The results of calculations indicate sufficient accuracy for practical calculations of the proposed methods. The authors considered the examples of determining the bearing capacity and area of working reinforcement of normal cross-sections of bending elements from reinforced concrete in double and multi-row reinforcement. The proposed methods of calculation of bending elements, made of reinforced concrete, can be widely used in design practice.

The problems arising on motor vehicles when replacing an internal combustion engine are analyzed and the need to optimize the transmission ratio is substantiated. In determining the transmission vehicle gear ratios, it is considered appropriate to use analytical research methods. The minimum and maximum gear ratios transmission vehicle BTR-70, and the gear ratio of the additional gear are determined. It is shown that when modernizing the studied vehicle with two diesel engines D245.30E2 with a 115 kW capacity, the best individual performance of traction and velocity properties are achieved by different transmissions. According to the present study, the best option is a Mercedes-Benz G 85-6/6.7 gearbox. However, the MAZ-5335 8-stepped transmission can also be recommended. The final choice of the transmission to vehicle BTR-70 needs to be carried out taking into account the fuel efficiency.

Renovation of buildings often requires the building of window and door openings in the exterior walls. The lintel over the slot is most often made of metal angles that are installed on the edges of the slot. The metal angles are connected by bandages or laths. Horizontal angle legs are connected by metal laths and are established at certain pitches. Metal structures, due to their high thermal conductivity, reduce heat transmission resistance in the place of their application. This leads to a decrease in the temperature of the slope surface on the interior side of the wall and the deterioration in the humidity conditions of this part of the wall. Condensate forms on the slope, if its temperature is below the dew point, in such cases wall material moistens, and mould and fungus form there. The article examines the influence on the slope temperature of the pitch and thickness of the metal laths connecting metal angles, the location of filling the slots with transom bars of windows and/or doors (near the inner and outer surfaces of the wall), the insulation of the slope on the outer side of the enclosure. The authors have proposed methods of avoiding moisture condensation on the slope on the inner side of the wall.

The results of long-term (over 10 years) geodetic observations of a five-section multi-storey building settlement with strip foundations on weak soils reinforced with vertical soil–cement elements are presented. Stabilization of its settlement up to 1–2 mm/year has been recorded. The results of 3D modeling by the finite element method (FEM) of the stress–strain state (SSS) of the system “building—strip foundation—soil–cement base—natural base” and 2D modeling of the FEM in the elastic–plastic soil model of the SSS system “strip foundation—soil cement base—natural base” are analyzed. By comparing simulation data, analytical calculations and field studies, it has been proved that the normative methods for predicting settlements based on the model of a linearly deformed body underestimate their actual values by half, and the accepted FEM modeling methods fairly reliably estimate the SSS of experimental systems.

The paper considers the methods of calculating overreinforced normal cross-sections of reinforced concrete bending elements. Overreinforced elements have an interesting characteristic: at the destruction point, the stress in the tension reinforcement does not reach the yield point, which determines the utilization of certain assumptions when using engineering methods for calculating such elements. In particular, in simplified engineering models, one constant value of bearing capacity is obtained when a certain percentage of reinforcement is exceeded, which can lead to certain errors in the design of such elements. The article evaluates the errors in determining the bearing capacity of overreinforced concrete bending elements using various calculation methods for different classes of concrete and reinforcement. The article considers in detail the following calculation methods: a nonlinear deformation model with an extreme criterion; a non-linear deformation model with constant boundary values of deformations of compressed concrete; a method of design resistance of reinforced concrete; engineering methods based on simplified deformation diagrams. The assessment was carried out on the basis of the design resistance of reinforced concrete under bending, which makes it possible to assess not individual elements, but a whole range of elements with the same reinforcement. The article shows the possibility of using the proposed engineering methods to calculate overreinforced normal cross-sections of reinforced concrete bending elements. below.

The article examines the current state and prospects for the development of transport and the transport system in Ukraine. The study of the state of development of transport and the transport system of Ukraine in recent years shows unstable dynamics, which is mainly related to the economic and geopolitical crisis in the country, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The level of transport service for the population of Ukraine is significantly inferior to the indicators of developed countries of the world. A necessary condition for effective development and overcoming the consequences of crisis phenomena in the transport industry, in particular those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, is the development and modernization of Ukraine’s transport infrastructure in accordance with modern technological requirements.

The article presents a rational constructive system of steel-reinforced concrete super-structures of road bridges, which can be used in the design of road and city bridges of plate-girder, cable-stayed and suspension systems. The span structure is a spatial two-component system consisting of metal perforated box-section blocks and an effective lightweight reinforced concrete slab of the roadway, put into operation using a shear bracing system. The article outlines the principles for the formation of these systems based on a new bionic-energy method for optimizing structures. It is based on two criteria that ensure that the structure is given positive qualities, such as strain energy and strain-elastic density. As a result os the operation of the method, the solution for perforated beam with variable hole spacing and their sizes that have a given stress–strain state with minimal material consumption. Also developed an algorithm for creating perforated beam with variable hole spacing and their sizes as for linear structural elements so for curved structural elements. The use of non-waste technology to create a metal perforated shell opens up new perspectives for manufacture of these structures.

The experience of arranging sites with complex engineering and geological conditions for various technological operations at oil and gas wells is given: installation of drilling equipment, well construction, repair work on it, production intensification, etc. Authors’ solutions allow minimizing: excavation work on the construction of the foundation pit; impact on the environment; cost and terms of performance of works; use of special construction equipment. It is proposed, through the use of geosynthetic materials, to strengthen a weak soil mass and create an artificial base for the installation of prefabricated slabs, which in turn act as prefabricated foundations for the corresponding technological equipment and cover the platform for the movement of equipment. After the completion of technological operations at the well, the prefabricated elements of the foundations and the geosynthetic coating of the site are removed, and with minor reclamation work, the territory is used for agriculture. The level of reliability of the proposed solutions is substantiated depending on the time of technological operations and the level of complexity of engineering-geological conditions.

The paper covers the results of research on the urbanization processes of airport territories. Ways to remove social barriers and ensure universal access to road infrastructure, recreation and local culture have been explored. The paper represents the experience of arranging visitors’ terraces as components of social and cultural space at the territory of airports. Events and places worth seeing are categorized in 5 parameters. Areas where potential visitors concentrate and attracting sights (3) are defined. Characteristic features of visitors’ terraces intended for attendance, factors (6) for evaluating the arrangement, siting (3) within the system of spatial organization of terminal cities and airports are defined. For the system of spatial organization of the international airport “Boryspil”, 3 options for arrangement of visitors’ terraces are proposed. Each of the options has its advantages and disadvantages. Suggestions are given in order to satisfy the social demand for the visual accessibility of a number of workflow operations in the airports and the environment.

The text describes the innovative learning processes of students of NU “Poltava Polytechnic named after Yuri Kondratyuk” in the specialty 191 “Architecture and urban planning”, specialization “Urban planning”. The experience of international cooperation on integrated urban development and participatory planning is described.

Talking about the traditional look of individual housing is now becoming increasingly difficult. More and more old houses are being rebuilt according to the modern system; less and less archaic houses are preserved. The ancient settlements abandoned by the inhabitants are being destroyed. Buildings are destroyed not only by weathering, but also by locals using preserved traditional buildings as ready-made building materials. That is why it is important to have time to record, survey and bring into the system all the most characteristic, original and artistically significant elements of traditional housing, created by folk architects. Approaches to the organization of individual housing are currently being standardized around the world. This is mainly due to the production of similar building, finishing and decorative materials on a large industrial scale. The same can be said about household items and furniture. In addition, the last century itself is characterized by increasing influence of industrialized countries on various aspects of life in all regions of the world. As a result, new solutions appear in the field of individual housing design. The article deals with the possibility of implementing the traditions of the subject-spatial environment of public housing in modern individual housing construction. The article will also be of interest to researchers in the fields of art history, construction, ethnology and design.

The creation of bicycle infrastructure is the settlements preparation to future progress in the field of vehicles. The investigation is devoted to individual environment-friendly means of transportation, which can be used in a street-road network of settlements. The history of settlements planning in the context of street and road infrastructure development is studied. The priorities changing in transport network planning are researched. The benefits that accrue from the use of individual environment-friendly vehicles in the areas of medicine, environment, economy and the social sphere are analyzed. The examples of individual environment friendly means of transportation, the most common of which for now is a bicycle, are presented. The examples of cities that have already implemented priorities changing in transport network planning are given. The particularities of individual environment-friendly vehicles and requirements that must be applied to the infrastructure for their comfortable and safe movement are formulated.

The work of the selection committee is the enormous amount analysis of statistical information. In the case of manual processing, errors cannot be avoided, which ultimately distort the real picture of the opening company results. The problems of informatization of the selection committee work, requires the modern information systems construction for electronic document management, are considered. The theoretical and methodological aspects of improving document management in higher education institutions are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to a detailed description and analysis of existing information systems used in the selection committee work for recruitment for engineering specialties. The creating necessity an information system that will allow the analysis of statistical information has been identified and justified. The main directions of the information system analysis are given. The selection committee activities analysis of a higher educational institution is given. The robots’ functions from the documentation implemented in the information system are presented. The requirements for the implementation of the information system in the Web application form are envisaged. The diagrams Use Case Diagram and Activity Diagram are presented on the decomposition of some activity into its component parts. The relational database scheme is given. The system provides processing applications for admission by the selection committee of a higher educational institution. The developed information system enables to generate documentation for admission on the basis of complete secondary education and on the basis of the bachelor's level. The system provides the ability to view general statistics, such as the number of applications, the average score, data on exam results, etc.

Khynalyg is a mountainous village in Azerbaijan, where a small nationality (ketsh khalkh) lives, which has its own language, culture and traditions. The array of the village, picturesquely located on a slope surrounded by the mountains of the Caucasus Range, creates the impression of a single architectural ensemble, harmoniously integrated into the harsh mountain landscape. The unique building traditions, constructive and aesthetic features of the village were formed on the basis of natural and climatic factors, features of local building materials, lifestyle and worldview of the people living here. The architectural value of the monument lies, first of all, in the integrity and organicity of the structure, the skillful use of the relief, the use of traditional, centuries-old architectural and construction techniques that correspond to the conditions of the mountainous area. In recent years, Khynalyg has faced a number of socio-economic, demographic and other problems that require measures to ensure the sustainable development of the village, preserve its unique heritage and architectural appearance. The article devoted to the historical and architectural features of the Khinalyg village provides recommendations for its protection, restoration and development as a potential tourist site, as well as a proposal to include it in the World Heritage List.

The palace of Sheki khans, an architectural monument of Azerbaijan, located on the territory of the state historical and architectural reserve “Yukhari Bash” in the town of Sheki of Azerbaijan, had been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List on July 7, 2019 at the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee. The richness and brightness of the architectural and artistic decoration, the skill of using traditional building materials and techniques against the backdrop of the magnificent picturesque nature attract the attention to the Sheki Khans’ Palace. Preservation of the Sheki Khans’ Palace, correct assessment of its significance, as well as timely work to maintain its safety is an indispensable guarantee of its existence and use. It is necessary to draw up and implement a management plan for the preservation of this monument at the present stage. The article discusses various aspects of the architectural, planning and decorative solutions of the Palace, as well as issues of preserving its features and using it today.

The issue of the effectiveness of using various geodetic methods for determining vertical displacements of the earth's surface, including the use of satellite technologies, is considered. The vertical displacements of the benchmarks located on the geodetic polygon of the Poltava Gravimetric Observatory were determined for a period corresponding to 0.5 calendar year. It has been analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of using network RTK in GNSS technologies. Measurements were made at the geodetic polygon with a GNSS receiver. The accuracy of determining normal heights in RTK mode is calculated. It was found that only 30% of measurements have high geodetic accuracy, but such errors are acceptable for topographic surveying. To compare the results, a remote satellite radar method was developed for the same period. A map of relief deformations on the geodetic polygon was obtained, which confirms the results obtained by the traditional ground method of geometric leveling. The satellite radar is effective over large areas, when a general trend of displacement can be observed. Further, having identified dangerous areas, having in the arsenal the most available technologies and means for determining deformations of the earth's surface, it is possible to obtain fairly accurate geodetic results for individual points.

The paper presents a method that allows to compare the reliability of rural settlements water-supply with a branched water-supply network. First of all, it is needed to choose the main reliability indicator. It should be noted that the range of possible reliability indicators is significant. The main reliability indicator for comparison is the readiness coefficient CR. To calculate this value, it is needed to calculate the average operating time for failure T and the average recovery time TR. The failure criterion is the situation when at least one of the water-supply network sections or well is not operational. The implementation of the method is shown by comparing the water-supply reliability of two rural settlements according to the water-supply networks and wells plans. As a result of calculations of the reliability quantitative indicators values are received. They showed that the faultlessness of water supply in the village “A” is 10.5% higher than in the village “B”. Thus, it is shown that the proposed method allows to perform a comparative analysis of any number of water-supply systems with branched networks.

The rapid development of alternative means of individual transport creates great opportunities for free movement of residents within the city, but also threatens the expansion of new types of transport to the pedestrian areas of the cities. New alternative types of individual transport and the possibility of their combination with pedestrian traffic are analyzed in the article. The main criterion for the safety of individual traffic for pedestrians is a body momentum. The principles, corresponding approaches and methods of pedestrian network formation in the city in the conditions of development of alternative types of individual transport are defined (the principle of differentiation, the principle of coherence of road infrastructure networks, the principles of conformity, concentration and succession).

The problem of maintaining and improving the quality and safety of human living conditions is now attracting the attention of researchers from all over the world. The investigation is concerned with the integral value of quality factors planning control of the territory, which are obtained with the help of the methods of mathematical statistics while processing the results of questionnaire survey of specialists of planning control field and ecological safety. The subject of the research is 13 cities of the world, which strategically have to move to the level of Smart City development by the specified time. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the assessment of the territories of cities around the world, striving to move to the category of “Smart City”, for the compliance with indicators and factors of the proposed classes of well-being with the highest indicators of quality and safety. This system is supplemented by the area of well-being 80-00 “Territory of economic activity of a human”. These 4 classes of well-being have 31 factors or indicators, according to which qualimetric tables were compiled and integrated quality coefficients were determined. The practical significance of the obtained results of the work is to study and regulate the factors that affect the quality and safety of living conditions in modern cities, in their transition to the category of “Smart City”. The compiled qualimetric tables can be used as a tool to optimize the main quality indicator–a considered integrated quality factor for any city in the practice of urban planning and environmental safety.

The system of design of agricultural buildings was considered, which involves the research of the territory and the location of agricultural buildings. The design of modern livestock cooperative buildings for the production of ecological livestock products requires the location of construction sites near the land where agro-ecological farming is carried out. It was determined that quality control over the production of organic products is possible in medium and small enterprises (including farms). Factors contributing to the production of ecological products were listed, namely the construction of industrial buildings and structures with functional zoning and compactness of placement, high-tech equipment with quality control and safety systems, prevention of pollutants and sources, systematic introduction of complex technical, technological, organizational, economic, managerial, legal and other measures in order to produce the required volumes of products of the established quality with minimal cost of material resources and minimal negative impact on the environment. It was proved that the location of industrial buildings and structures should be on environmentally friendly lands. A methodological approach was proposed for the organization of land protection in the context of reducing the degradation processes of agricultural land was proposed that is based on increasing the natural fertility of soils. A structural and logical model of land protection organization was developed to reduce the degradation processes of agricultural land that is based on increasing the natural fertility of soils. The land plot for the placement of agricultural buildings and structures must meet hygienic, animal health, engineering, construction and economic requirements.

The residential buildings courtyards of the 50s–early 80s of the previous century is the object of this scientific paper. Residential environment of this kind is predominant in the central historical districts of the majority Ukrainian cities, including Poltava, Rivne, and Kyiv. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the residential courtyards of the outlined period, to find out its current stands and to provide perspectives of their improving. The complex methodology became the basis for this study. The results of the analysis of the current state of residential yards during the study period became the starting point in the process of their modernization on the way to the humanization of the modern architectural environment. Ways to update residential yards as part of the living environment are a scientific novelty of this study. They show that reconstruction and modernization achieve positive social and economic results (both for buildings and courtyard space).

The paper analyses factors, properties, and criteria contributing to the formation and development of the territorial community based on the principles of urban agglomerations in modern conditions on the example of cities in Luhansk oblast. In the modern world, it is no longer a question of competition between countries but actually between cities–agglomerations or metropolitan cities. In fact, they have been in Ukraine, e.g., large cities of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv. Currently, Ukraine has introduced three levels of the administrative-territorial system, which distinguish the following units: community, district, region. As a part of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, 490 old districts have already been liquidated and 136 new ones have been formed. There have been created 1470 united territorial communities, which should become the basis of local self-government. A criterion analysis of the territory with adjacent settlements has been conducted from the point of view of unification into a territorial community. Priority measures for the development and improvement of the united territorial community as an urban agglomeration have been proposed. Based on the criterion analysis of ‘Severodonetsk-Lysychansk-Rubizhne’ territory with adjacent settlements, we can consider the united territorial community as an urban agglomeration, and develop it as a complex system that includes not only cities and settlements around them, but also all production facilities, resettlement of inhabitants, interaction of nature and urban population as a single entity. For such agglomerations, emphasis should be placed on spatial development, in particular on traditional distribution factors, such as transport, material, labour costs.

The problems of efficiency and reliability of the heat power engineering equipment, the productivity of using make-up water and systems for supplying and dosing chemicals are analyzed. One of the ways to improve the technological process of preparation makeup feed-water has been developed, by simultaneous dosing of several reagents to reduce the aggressive effect of water on the inner surfaces of the equipment of heat power facilities, to ensure an anti-limescale and anti-bacterial regime, which significantly reduces operating costs. The Chemical Injection Package with the reagents for various purposes is proposed fitting together with the existing water treatment scheme. As a result, this will lead to a decrease in the corrosion intensity; the internal deposits formation prevention and the destruction of the bacteria that cause ulcerative sub-sludge corrosion of pipelines and equipment. For the thermal power facilities equipment reliability and efficiency, as well as for ensuring its optimal water-chemical regime, a scheme for corrective treatment of the make-up water for heating networks was developed and implemented. It is proposed to use chemical reagents to achieve the formation of thin protective films on the surface of metals, which will prevent the aggressive effects of water. To reduce operating costs when servicing thermal power facilities and operational reliability due to the provision of an optimal water-chemical regime, a scheme for corrective treatment of the make-up energy water used in the heating networks was developed and implemented.

In the theoretical study, attention is drawn to the fact that a significant increase in the level of reliability of technical systems cannot be obtained by separate isolated measures. Solving problems combined into a system increases the efficiency of resolving individual problems. Also, this integration makes it possible to obtain qualitatively new theoretical and practical results. In the publication, mathematical modeling of the reliability of technical systems is considered as an approximation of the characteristics of their reliability by the known theoretical divisions. The article highlights some approaches to identifying the main patterns of failure of structurally complex technical systems. A geometric model of the probability of failure-free operation of a technical system for a certain period of time is proposed. The publication compares the time of the probability of failure-free functioning of technical systems with various forms of their structures. Examples of analytical description of the probability of failure-free functioning and graphical representation of some redundant structures are given. A comparative analysis of the probability of failure-free functioning of the structures of a number of technical systems among themselves and the reliability of the elements that make up the structure is carried out. The significant influence of the form of structures of technical systems on the time of their trouble-free operation is clearly shown. As a result, the possibility of predicting the period of operation of structurally complex technical systems to their failure is shown. The proposed model makes it possible to predict the reliability of the functioning of technical systems, depending on the duration of the cycle of solving functional problems.

In the theory of urban planning and architecture, the problem of forming artificial light environment of the city is in the foreground. Spectacular lighting for landmarks in many cities around the world, once dominated by lighting engineers with architects being just officials, coordinating proposed solutions, has always attracted public interest to new improvement opportunities and new environmental standards shaped by lighting. These opportunities are steadily increasing due to progress in the field of lighting technology and rising living standards. Artificial lighting that exists today in any city is an indispensable element of its life support. The problem of artificial lighting is solved in the process of designing the city and most of the objects in it, together and along with the traditional tasks of creating urban planning, architectural and design forms. With such a formulation of the matter, philosophy is enriched and the field of professional activity expands: architecture should be created not only for life in it and perception of it during the day (this is one visual state of the surrounding world), but also at night, and at the same time should look not like a simple repetition of daylight (which appears to be impossible in the exterior), but have their own peculiar imagery-emotional qualities. This should be considered a second visual state and architectural image of the urban environment.

The article explores a synergistic approach to the dynamics of balanced development of the “Noosphere—Technosphere—Road Environment” system. A generalized model that allows identifying universal patterns of self-organization and evolution of complex systems, taking into account the laws of self-organization of a system of any nature, the interaction of system components, for example, a person, a vehicle and road environment) is considered. It is possible to calculate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the “Noosphere—Technosphere—Road Environment” system, crisis processes in the natural, technogenic and social spheres with the help of this model. The analysis of the functioning of the technogenic system consistently realizing a fixed goal is carried out. At the same time, the characteristics of vehicles, the composition of traffic flows, and the psychological characteristics of drivers change during the service life of highways. The roads themselves are reconstructed, change their quality. Therefore, we propose to model not the functioning of this system, but its evolution. When the number of elements and connections between them changes the maximum entropy of the system changes as well. At the same time, the system seeks to achieve a new level of adequacy with the environment. Similar models can be obtained for each component of the system.

The given research refers to multicomponent construction economic terms as a means of cohesiveness of scientific and popular texts on construction economics. Professional texts coherence and cohesion is provided with a number of factors among which compound multicomponent construction economic terms have an important place. These terminological units are predominantly made up due to word combinations terminologization, forming in turn compound multicomponent terms. Like any professional lexis, multicomponent construction economic terms possess a special place among lexical means of cohesion connection in professional texts, being an important tool of actualization of identity, opposition, implication, particular and common, class and variety etc. Thus, one of the term’s most important features is its ability to be the key cohesion component of professional texts. Term’s cohesion function provides discursive cohesiveness of professional construction economic text organization. Discursive connectedness of cohesive lexis consists in its ability to connect terms into nominative construction.

In modern conditions, innovation is the most important tool for improving the quality and competitiveness of construction companies. The transition of the civil construction industry to a higher level of competitiveness in many countries of the world is associated with the creation of full-fledged building information modelling (BIM). The goals of building information modelling (BIM) and the related methods and technologies are overcoming the insufficiency and budget and time consuming by replacing old non-digital practices with the integrated management of design, construction, operation, and maintenance information throughout the lifecycle of a project. The object of research in this article is directly BIM as a technological innovation, its advantages and limitations in Azerbaijan.

The article discusses the current problems of the road industry, ways to solve them and directions of efficiency. The essence of the effectiveness of capital investments in road construction is revealed. It is noted that in modern conditions the effectiveness of capital investments in road construction has a high socio-economic significance. It was revealed that there are five potential effects from the development of road construction. The essence and features of each effect are revealed. A more detailed analysis of the effectiveness of the development of road construction abroad and the role of government programs for the effectiveness of capital investments. The socio-economic effect of the development of the road network, which has a two-sided character, is considered. It has been established that the transport effect characterizes direct benefits for road users.

Achieving full and productive employment in an ideal society is recognized as an independent European value and involves reducing the impact on the labor market of such phenomena as the shadow economy, undeclared work, informal employment and more. These phenomena not only limit the state's ability to pursue modern social policies in the fields of education, health care, skills development, employment, social protection, pensions, they contribute to the creation and existence of unfair competition against those businesses that are fully ensure the fulfillment of obligations regarding the payment of taxes, labor protection and social security of employees. Therefore, the International Labor Organization and the world community draw attention to the problems of the informal economy and undeclared work, which today are one of the most powerful obstacles for countries to ensure decent work and higher growth rates. Thus, the problem of informal employment is one of the obstacles for Ukraine in ensuring decent work of citizens, improving the quality of life and growth in the global labor market. The coronavirus pandemic crisis (COVID-19) has once again increased the vulnerability of the informal and informal livelihoods and is a reminder of the crucial need to make the transition from informal to formal employment a priority national policy.

The growing demand for the construction of high-rise monolithic reinforced concrete buildings has made it relevant to study its competitiveness. The search for methods to improve the competitiveness of construction products is based on the analysis of both economic and technical problems. The most important technical indicator of competitiveness is the quality of construction products. If we consistently consider these indicators of the competitiveness of construction products, we will determine the impact on them of organizational and technological solutions of construction processes used in the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings. The main principle of improving the quality of construction products is the effective managing of all factors that affect the construction process in the production process. The article analyzes the issues that determine the degree of influence of organizational and technological factors on the quality of the construction product in the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings.

The present article deals with the problem of diversity of definitions, interpretations and approaches to the notion of the term “city” in urban planning, economics, sociology, linguistics, philosophy, etc. The concept “city” is clarified for a holistic consideration of the term in related sciences, as the “city” is inherently multifaceted. Comparative analysis of definitions and classifications of the concept “city” as a multifaceted phenomenon that gives prospects for the development of the city and urban planning in general is given. The classification of Ukrainian cities and features of different approaches to the definition applied in urbanistics are investigated in the scientific paper. The most common criteria of “city” definition such as administrative/legal aspects; economic links; customary/historical background are given. The existence of an “urban center” as a spatial concept based on a matrix of high population density cells and the stages of affiliation of a settlement to a city that takes place in several stages are determined.

The article highlights modern approaches to the notion of digitalization. Also, the need to study the impact of digitalization on the transformation of the business environment and business security was substantiated. Economic Digital-transformations of the country contribute to the formation of the enterprises business model, as well as affect its infrastructure. The modern features of Digital-technologies introduction into the activity of the enterprises which occur under the influence of three main drivers such as: change of inquiries of users, development of innovative technologies, strengthening of a competition are investigated. The requirements for the formation of information and analytical support security system during the Digital transformation of the economy is substantiated. The information and analytical system of business security should provide protection against threats, risks and dangers associated with competition and changing market requirements, taking into account the adaptation of doing business online. An analysis of the availability and reliability of information sources, the availability of software for various calculations, determination of final results and their analytical processing, changes in strategic business positions (online business positioning; IT tools for sales promotion, etc.) were carried out.

The problems of the scientific style and its substyles, in particular their influence on the perception of the recipient have been investigated. The issues of regulativity of scientific and technical texts on architecture and construction have been researched. Scientific styles have been classified by reconciling the unity of the communicative task extra-linguistic motivation and linguistic implementation criteria. The correct perception of scientific and technical texts is ensured by the category of regulation. The influence on the recipient of the texts under consideration has been determined which gives scientific and technical information and provides its content adequate understanding. Obtained data enable to understand scientific and technical texts on architecture and construction more adequate.

This paper presents the main factors influencing quality of human resources. High-tech affects practical aspects of the functioning of society and organization, including the selection process. The company's priority tasks are formation of a professional and competent team, hiring, recruiting, and finding the appropriate personnel. Digital-economy executes entirely new necessities for training and competence. Digital transformation is an indispensable condition for maintaining the competitiveness of construction organizations in the modern conditions of the digital economy. In this article, digital transformation of construction organizations and condition of national education system in terms of digital economy have been evaluated comprehensively.

Activity indicators of construction enterprises of Ukraine for 2010–2021 are analyzed. Development trends in construction industry of Ukraine during this period are identified. Reasons for negative dynamics of indicators are determined. A number of problems that hinder the development of construction industry in Ukraine are defined. Further prospects for development of construction industry are clarified. Peculiarities of economic security system formation of construction industry taking into account the state-regulatory, technological, managerial, financial aspects are considered. A conceptual model of economic security of the construction industry is proposed, which consists of three groups of measures: information-analytical, regulatory, control.

The article explores approaches of building an effective risk management system, which is important for both the economy business sector and the banking system. The dynamics of changes in the business environment creates a high probability of not receiving support or reducing the market value of the bank's capital. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the potential possibility of obtaining additional profit in the implementation of financial risks accepted for the bank. The changing influence of external or internal factors on entrepreneurial activity determines the potential ability of a business to obtain credit resources for development. It is proposed to use the formation of the bank’s optimal loan portfolio in terms of positioners’ insolvency risk to apply the classical portfolio theory and take into account the correlation coefficients between them. The formation model of the bank optimal credit portfolio for the criteria of expected income is used. The study results allow us to assess the bank lending risks, taking into account the future possibility of the borrower insolvency.

The article deals with scientific approaches to understanding the concept of “efficiency” of an organization, in particular from a management point of view. The main problems that prevent the successful evaluation of the effectiveness of modern construction company management are highlighted. Authors proposed a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of management activities that can be implemented in modern Ukrainian construction company. It is shown that although the problem of performance evaluation has been studied in various Ukrainian studies, the scientific results do not have certain instructions that could be implemented in the practical directions of today. The set of partial financial and non-financial indicators, which should be measured, is generalized to form strong prerequisites for an objective and independent evaluation of the activities of construction company executives. The performance evaluation of the management subsystem includes the effectiveness assessment of management personnel, the effectiveness of management technology, the effectiveness of management organizational structure of. Among the indicators for assessing the effectiveness of management as an integrated set of management and managed subsystems are indicators: the effectiveness of organizational culture, the effectiveness of managing operational activities, personnel, financial activities, marketing, investment and innovation activities. It is proved that financial indicators are the overwhelmingly significant part of the performance evaluation indicators of modern construction company. Non-financial indicators receive less attention even at the theoretical level, although they remain an integral part of a comprehensive management assessment. Among the reasons for the unpopularity of non-financial indicators, the authors identified: the lack of quantitative non-financial indicators of a uniform dimension; the blurry and uncertainty of information support, sources for calculating non-financial indicators; complexity of obtaining initial data; failure to fulfil part of the non-financial indicators of the criterion function, which leads to ambiguity in the interpretation and evaluation of the results. The value of non-financial indicators is seen not only in supplementing the financial in creating a more objective picture, but also in exposing the root causes of obtaining the ultimate construction company financial results.

Despite their importance Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Azerbaijan and in other developed and developing countries suffer from limited access to financing due to high costs of small-scale lending, information asymmetry, high risks attributed to SMEs and collateral requirements. Thus, the lack of SME access to finance is to the large extent the consequence of weaknesses in enabling environment for finance. Shortfall in enabling environment becomes major constraint for economic growth and diversification and/or causes regionally-unbalanced growth. These deficiencies motivate government to make policy interventions toward SME financing expansion. Largely interventions come in form of credit guarantee schemes (CGS), direct lending facilities and lending by state-owned financial institutions. In turn, partial credit guarantee schemes are considered as most market friendly intervention type. There are also notable examples when countries like South Korea employed PCG as countercyclical policy tool to face difficulties came from economic downturn. The diverse and resilient SME sector is the center piece of the Azerbaijan government’s strategic agenda to diversify the economy away from oil. Credit Guarantee Schemes were introduced in Azerbaijan as a measure of Government to make financing accessible for SMEs and to reduce effect of negative impact of two recent major events: the drop in worldwide oil prices and COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this paper is to review characteristics of Credit Guarantee Schemes and assess preliminary outcomes of Partial Credit Guarantee mechanism implementation in Azerbaijan.

In the article analyzes the problems that arise in the central heat supply systems of large cities. The main difficulty lies in the fact that the heat supply systems are characterized by incomplete and inaccurate initial and operational data. To describe the behavior of the mode of consumption of thermal energy in modern buildings at various levels of generalization, it is proposed to use an algebraic approach. A technique for controlling the heat consumption for centralized heat supply is proposed.

The article highlights the need to monitor factors, risks and threats to financial security at different levels of the social hierarchy. The tools are examined for identifying threats to financial and socio-economic security. The study generalizes international experience of monitoring the financial security of the state and business in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic. Threats to Ukraine's financial security have been identified with the help of modern approaches adapted to the conditions of the pandemic. Reserves of digitalization of business are investigated. The identification of risks and threats to social security of Ukraine by its components has been carried out. The article analyzes the impact of the pandemic on rising unemployment. The number of households in crisis conditions caused by the pandemic and quarantine measures is estimated as an indicator of socio-economic security. The impact of the pandemic on financial and social security is summarized at different levels of the social hierarchy. It is proved that updating the list of indicators and qualitative enrichment of the analytical system of threat identification with dynamic indicators of digitalization of the economy will enable identifying additional threats to financial security at different levels of the social hierarchy. Additional risks for the national financial system related to globalization and digitalization of the state financial system are identified, which are not taken into account by the current methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine. Additional risks for the national social system connected with intrastate machinery, social and political changes are identified, which are not taken into account by the current methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine. It is proved that due to the slow implementation of reforms in the social and economic spheres of security activities, the existing socio-economic security system turned out to be vulnerable to an intense crisis event, i.e. the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to a number of threats.

Digitalization describes the growing application of information and communication technology across the economy, leading to increasing volumes of data, rapid progress in advanced analytics, and greater connectivity between humans, devices and machines. In addition to the positive effect that information technology has on the economy, it should be noted the presence of a negative effect. The dual nature of this impact also applies to the energy efficiency of digital technologies. The authors investigate the impact of digital economy deals with energy efficient, the major ways in which information and communication technology can be expected to affect CO2 emissions are defined in the article. The article identifies the main elements that interact with each other and in general determine the energy efficiency of information technology. Such components include–users, networks, data centers. It is established that the influence of these components must be taken into account in various processes–production, use, disposal. The authors also identified the effects of the digital economy on energy efficiency–direct effects, indirect effects, rebound effect.

The article highlights the problem of business information security under digitalization processes spreading, which, being a driver of all the sectors of economy development, at the same time have led to destructive phenomena, namely information wars, information terrorism, large-scale cyber-attacks. Negative impact of the latter, which is seen in huge financial losses, raises the issue of business information security. It is proved that ensuring timely identification of potential and real threats to business information security is necessary in order to minimize and prevent the causes of their manifestation, to develop a set of preventive measures. An information security system is suggested, which is based on a clear algorithm of defined procedures that will ensure reliability, confidentiality, integrity and availability of information resources of the entity, as well as neutralize potential and minimize real risks and threats to the company's information environment, including cyberspace. A number of preventive work approaches to minimize risks to business information security are defined, based on general rules of information security and provide implementation of high-tech strategies for digital protection against cyber threats. The main modern methods of counteracting threats and cyber threats are identified, which allow businesses to identify the possible number of threats, analyze losses, including financial ones, from attacks made, as well as implement preventive measures to minimize risks. Based on the analysis of the annual global financial losses from cyber-attacks and the dynamics of financial investments in cyber security, the need to implement an information security system for each business entity has been proven.

The essence of inclusive development of the construction industry in Ukraine in modern conditions is considered. It has been established that the principle of inclusiveness and barrier-freeness is the most relevant vector for the development of the construction economy both in the countries of the European Union and Ukraine in particular. It is this vector that is a step towards ensuring the realization of all the rights of a modern person, which gives him the opportunity for a high-quality and fulfilling life. Today, the problem of overcoming social inequality of all segments of the population, obtaining access to social housing, which will usually lead to certain economic benefits, is being solved. To solve such problems, there is a need to develop a model of inclusive development. The analysis of the components of inclusive development made it possible to form such a model. Methodological approaches to assessing the level of inclusive development are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages are identified. The analysis of the level of inclusive development of Ukraine according to the WEF method is carried out. It is substantiated that the achievement of the inclusive development index directly depends on the Home and Financial Asset Ownership. The conditions and proposals for increasing the level of inclusive development of Ukraine in different scenarios are analyzed.

The article highlights the problem of information security of the national economy in cyberspace in a hybrid war. Modern cyber technologies create completely new dimensions for information warfare, affecting all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the article is devoted to effective methods of data processing and monitoring of the economic network in order to understand the principles of their use and prevent hacking. It’s justified that the use of computer data processing systems based on machine arithmetic is an effective tool for protecting economic data from cyber attacks, as existing threats are not adapted to non-positional code structures. Based on the use of the properties of non-positional machine arithmetic, significant advantages are given, namely for the processing of large arrays of economic data, compared to the binary positional number system. The possibility of creating a mechanism for effective monitoring and response to information security threats to the national economy by creating an intrusion detection system based on network sensors is considered. Examples of monitoring and different scenarios of blocking attacks by network sensors are given.

Emphasis is placed on the unique historical phenomenon of the formation of Latin American culture as an organic synthesis of European, Indian and African cultures with the complex application of commemorative practices in art genres. The complex of scientific approaches to the disclosure of the content and essence of the concept of “historical memory” in the European scientific discourse is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the diversity of views of researchers in studying the features of socio-political processes of formation of individual and collective historical consciousness of man, society, society. A general description of the role and place of Latin American architecture in the world cultural and historical process is given. Peculiarities of formation, functioning and transformation of commemorative practices using the information potential of architectural monuments on the example of architecture tendencies development analysis of Latin America at the colonial period are considered. Peculiarities of application of dominant architectural styles in the process of urban planning as a reflection of the pan—European vector of art development are revealed. The dominant architectural forms, tendencies of architectural construction of different regions of Latin America and the influence of national practices of commemoration of the colonizing states on the formation of urban infrastructure are characterized. The role of cultures of the indigenous population of the Latin American cultural region in the formation of unique architectural schools in Latin America is indicated.

The article is dedicated to the issues related to the need of rebuilding the national economy of Ukraine. An analysis of the national economy destruction caused by Russian aggressor is conducted. A comparative analysis of Ukraine’s reconstruction of after the Second World War is conducted, with attention focused on unfair and ineffective policy of the USSR Central Government in relation to the Ukrainian Republic. The current state of destruction caused by Russian aggressor is generalized and the emphasis is made on the constant growth of the scale of destruction caused by rocket attacks on the civilian population and infrastructure by Russian fascists. Both foreign and Ukrainian experts are of the opinion that the Marshall Plan 2 should be developed to rebuild Ukraine's national economy. The authors support the idea and believe that it will be extremely difficult for Ukraine to rebuild without the support of strong countries of the world. President Volodymyr Zelenskyi and his team are developing a reconstruction strategy that should cover all the economy sectors and social sphere. The authors of the article are of the opinion that reconstruction should be carried out in all sectors of the economy with the focus on construction. This is due to the social and economic significance of the industry development since many citizens were left homeless, hospitals, educational institutions and industrial enterprises are destroyed. Foreign experience of fast construction is being considered. Since construction is a rather costly industry, significant funds will be needed for the rapid restoration of Ukraine's social and industrial infrastructure, and sources of investment in rebuilding Ukraine's national economy are being considered. Today a new world paradigm of human coexistence is emerging, and it is Ukraine that unites progressive humanity in the fight against the new fascism, Russian dictatorship and aggression. The extent to which the world is ready to support Ukraine in its quest to striving to rebuild and restore its economy will prove the viability of this paradigm.

In the article, the role of forecasting sales volume in construction companies, methods of forecasting annual sales volume, and the functioning of production program are studied. The author explained the importance of forecasting in the effective use of the potential of firms in the future, commented on the need to differentiate the stages in the preparation of forecasts. Methods of forecasting annual sales were analyzed. According to the author, interpolation and extrapolation of dynamic series give more accurate results when performed on the basis of analytical method development of the series. In the article, based on the information on the sales volume of the construction company in 2001–2017, the author gives an extrapolation of the dynamics series by analytical method, and gives a forecast for the sales volume of the construction company for 2022.

The article dwells on the study of the etymology of certain groups of words in the building industry and economics, presents reconstruction as the main research stage of the history of the word, analyzes the ways and methods of describing its internal form. There has been found out as a result of the research that the method of reconstruction of the term enables not only to identify its origin, but also to clarify the internal form of the word, which provides for a better understanding of its semantics. According to the results of the study, there is reason to believe that the terminology of the building industry began to take shape much earlier, and it motivates the idea that the profession of a builder is one of the oldest ones. Economic terminology, even though it emerged much later, is a large and extremely important layer of the Ukrainian language vocabulary. Terminological systems of both spheres (building and economic) have many borrowings from Latin, German, French, Italian, English, which, in turn, confirms cross-cultural communication of the native speakers. In the process of functioning of the terms, there occasionally occurred some semantic shifts, which is explained by the derivational processes that take place in the language.

The article proposes the author's method of “analysis of the acceleration of absolute growth” to analyze the dynamics of exports of high-tech products in the world as a tool of government regulation in this area. The methodology reveals the economic content of the main types of ratios of acceleration and absolute growth of high-tech exports and allows to identify 4 groups of countries in order to develop recommendations for the development of high technology. It can be considered that the best situation is not the constant growth of the indicator, but its growth to a certain critical value and further support at the achieved level. The analysis of high-tech exports to the countries of the world for 2007–2020 is carried out and the growth rate of high-tech exports is interpreted and the countries are ranked according to the rate of export growth in order to assess the prospects of overall economic growth in the country. The sample includes countries whose total exports of high-tech products are about 95% of the world as of 2020 (26 countries), as well as Ukraine and its neighboring countries. It is established that in the long run in the vast majority of the studied countries there are processes of increasing high-tech exports compared to 2007, but with a slowing trend. Volume increases are taking place in Asia, and the opposite trend is in most Western Europe, the United States and Japan. The share of high-tech exports of Ukraine in the world is less than 0.1% and has catastrophic trends. This requires the Government of Ukraine to reconsider its development strategy on the priorities of resuming its own knowledge-intensive production, development of science and technology.

The article sets out the results of theoretical research on the improvement of heat-protective properties of the node, supporting tubular steel trusses on a metal tubular column, located in the center of the room. The authors of the article used in their studies an existing node, which was used in the auxiliary premises module of Poltava City School № 24. Theoretical research on the existing variant of heat insulation of the nod has been performed in the scientific study. The article states the temperature value on the outer surface of the steel column in the place of its adjoining to the ceiling, which at the design temperature of the outside air proved to be less than the temperature of condensate formation (dew point). The article offers the improved version of the insulation of the node, which provides for the location of heat insulating material in the middle of the column. This method allows to raise the temperature at the point where the column adjoins the ceiling above the dew point. The optimal location of the insulation and its thickness have been defined in this article.