Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of EURO ASIA Civil Engineering Forum - Volume 1

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete in Bridge Construction: A Sustainability Perspective Through Two Case Studies

   Hui-Teng Ng, Yen Lei Voo, Jhen Shen Tan

   Abstract

   This paper introduces an indicator, termed Concrete Structure Environmental Performance Potential (CSEPP), to evaluate the sustainability of concrete structural-level products, with a particular focus on bridge applications made using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). The CSEPP is applied to two new case studies: (i) SPE Expressway Composite Bridge (UHPC U-girders versus high-strength concrete (HSC) I-girders), and (ii) RTS Railway Composite Bridge (UHPC U-girders versus high-performance normal strength concrete (HP-NSC) box girder). In the first scenario, the UHPC solution achieves reductions in embodied energy (EE), embodied carbon (EC), and 100-year global warming potential (GWP₁₀₀) by 5.7%, 10.3%, and 10.2%, respectively, with an improvement of 26% CSEPP. In the second case, the UHPC design leads to respective reductions of 10.2% (EE), 11.4% (EC), and 11.5% (GWP₁₀₀), with an improvement of 29% CSEPP. These results demonstrate that UHPC bridges outperform conventional concrete alternatives in terms of sustainability indicators.

3. First Anchor Channel Qualified for Three-Dimensional Fatigue Actions in Tension and Shear

   Christoph Mahrenholtz, Thilo Fröhlich

   Abstract

   Channel bolts installed in anchor channels are a common fastening system for attaching elevator guide rails for cars and counterweights to the reinforced concrete structure. Due to the constant movement of elevators, these connections require fatigue design. While the fatigue qualification of anchor channels loaded in tension has been well established for decades, the fatigue qualification of anchor channels loaded in shear has only recently been possible. The first-ever anchor channel products were tested under dynamic loads in all directions to investigate their fatigue performance. A gap filler kit was used to eliminate the gap between the fixture and the shaft of the channel bolt and between the head of the channel bolt and the anchor channel required for fatigue actions. Following the introduction of anchor channels, some background information is provided, particularly about the fatigue design and qualification. A series of tests carried out under dynamic tension, transverse shear, and longitudinal shear loading are presented. The tests demonstrated the suitability of the system for fatigue design, providing the first anchor channels with tensile and shear fatigue qualification, allowing the design for three-dimensional fatigue actions.

4. Properties of Sustainable Foamed Concrete: Enhancing Sound and Water Absorption with Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Rice Husk Ash

   Norhaida Mohamed, Nor Azian Aziz, Zamri Hashim

   Abstract

   Foamed concrete (FC) is a lightweight, sustainable material with applications in construction, valued for its thermal insulation and acoustic properties. However, its reliance on Portland cement raises environmental concerns, while its porosity increases water absorption, limiting durability. This study addresses these challenges by incorporating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and rice husk ash (RHA) into FC formulations. RCA repurposes demolition waste but increases porosity, while RHA, a silica-rich by-product, enhances matrix densification through pozzolanic reactions. Existing research lacks insights into the combined effects of RCA and RHA on FC’s water and sound absorption properties. The study aims to optimize RCA and RHA proportions to enhance FC’s environmental and functional performance. Experiments involved preparing FC samples with varying RCA (10%–50%) and constant RHA (5%) proportions, followed by tests for water absorption and sound absorption coefficients. Results show RHA significantly reduces water absorption, with the lowest rate of 9.8% achieved at 10% RCA. Acoustic tests reveal that mid-to-high frequencies benefit from higher RCA-RHA mixes, while Mix 1 (10% RCA, 5% RHA) is ideal for applications requiring low water absorption and sound reflection, such as residential walls. In conclusion, the tailored use of RCA and RHA enhances FC’s durability and acoustic functionality, demonstrating a sustainable solution for eco-conscious construction. These findings contribute to advancing FC technologies by balancing eco-friendliness, performance, and material efficiency.

5. Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Artificial Aggregate Blended with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash

   P. Pratika Riris, Raudhah Binti Ahmadi, Rezaur Rahman, M. Abdul Mannan, M. Ardiansyah Sidiq, Harianto Hardjasaputra

   Abstract

   In response to the severe environmental consequences of traditional aggregate mining, such as land subsidence, land damage, and contributions to climate change, this research explores a sustainable solution. The study focused on developing and testing artificial aggregates made from industrial by-products, aiming to reduce the construction industry's reliance on destructive mining. The primary material was fly ash, with varying amounts of rice husk ash used as a substitute to evaluate the effects on both specific gravity and strength. The manufacturing process centered on a geopolymer reaction, using an alkali activator solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to bind the silica and alumina present in the ashes. A specific silica-to-alumina (SiO2/Al2O3) ratio of 2.6–3.6 was maintained. After forming the mixture into pellets, the aggregates were subjected to two distinct curing regimens for hardening: a rapid, high-temperature treatment at 600 ℃ for four hours, and a long-term cure over 28 days at ambient temperature. The results of strength testing conclusively validated the approach. The primary finding was that incorporating rice husk ash significantly enhanced the aggregate’s durability. An optimal mixture was identified where a 5% substitution of fly ash with rice husk ash yielded the strongest final product. This successful outcome confirms the viability of using these industrial wastes as high-quality construction materials, presenting a promising pathway toward a more sustainable building industry.

6. Mechanical Properties of Cellular Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Polypropylene Fiber

   Reni Suryanita, Harnedi Maizir, Dewi Padila Ali, M. G. Intan Monica

   Abstract

   Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) offers significant advantages for sustainable construction, including reduced structural weight and improved energy efficiency, yet maintaining adequate mechanical performance remains challenging. This study investigates the combined effects of fly ash (FA) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) on the mechanical properties of lightweight mortar as a CLC analogue. Nine mix variations were prepared with FA substitutions of 0%, 10%, and 15% and PPF contents of 0%, 1%, and 5% by cement weight. Compressive strength and elastic modulus were measured at curing ages of 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The optimal mixture, which included 10% fly ash (FA) and 5% polypropylene fibers (PPF), exhibited the highest compressive strength, reaching 1.116 MPa at 28 days and 1.130 MPa at 56 days—corresponding to increases of 31.6% and 32.6% over the control mixture (0.848 and 0.852 MPa, respectively). The elastic modulus of this mixture increased to 134.9 MPa, substantially higher than that of the control (56.25 MPa), indicating enhanced stiffness and resistance to deformation. These improvements result from the pozzolanic activity of FA, which refines the pore structure and promotes calcium silicate hydrate formation, and from the microcrack-inhibiting action of PPF. Other mix variations failed to meet the minimum target compressive strength of 1 MPa, likely due to non-uniform mixing or suboptimal curing. The results demonstrate that the strategic combination of FA and PPF effectively improves the mechanical performance of lightweight concrete, offering valuable insights for the design of sustainable, high performance construction materials.

7. Optimization of Mechanical Properties in Lightweight Mortar Using Palm Oil Waste

   Harnedi Maizir, Randhi Saily, Puspa Ningrum, Raihan Arditama Harnedi

   Abstract

   The use of mortar in construction is widely attributed to its strength and durability. It is traditionally achieved through a mixture of cement, water, and fine aggregates. Increasing environmental concerns, however, have spurred research into improving the properties of mortar while reducing its ecological impact. Riau Province, with its vast oil palm plantations, produces a large amount of oil palm waste, which causes environmental pollution. At the same time, cement production as the main binder in mortar is a major contributor to air pollution and CO2 emissions. This research addresses this problem by exploring the potential of palm oil waste as an additive to replace cement in the production of lightweight mortar. The study investigated the mechanical properties of the mortar, specifically compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and as a novelty of the study added microstructure testing. Palm oil waste was incorporated in varying proportions of 2.5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, and 17.5% by weight of cement, and the samples were molded on 10 cm cubes. The results of the research for compressive strength testing, showed that the test specimens at the age of 28 days with a variation of 12.5% palm oil waste, produced an optimal compressive strength of 1.32 MPa. There was an increase of 55% compared to the specimens with 0% variation. This research represents the feasibility of reusing palm oil waste to improve mortar performance while addressing the environmental challenges posed by the industry. The resulting modulus of elasticity was 1,402 MPa. SEM test results showed that the mortar structure did not have large voids. XRF testing resulted in the palm oil waste mixture including class F and class C classifications in accordance with the requirements of ASTM C 618 in 2019. XRD results show at position [°2 theta] 26.705° with an enumeration value of 5.470.

8. Fatigue Behavior of Anchor Channels in Case of Concrete Edge Failure

   Thilo Fröhlich, Stefan Castridis, Christoph Mahrenholtz

   Abstract

   Anchor channels provide an efficient and economical solution for the connection between steel and concrete components. The recent trend towards resource-saving and filigree constructions requires that these connections have to be realized increasingly in concrete structures with a small edge distance. In addition, the application is not only limited to static or quasi-static loads, but they are also used for anchorages, where high-cyclic actions are of interest to prevent fatigue failure. Experimental investigations were performed on cast-in anchor channels located close to the edge to study their fatigue behavior under shear load towards the edge associated with concrete edge failure. The test program included static tests and fatigue tests in the pulsating range under shear load perpendicular to the channel axis and shear loads in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel. Serrated anchor channels in combination with serrated channel bolts including a gap filler set were chosen to ensure adequate load transfer within the channel profile. The findings of the experiments are presented in this paper. Based on the test results, a reduction factor for the fatigue resistance against concrete edge failure in both load directions is determined and compared with the current state knowledge.

9. Analytical Study on Seismic Performance of the Andalas University Earthquake-Resistant House (RAG UNAND) Using Ferrocement Layer Reinforcement for Subsidized Housing in Indonesia

   Fauzan, Abdul Hakam, Febrin Anas Ismail, Werry Darta Taifur, Muhammad Arisman, Julita Andrini Repadi

   Abstract

   Subsidized housing is a government program intended to provide homes for low-income communities (MBR). However, many units are perceived as less attractive due to high prices and structural deficiencies that often fail to meet building standards, posing risks in earthquake-prone areas. Innovation is therefore needed to deliver affordable housing that ensures adequate seismic safety. One proposed solution is the Rumah Aman Gempa Universitas Andalas (RAG UNAND), or the Andalas University Earthquake-Resistant House, which applies ferrocement layer reinforcement as an alternative to the conventional reinforced concrete structural framing system. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a type-36 RAG UNAND model using ETABS V.22 numerical simulations. The structure was subjected to time history analyses of three major earthquake records: South America 2010 (Mw 8.81) and Japan 2011 (Mw 9.12) recorded at stations 41209 and Chiba. The main construction materials were hollow concrete blocks (fc’ = 2.5 MPa), cement mortar (fc’ = 9.9 MPa), and wire mesh (fy = 275 MPa). Seismic loads were derived from the Indonesian earthquake hazard map and adjusted through response spectra. Results show that the maximum tensile stress on the walls for all earthquake scenarios remained below the allowable tensile strength of the hollow brick wall (0.26 MPa), with peak values of 0.25 MPa (CSCH Station, South America) and 0.20 MPa (Japan, 41209 and Chiba). These findings demonstrate that ferrocement reinforcement effectively enhances wall integrity and reduces stress concentrations, making the RAG UNAND design a safe and feasible option for earthquake-resistant subsidized housing in Indonesia.

10. Effect of Location and Thickness of Cantilever Shear Walls with Boundary Element in Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Reinforced Concrete Multi-story Buildings

    Grisella Audria Gunawan, Junaedi Utomo, Ade Lisantono

    Abstract

    Reinforced concrete multi-story buildings are subjected to lateral forces that cause overturning moments. Irregular or asymmetrical structures are subjected to significant axial and lateral forces, which generate moments that can lead to building failure. This failure can be prevented by using shear walls that provide sufficient stiffness and strength. Shear walls can be designed with or without boundary elements. Based on this problem, this study aims to determine the effect of the location and variation of shear wall thickness with boundary elements in symmetrical and asymmetrical reinforced concrete multi-story buildings. The analysis was conducted on a 7-story building using Response Spectrum Analysis. The structure was analyzed using SeismoStruct software. The structural models were divided into eight types based on the location and thickness variation of the shear walls. The shear walls were located at the outermost corners and the center of each outer side of the building. The displacement of columns and element forces, both columns and beams, from the four models were compared. The analysis results showed that the location significantly affected displacement and element forces, while variations in shear wall thickness did not significantly affect these parameters. The model with shear walls located at the outermost corners of the structure and with variations in shear wall thickness was the model with the best stiffness compared to the other models.

11. Health Monitoring of Old Steel Bridges: Case Study for Tan Thuan 1 Bridge - Ho Chi Minh City – Vietnam

    Lan Nguyen, Hau Nguyen-Ngoc, Le Tan Kien, Nguyen Tien Binh, Nguyen Xuan Khoa, Vu Ba Tu

    Abstract

    Structural health monitoring (SHM) has become a critical tool for ensuring the safety and serviceability of steel bridges. By enabling early detection of abnormalities and structural deterioration, SHM not only supports timely maintenance but also contributes to optimizing long-term management strategies and reducing lifecycle costs. In Vietnam, the application of SHM has recently legalized for grade I, special infrastructure projects and others large-scale construction works. Nevertheless, the deployment of SHM technology is limited, particularly for old bridge structures. This study presents the development of a health monitoring system for steel bridges, with a case study of a nearly 100-year-old Tan Thuan 1 bridge in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The results demonstrate the complete process of system design, equipment selection, installation, testing, software development, and warning threshold analysis. For Tan Thuan 1 Bridge, the research achieved a low-cost SHM system that has been validated for stability and can be adapted for use in other structural health monitoring applications.

12. Assessment of an Existing Steel Truss Railway Bridge with Operational Loads to Obtain Structural Performance

    Humman Abdul Hafidh, Anis Rosyidah, Jonathan Saputra, I Ketut Sucita

    Abstract

    Steel railway bridges have high durability. However, the condition of the bridge is susceptible to damage due to loads and the environment that affect the performance of the bridge structure. The performance of the steel railway bridge structure can be reviewed from the factors of deflection value, strain, and natural frequency. This research aims to analyze the performance of the existing bridge superstructure. On existing bridges, the actual camber is smaller than the planned camber, so it is necessary to assess the bridge through load testing and structural monitoring using Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) sensors. The sensors used are inclinometers, accelerometers, and strain gauges to evaluate the performance of the bridge structure. The object of this research is an existing steel railway bridge which has a span length of 31.2 m. This research was conducted by assessing the existing bridge to obtain the performance of the superstructure. The structural performance data from the SHMS sensor is compared with the structural performance data from modeling using software for structural analysis. The results showed that the deflection was less than the theoretical deflection. Strain values are less than the plastic strain limit. The natural frequency indicates that the structure is in moderate condition.

13. Flexural Performance of Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Steel Bars

    Rafi Ubaidillah Rachman, Anis Rosyidah, Jonathan Saputra, I Ketut Sucita, Michael Andy

    Abstract

    Reinforced concrete slabs are essential structural elements in building construction, bearing loads and distributing them to supporting components. Typically, slabs are reinforced with steel bars, but steel has a significant Drawback— its susceptibility to corrosion. Therefore, this study aims to compare the flexural performance of slabs reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars and steel bars through experimental testing. The testing was conducted on reinforced concrete slab specimens measuring 1000 mm × 300 mm × 100 mm, using two specimens with GFRP Bars and two specimens with steel bars. Results indicate that GFRP-reinforced slabs exhibit lower cracking loads due to reduced stiffness but achieve higher average ultimate loads, 84.53 kN, than steel-reinforced slabs, 68.03 kN, demonstrating superior tensile strength. Despite this advantage, GFRP’s brittle, linear-elastic behavior results in lower ductility and greater mid-span deflections. Strain measurements confirm higher deformation in GFRP bars under load, aligning with their lower modulus of elasticity. Overall, GFRP shows promise as a corrosion-resistant alternative in reinforced concrete, provided that structural designs account for its limited ductility and stiffness.

14. Increased Compressive Strength of Concrete with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Mesh Jacketing

    Putranto Yusuf Hadi Wibowo, Anis Rosyidah, Jonathan Saputra, I Ketut Sucita, Michael Andy

    Abstract

    Structural reinforcement is essential for structural components that require increased strength. GFRP mesh jacketing is an alternative reinforcement technique because it is effective for structural components that experience compressive forces. GFRP has proven to be an alternative to steel reinforcement because it has high tensile strength, is lightweight, has corrosion resistance, and has superior durability. This study aims to determine the increase in compressive strength of concrete without a GFRP mesh layer and with variations of the GFRP mesh layer. This study also seeks to analyze the stress-strain diagram of concrete with GFRP mesh jacketing. This study was conducted through experiments using cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 150 mm, a height of 300 mm, and a concrete quality of 25 MPa. The test subjects had three variations: concrete without GFRP mesh, with single-layer GFRP mesh, and with two-layer GFRP mesh; each variation consisted of three sample objects. Each specimen was tested for compressive strength. The test results showed an increase in compressive strength of 11.47% in the single-layer variation and 16.85% in the two-layer variation. GFRP mesh jacketing increases the maximum stress capacity and enlarges the strain when collapsed. It shows that using GFRP mesh layer variations as confinement can increase concrete compressive strength and ductility.

15. Effect of Heating Temperature Variations on the Mechanical Properties of GFRP Reinforcement

    Ratu Anugrah Ramadhani, Anis Rosyidah, Jonathan Saputra, I Ketut Sucita, Michael Andy

    Abstract

    Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is commonly applied as a substitute for steel reinforcement because of its superior tensile strength, low density, and remarkable resistance to corrosion. However, exposure to elevated temperatures can significantly affect its mechanical performance. This study investigates the influence of thermal exposure on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of 8 mm diameter GFRP bars by conducting tensile tests on specimens heated to 100 °C, 250 °C, and 450 °C, according to ASTM D7205M-21 standards. steel bars were also examined under identical conditions. The results show that the tensile strength of GFRP decreases progressively with temperature, with the most significant reduction (27.04%) occurring at 450 °C. Similarly, the elastic modulus of GFRP declined by 8.67%. In contrast, steel bars exhibited increased tensile strength up to 250 °C and remained relatively stable in elastic modulus. Regression analysis confirmed a strong negative correlation between temperature and GFRP tensile strength (R² = 0.963). These findings highlight the limitations of GFRP in high-temperature applications and underscore the importance of considering thermal exposure in the design of composite materials to ensure structural integrity.

16. Performance of Slab on Ground Using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Mesh and Wiremesh

    Firda Ilma Ilahi, Anis Rosyidah, Jonathan Saputra, I Ketut Sucita, Michael Andy

    Abstract

    Slab on Ground (SoG) is a structural floor element constructed directly on the ground surface. Cracking in SoG may occur when tensile stresses exceed the concrete’s tensile capacity, necessitating reinforcement to control crack propagation. This study investigates the performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) mesh compared to wire mesh in terms of crack patterns, crackwidth, and strain behavior. Concrete slab specimens (950 × 350 × 60 mm) were tested, each with a single reinforcement layer and 27 mm concrete cover.Three specimens used GFRP mesh; three used wiremesh, with concrete strength f’c = 25 MPa and subgrade California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of 8.06%. The slabs were subjected to static loading through two line loads spaced 300 mm apart until reaching a maximum load of 34.81 kN. Cracks were visually observed, measured with a crackmeter, and reinforcement strain was recorded using strain gauges. GFRP-reinforced specimens exhibited initial cracking at 20.07 kN, slightly lower than the 20.99 kN observed in wiremesh specimens. However, the initial crack width was smaller in GFRP specimens (0.45 mm) compared to wiremesh specimens (0.55 mm). Although statistical analysis showed this difference was not significant, it demonstrated consistent practical trends for better crack control. Strain measurements showed GFRP experienced higher maximum strain, attributed to its lower modulus of elasticity. It indicates greater flexibility in the elastic range, although GFRP’s brittle nature restricts post-peak deformation. These findings highlight the trade-offs between flexibility and ductility when using GFRP reinforcement in SoG applications.

17. Backbone Curve Modeling for Existing Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beam Failed in Shear

    Erwin Lim, Faza Mumtaz

    Abstract

    Coupled wall system connected by coupling beams is one of several structural systems usually chosen by engineers for high seismic region. This structural system requires that seismic energy is dissipated through plastic hinges formation at coupling beams in addition to that at the base of the shear wall. This plastic mechanism allows the structure to provide better seismic performance compared to others which can be evaluated using nonlinear analysis. In evaluating the nonlinear behavior of a structural system, proper modeling of each element’s backbone curve is crucial. While backbone curve modeling of reinforced concrete elements governed by flexural behavior has been well established, back bone curve modeling for elements failed in shear is still lacking. This research extends the use of a backbone curve developed for shear critical columns based on softened strut-and-tie approach into the database of coupling beams failing in shear. The aforementioned backbone curve is then compared to that recommended by ASCE/SEI 41–17. Results indicate the softened strut-and-tie based model could reasonably predict the nonlinear behavior of coupling beams failed in shear.

18. Comparative Study on Structural Steel Bondek II Decking for Composite Floor Connections: Design Analysis in Compliance with EN 1994-1-1: 2004

    Faisal Amsyar, Abdul Razak Abdul Karim, Norsuzailina Mohamed Sutan, Norazzlina M.Sa’don, Siti Farhanah S.M. Johan

    Abstract

    Due to their enhanced load-bearing capacity and structural effectiveness, composite slabs – which integrate concrete and profiled steel sheeting – are essential to recent industrial building. The structural performance, endurance and sustainability of these systems are greatly enhanced by the combination of concrete, which provides compressive strength, and Lysaght Bondek II profiled steel sheeting, which provides tensile reinforcement. In accordance with EN 1994-1-1: 2004, this study reevaluates the design of composite floor systems employing Bondek II profiled steel sheeting. The design of composite steel and concrete structures is outlined in Eurocode 4: Part 1-1: General rules and building regulations. The goal is to compare the results of manual Excel calculations with those obtained from MegaFloor software for both construction/formwork and composite (slab) stages. A case study was conducted using Bondek II, a hot-dipped, zinc-coated high-tensile steel, considering various span lengths and load conditions. The partial connection approach, in accordance with EN 1994-1-1: 2004, was used to evaluate shear resistance and bending moments. The analysis revealed a high level of agreement between the manual calculations and the software outputs, with only minor differences in bending moment and shear force values. However, significant discrepancies were captured in the shear (web crippling) capacity, suggesting the need for further validation through an experimental program. Ultimately, the study affirms that MegaFloor software is a reliable tool for composite floor system design, adhering to both British Standards and Eurocodes. The integration of modern software tools with traditional design methods enhances the accuracy, efficiency and sustainability of construction practices.