Proceedings of the International Conference on Eco-friendly Fibers and Polymeric Materials

This study uses silane to investigate the tribological behaviour of basalt fiber surfaces with and without surface modification. Brake noise is a major problem for EV manufacturers, the noise is generated due to friction which leads to a lot of irritation and disturbance. Using fibers in brake pad formulation will eliminate brake noise and improve tribological performance. Basalt fibers i.e., known as natural fiber show excellent tensile strength compared with the E-glass fibers, enhanced failure strain compared to carbon fibers, and higher chemical resistance impact strength and produce less poisonous fumes when burning. The surface characterization of the fibers was conducted using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Further, the friction and wear evaluation of the fabricated brake pads based on IS1742 Part 4 standard and physicomechanical performance evaluation of the composites using IS2742 Part 1–3. 12% of basalt fiber is used in the formulation. The results show that the treated basalt fibers with silane exhibit enhanced wear resistance and reduced friction coefficient compared to the untreated fibers. The surface characterization analysis revealed that the silane treatment improved the surface roughness and reduced the presence of surface defects.

This research is a study of the effects of the type and quantity of biomass fiber composites on the development of oil absorbent materials from natural rubber foam and biomass fiber composites. Two types of biomass fiber composites were used: cattail fibers and cassava solid waste fibers. It was found that foam rubber mixed with the ratio of 3 phr (parts per hundred rubber) biomass fiber composites gave the best oil absorption and therefore the optimum ratio for mixing in natural rubber foam. In addition, oil absorption performance was tested using seven different types of oils. It was observed that the foam with biomass fiber composites performed best in absorbing diesel oil. Specifically, cattail fiber-reinforced foam exhibited a significantly higher oil absorption capacity compared to natural rubber foam, with an increase of up to 36.94%. This was in contrast to cassava solid waste fiber-reinforced foam, which made the foam more hydrophilic, as evidenced by the Water Contact Angle test. Furthermore, characterization was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which revealed differences in the structure of biomass-reinforced foam. Therefore, the addition of biomass fiber composites had an impact on the oil absorption performance of the natural rubber foam.

This study investigates the tensile strength of polymer-NF (natural fiber) composites fabricated with banana fibers reinforcing high-density polyethylene (HDPE), comparing samples with and without microwave curing. Besides that, the study explores the impact of surface chemical treatments including mercerization, caustic potash treatment, and chalk-coating treatment, on the banana fibers. The composites with treated banana fibers exhibit improved tensile strength compared to those with untreated fibers Furthermore, microwave curing is examined as a novel processing method for these composites, with results showing that it significantly enhances tensile strength when compared to conventional room temperature and oven curing. Microwave curing offers benefits such as volumetric heating, quick processing, and reduced power consumption. This study explores the effects of microwave curing parameters, that includes power outputs and curing period, on the tensile strength, revealing an optimal combination of 450 W for 9 min for enhanced performance. It is noted that longer curing times at certain power outputs may lead to a decrease in tensile strength, an indication of potential degradation of materials. By leveraging these advancements, the replacement of environmentally harmful materials with superior products in the market can be achieved effectively.

Natural fibers have gained the attention of the scientific community in recent decades due to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, sustainability, and economics. Natural fibers are used in a variety of applications due to their tolerability and adaptability with their properties. In the current work, the surface properties are modified with different chemical treatments, The scientific community is eager to explore many alternatives to petrochemical products, and current trends and market survey shows the usage of natural fibers in combination with biopolymers, polymer materials, etc. as an alternative replacement for synthetic fibers. In this study, bast fibers extracted from widely available seasonal Sida acuta plant were selected as the natural fiber for various chemical treatment effects on the surface, and the variation in the properties of SA fiber was studied with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Outputs from the silane treatment recommend the treated fibers could be applied in polymer composites and Packaging applications.

The purpose of this research is to examine the mechanical behavior of compacted cement sand with the addition of glass fibers, glass powder from the glass industry, and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Finding the optimal proportions of OPC, glass powder, and glass fibers in the soil–cement mixture to create a novel green building material is the aim of this study. Every sample of compacted cement sand was created with a glass fiber content of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% by volume, and a variation in glass fiber lengths of 3, 6, and 12 mm. The optimal moisture content for the samples was 6.19%. OPC content was applied at weights of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%. At 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of the cement, glass powder was added. After that, the samples of compacted cement were left for 7, 14, and 28 days in order to examine how the green building materials aged. The unconfined compression test was conducted on these samples of compacted cement sand in accordance with ASTM D1633-17. Based on the testing findings, it was determined that 8% cement is the right amount to combine with clayey soil, 1.0% glass fibers with a length of 6–12 mm, and 20% glass powder with a curing period up to 28 days are the right amounts. As a result, it has been demonstrated that glass fiber and powder are green building materials. By lowering the required amount of cement, our findings help Thailand’s future cement demand.

Oil palm leaf fiber paper from agricultural waste in Phatthalung Province, Thailand has good properties according to TIS 170-2016, suitable for the production of shopping bags or paper packaging. However, the result is that paper bags still cannot enough resist water absorption well. So, this research used a bioplastic solution made from Cassava starch and 0.5 wt% chitosan and applied it on oil palm leaf fiber paper. It found that this bioplastic solution supported improving the water absorption resistance, tearing strength, bursting strength, and tensile strength.

One of the important for life is water, which is required not only for drinking water but including for food preparation, processing, and sanitary. While, groundwater can be contaminated by chemicals, biological, and suspended solids. Water filtration is a general technique that removes particles and pollutants from water. So, we aim to develop a water purification system and study the efficiency of water filtration and self-cleaning of GAC-TiO2. TiO2-modified granular activated carbon hybrid materials (GAC-TiO2) synthesized by oven-assisted hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology of the composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The result showed that white powder of TiO2 coated on the surface of GAC. The XRD patterns of TiO2 powder showed the only anatase phase. SEM image of TiO2 powder coated on GAC observed that the GAC was covered by TiO2 particles. The shape of TiO2 powder coated on GAC was smooth and sphere particles. The size is about 3–4 µm. And then the water filtration efficiency of GAC-TiO2. It has been found that water after filtration has a higher quality than raw water and it can be reused and extended the life. In addition, it was found that photocatalytic activity is increased during UV irradiation thus enhancing the self-cleaning effect.

Single-use plastic waste disposal is a global problem affecting our planet. The current study was aimed to evaluate agriculture dry wastes such as banana leaves, banana sheet and coconut leaf to produce biodegradable plates. Tensile strength, porosity, permeability, and biodegradability of the materials were evaluated for optimizing the suitable materials. The raw materials were powdered and cooked with low-cost natural polymeric material to cast biodegradable plates. The parameters were optimized using Taguchi design to enhance the tensile strength, which was found to be 3 mL of water, 4.0% of binder treated for 20 s in microwave. Highest tensile strength of 0.511 MPa was achieved through the optimization process. Water repelling capacity of the plates were enhanced by coating with different agro waste materials such as bees wax, starch solution, camel foot leaf and banana leaf. The results of this study encourage the utilization of agro-waste for producing biodegradable food plates.

The article aims in presenting an overview of the current usage of bioplastics in automotive applications. Also, we have discussed about the importance of LCA and LCA of bio composites in automotive industry. A possible substitute for synthetic polymers might be bio-based ones, as environmental protection against the pollution generated by petroleum-based polymers is becoming more and more important. Bio Polyamides possess excellent mechanical properties, good aesthetics, and easy in processability. Also, their composites occupy about 10% of the overall plastics in the automotive fields. Likewise, Polylactic acid (PLA), Polybutylene succinate (PBS), Polypropylene (PP) are also extensively used in automotive applications such as battery covers, fender liners, body panels, engine covers, dashboards, etc. So, a lot of automakers are employing bioplastics to (i) lower the total weight and (ii) boost efficiency, like mileage. For example, PLA and other polymers were used to create 3D printed vehicles. Similarly, cellulose and agricultural waste were used in the creation of the first supercar. Thus, the focus of this study is on composites based on bioplastics that are employed in the automobile sector.

This research share out the yarn making process of natural fiber extracted from the Abutilon indicum herbal plant. The natural fibers has tired out in the research area broadly since of their profitable and ecological charm. The extent of this research is to develop a textile material which is suitable and applicable for technical textile purpose. The extracted Abutilon indicum fiber (AIF) has blended along with cotton and viscose fibers to produce the natural yarn. When evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of natural yarn, there are several optimistic qualities of natural yarn which will be reassuring to lead for fabrication and other perseverance. The outcome of this research is to develop the natural fiber from the herbal plant > conversion of fiber into natural yarn > reformation of yarn into natural fabric and contributing to develop various major products also beneficial to manufacture the by-products.

Binary blends containing 5 wt% polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were filled with chemically produced Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (nZnO). The hand-lay approach made use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a filler. The weight ratios of ZnO nanoparticles varied from 0 to 3 wt%. The zinc oxide nanoparticles were analyzed utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study their crystalline structure and form. The samples were analyzed to investigate their thermal and dielectric properties in relation to the amount of filler present. Researchers used the mixing rule to determine the theoretical density of the nanocomposites and Archimedes’ principle to determine their experimental density. The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity results showed fluctuations in relation to the filler concentrations. The mixture with 2.4% nZnO showed the minimum diffusivity and highest thermal conductivity relative to the pure blend in all evaluated samples. Increasing the weight ratio of nZnO resulted in a linear increase in the dielectric constant value and a linear decrease in resistivity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the thermal stability and char production of the nanocomposites were significantly improved with increasing zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations in the matrix.

The following is a research study on how different fillers affect the mechanical and thermal properties of Jute-Polyester Composites. Composite materials can be tailored to have better properties than their individual components. However, the performance of polymer-based composite materials is often affected by changes in temperature, which can cause internal stresses due to thermal contraction and expansion of the two constituents. The manipulation of composition through careful control techniques can yield significant improvements in several material properties such as thermal and electrical conductivity, dimensional stability, and wear resistance. To enhance the thermal conductivity (TC) of jute-polyester composites, fillers such as Cu, Al, and SiC powders were added to create hybrid composites. In this study, JPCs with and without fillers were examined to observe their effects on TC and mechanical strength (MPa). The experimental setup was based on GHP using the principle of calorimeter. It was found that the addition of fillers of Cu, Al, and SiC improved both TC and mechanical strength (MPa) significantly in all the plates of JPCs.

Epoxy matrix reinforced with natural fibres has attracted a great attention in several applications due to its cost efficiency and energy efficiency during fabrication. In this work, Eco-friendly, and green, Ramie fibres were used to develop hybrid composite laminates which can be used for engineering applications. The goal of this research work was to study the thermal properties of different wt% of the ramie and glass fibre composites when it is exposed to different heating rates of 5, 7.5 and 10 °C/min in a simultaneous Differential scanning calorimetry-Thermogravimetric (DSC-TGA) Analyser. Test samples were prepared using dry hand layup method and compression moulding. From the results of DSC and TGA, it was clear that addition of glass fibre resulted in enhanced thermal stability compared to the ramie-epoxy composite. TGA results shows that ramie and glass in the epoxy hybrid composites having 10 and 20 wt% fibres have highest onset temperature of 599 °C and lower wt% of residue. Subsequently, the thermo-kinetics study was done on the composition having 10 wt% ramie with 20 wt% glass fibres with different heating rate of 5, 7.5 and 10 °C/min heating rate. The effect of heating rate on the different hybrid samples was also investigated and it was found that there is shift in the decomposition temperature towards the higher side with increasing heating rate. The Flynwall-Ozawa and Kissinger approaches were used to evaluate the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and pre-exponential component and the activation energy was found to have a value of 211 kJ/mol. This research work attempts to use both ramie fibre and glass fibre in plain woven form to develop a series of newer epoxy hybrid composite laminates. Ramie fibers provide best heat resistance, superior tensile strength, and modulus other than the jute, flex, hemp and sisal fibres. This property will help the hybrid composite materials made from ramie and glass fibres to have better thermal stability and heat resistance.

Composite materials have been well-acquainted over an extensive period, integrating diverse combinations and innovations to augment faces of life. The Laminate Preparation is done by combining Glass Fiber/Epoxy with and without sugarcane cellulose nanoparticles. The objective of this experimental investigation is to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, Compression strength, Impact strength and Vibration analysis of the Glass Fiber/Epoxy reinforced with and without sugarcane cellulose nanoparticles. The purpose of this research is to investigate the viability of using sugarcane cellulose as a reinforcing element in composites because it is renewable and biodegradable. Sugarcane cellulose is incorporated in three different proportions: 1, 3, and 5%. Additionally, a laminate plate is prepared using virgin glass fibers with 3 mm thickness. All four laminate plates are cut as per ASTM standards, and mechanical testing, vibration analysis is subsequently conducted. Among the four laminate specimens, the plate with a 3% inclusion of sugarcane cellulose exhibits superior tensile and compression strength, while the plate with a 5% sugarcane cellulose content demonstrates enhanced impact resistance in the conducted testing. In the vibrational analysis, the results indicate that the composite material reinforced with 1% sugarcane cellulose and GFRP exhibits superior frequency and damping factor compared to the other analysed configurations. The material preparing will be used most of the mechanical and aerospace application. Concerning the environmental impact of these composites have been voiced, however, because they are not biodegradable.

This research systematically studies the impact of varying Silicon Carbide (SiC) filler volumes (0–10%) on the mechanical as well as dielectric properties of luffa/epoxy/SiC composites. The experimental analysis revealed compelling results for key mechanical properties. At a SiC filler volume of 10%, the tensile strength increased to 68 MPa ± 6 (standard deviation), representing a significant improvement. Similarly, the flexural strength was enhanced, reaching 90 ± 7. The composite density displayed a gradual rise from 1.25 g/cm3 ± 0.05 to 1.45 g/cm3 ± 0.09 with increasing SiC content. The Shore D hardness demonstrated an increasing trend, reaching 98 ± 8. Conversely, the impact strength exhibited a marginal reduction of 50 J/m2 ± 9. However, the interlaminar shear strength showed a consistent improvement, reaching 26 MPa ± 3.5 at 10% SiC filler volume. Simultaneously, dielectric property assessments revealed noteworthy trends. The dielectric constant increased proportionally with the SiC filler volume, reaching 4.0 ± 0.6 at 10% volume fraction. The dielectric strength exhibited incremental improvement, reaching 20 ± 3. The insulation resistance increased substantially from 500 GΩ ± 50 at 0% SiC to 700 GΩ ± 90 at 10% of SiC. These comprehensive findings provide valuable insights for tailoring luffa/epoxy/SiC composites with specific mechanical as well as dielectric attributes, addressing diverse applications in electronic and mechanical applications.

Rammed earth, a traditional construction material, faces environmental concerns due to its susceptibility to water when stabilized with high-energy calcium-based binders. This study examines the potential of geopolymers, composed of aluminosilicate materials activated by alkaline solutions, as an in-situ stabilization method to enhance the durability of rammed earth. Geopolymerization technology, favored for its mechanical stiffness, reduced carbon footprint, and cost-effectiveness, was assessed through a comprehensive review of literature from 2013 to 2023. This involved analyzing six critical articles from a pool of 443, focusing on compressive strength tests and details such as study location, clay content, stabilizers, precursors, and alkali activators used. The results show that geopolymers significantly enhance the structural integrity of rammed earth, with higher compressive strengths compared to those stabilized with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) or lime. The performance of geopolymer stabilization varies depending on the composition, particle size distribution of the soil, and curing conditions. This research underscores the challenges and provides substantial data, supporting the development of eco-compatible architecture. It highlights the necessity for a research consensus on methodological approaches to advance earthen architecture. These insights demonstrate the potential of geopolymers in promoting sustainable building practices and reducing CO2 emissions, acknowledging the context-dependent roles of traditional materials like OPC.

The utilization of natural fibers in textile applications increases day by day because of the availability in abundance, bio-degradable, economical and eco-friendly. Due to industrial revolutions and the transformation of world towards a wide range of research and developments, human community facing a lot of noise pollution. Hence the academicians and industrial sector peoples finds their time to exploring the process to reduce noises. A need for acoustic material in reducing the noise that too environment friendly is an obliged one for our society. In this research the objective is to identify natural fibers and develop an ecofriendly, light weight nonwoven material with optimized parameter for acoustic application. Initial process begins with the identification and extraction natural fibers from Areca nut husks. Then examination of the extracted natural fibers for their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Optimization of nonwoven fabric formation was done with three variables using Response surface methodology—Box-Benham method with single level. The variables such as blending ratio, bonding technique and needling density that yielded the best results in optimization process for selected fibre extracted was selected. Then the fabrics functional properties were analysed. Based on the outcomes of extracted fibre to check for its acoustic application there is a huge potential for these fibers to be used for acoustic application as a sustainable material. This investigation is being carried out with the hope of increasing the utilization of agro-waste fibers in the textile industry by means of nonwoven technology for acoustic applications, which is made possible by recent technological developments.

Confronting the decreasing of non-renewable energies such as coal and crude oil and increasing environmental pollution by the usage of chemical batteries, along with the growth of smart devices and wearable electronics is increasing rapidly therefore there’s a need to develop lightweight, green energy conversion and power supply devices. Piezoelectric materials have gained immense attention in recent years for their remarkable ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa, making them crucial for various applications in sensors, actuators, energy harvesting, and health monitoring. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers have emerged as a promising candidate due to their inherent piezoelectric properties. This study explores a novel post-processing treatment method known as quenching to enhance the piezoelectric performance of PVDF-HFP nanofibers. The quenching process involves rapid cooling of PVDF-HFP nanofibers after electrospinning, leading to unique structural changes at the nanoscale. Mainly, it discusses the key findings and benefits of quenching, including increased crystallinity, alignment of polymer chains, and improved piezoelectric coefficients. Furthermore, the effect of quenching parameters, such as temperature and cooling rate on the final performance of PVDF-HFP nanofibers is explored. The results demonstrate that quenching significantly enhances the piezoelectric response of PVDF-HFP nanofibers making them more suitable for wider applications.

New methodologies to the development of high-performance and sustainable composite materials have been made possible by recent developments in materials science. In order to produce composites with enhanced mechanical strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, thermal properties, and environmental characteristics, the research concentrated on blending synthetic polymers with natural fillers. These composite materials are used in many different applications, such as construction elements, packaging materials, and automobile components. Furthermore, because they can lessen the environmental impact of composite materials, the addition of renewable and biodegradable natural fillers, like tamarind and dates seed powder, to polymer matrices like Nylon 6 has drawn a lot of interest. The purpose of this research is to show how composites made of tamarind and dates seed powder can be used as sustainable materials with improved mechanical and vibrational properties. This will lead to the development of eco-friendly materials and creative solutions for a variety of industrial applications. The results of the impact analysis show that the sample with the highest impact energy, which includes 5% tamarind seed powder, has potential uses in applications that call for resilience and durability. The sample with 10% date seed powder has the lowest tensile strength of all the specimens, despite having strong mechanical characteristics. According to the flexural analysis, the sample containing 20% date seed powder exhibits superior flexural strength in comparison to other specimens.

A study of hybrid polymer composites reinforced with ramie and sisal fibres is being conducted to investigate how fibre length and fibre weight percentage affect their properties. Compression moulding machines were used to prepare hybrid polymer composites. A total of four different lengths of fibre and four weight percentages of fibre were used in this experiment, with a variation of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. On a Shore D scale, the sample ranged from 64 to 92. In water absorption and chemical absorption tests, the sample was able to resist up to 16.2% of the absorption characteristics. Using the scanning electron microscope, we examined fiber de-bonding and pull-out from matrix materials. This study allowed identification of the optimal fibre reinforcement length and weight percentage for lightweight materials applications, as well as the ideal hybrid polymer composite length.

In this study, the erosive wear resistance of Ipomoea staphylina fiber-reinforced composites utilizing epoxy, vinyl ester, and PLA matrices was compared. The primary goal was to evaluate the performance of these composites under erosive conditions and offer insights into their potential applications. The investigation involved characterizing the mechanical properties of Ipomoea staphylina fibers and preparing and characterizing epoxy, vinyl ester, and PLA matrices. The composites were then fabricated using a specified process and erosive wear testing was conducted under controlled conditions. Post-testing microstructural analyses provided valuable insights into the failure mechanisms. The key findings indicate distinct erosive wear rates, with the epoxy-based composite exhibiting the lowest wear rate of 0.0025 mm3/mm2, outperforming the vinyl ester-based composite (0.0032 mm3/mm2) and the PLA-based composite (0.0048 mm3/mm2). Microstructural analysis revealed notable differences, such as superior fiber-matrix bonding in the epoxy composite (92%) compared to matrix cracking in the vinyl ester composite (78%) and pronounced fiber pull-out in the PLA composite (85%). These comparative results suggest that the enhanced interfacial bonding in the epoxy composite contributed to its superior erosive wear resistance, whereas the vinyl ester and PLA composites exhibited vulnerabilities in terms of matrix cracking and fiber pull-out, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the material selection for various engineering applications.

In recent years, a growing body of research has highlighted the potential of doping titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts with nanomaterials to enhance their photovoltaic efficiency. These studies have shown that the introduction of dopants can lead to significant improvements by inducing a red shift in the absorption edge towards longer wavelengths or by creating localized states within the TiO2 bandgap. TiO2 has long been recognized as a premier photocatalyst due to its unique properties. However, its inherent bandgap limits its ability to absorb light across a broader spectrum effectively. Doping has emerged as a pivotal strategy to address this limitation by reducing the bandgap and thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Our research focused explicitly on narrowing the bandgap of TiO2 through the incorporation of dopants such as indium tin oxide (ITO), fullerene (C60), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). By introducing these dopants, we aimed to modify the electronic and optical properties of TiO2, enabling it to harness a wider range of solar energy and improve its overall performance as a photocatalyst. Using the sol–gel method and annealing at 550–660 °C temperatures, we produced these doped TiO2 particles to maximize their photocatalytic potential. The bandgap alterations were gauged using UV–Vis Spectroscopy pre and post-doping to evaluate TiO2’s aptness for photocatalysis. The sol–gel synthesis employed titanium isopropoxide, 2-propanol anhydrous, and hydrochloric acid to optimize energy bandgaps for efficient photocatalyst energy production. Our findings highlighted that the most pronounced bandgap reduction occurred with an 8 wt% SWCNTs doping in TiO2, post-annealing at 650 °C.

The aviation industry is constantly striving to enhance performance, efficiency, and sustainability. Graphene, a remarkable 2-dimensional material, has emerged to help in the development of advanced materials. This abstract provides an overview of the utilization of Graphene-Induced polymer Matrix Nano-Composites in aviation. Graphene is a material composed of single layers of carbon atoms in the form of hexagonal lattice, which offers combination of extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. This material provides an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, it is significantly lighter and more durable than aluminum which is currently used in making many parts of an aircraft are made of aluminum, including the fuselage, wings, tail, and engine components. Graphene is synthesized through diverse methods, such as Mechanical Exfoliation (commonly known as the Scotch Tape Method), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Liquid Phase Exfoliation, and Epitaxial Growth. This research aims to explore the ways in which graphene and nanotechnology contribute to reaching new heights in aviation and advancing existing technology.

The combination of environmental, economic, and regulatory factors is driving the upward trajectory of global demand for agro-waste composite materials. The utilization of agro-waste composite materials helps mitigate the environmental impact of agricultural residues and offers a viable solution to disposal challenges. The objective of the research is to develop sustainable composites reinforced with rice straw and banana fiber, with a focus on examining their utilization for energy-saving applications. The composites were prepared using injection molding technique by incorporating rice straw and banana fibers in Poly Lactic Acid (PLA). Thermal conductivity and specific heat of specimens were measured by guarded heat flow meter and differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. The thermal conductivity of developed bio-composites was in the range of 0.143–0.161 W/mK. The dielectric strength and sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of the rice straw and banana composite materials were measured, suggesting their suitability for both electrical and acoustic applications. The agro-waste composites developed could replace petrochemical based insulation materials.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of replacing wood waste (both raw and treated) partially for fine aggregate to reduce the wood waste disposal into the landfill. Four different groups of castings of concrete with wood as partial replacement is casted and divided based on their replacement percentage of both cement and fine aggregate. A total of 30 specimens were casted with partial replacement of fine aggregate (i.e., 5, 7 and 10%) and cement (15%). Tests for determining compressive strength, flexural rigidity, tensile strength, water absorption and Concrete workability were carried out for all specimen. In addition, microstructural properties of concrete were analyzed using UPV test. References have shown that the mechanical properties of concrete decreases with addition of raw wood waste due to excess level of water absorption by the wood waste. This is reduced by alkali treatment of wood waste. Silica fumes were added to study the variation in strength and effects due to wood waste is studied by testing the specimen. Testing results show that the water absorption is reduced and mechanical properties of the concrete are increased due to partial replacement of fine aggregate and cement by treated wood waste and silica fume when compared to concrete with raw wood waste as replacement.

A polymer is a substance composed of several monomers, or microscopic building elements, which come together to form larger molecules. Starch, cellulose, and protein are a few examples of polysaccharides that are naturally occurring sources of polymers and renewable sources of biopolymers. A type of polymer known as super absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to hold onto moisture for an extended amount of time and absorb liquids at rates between 500 and 1000 times of its own weight. Alternatively known as slush powder. They are composed of cross-linked polymer network chains to prevent fluids from dissolving. Hydrogels are composed of polymers that, when exposed to water, swell and hold a large amount of water inside their structure without disintegrating. In disposable diapers, sanitary products, and agriculture, specific hydrogels—like Super Absorbent Polymer—are widely utilized. Superabsorbent polymers have long been a fascinating subject. This article introduces a novel manufactured agriculture product (SAP) made from vegetable residue. The SAP is biodegradable and can be used as an effective agricultural solution.

In this study, the flexural behaviour of encased steel–concrete composite beams using lightweight aggregate and steel fibers is investigated. Steel–concrete composites synergize the robust attributes of steel and concrete. They comprise a steel section in conjunction, thereby delivering augmented load-bearing capability, ductility, fire resistance, and creating a lightweight unit. The hot-rolled I-section is used in the composite section to carry heavy loads with minimal material. Lightweight aggregate is used to reduce weight and minimize structural loads, as well as to reduce shrinkage-related cracks. The lightweight aggregate is used in a volume ratio of 5% in coarse aggregate. According to studies, adding steel fibers to lightweight concrete is a good way to prevent cracks. To examine the impact of the volume ratio of steel fibers on the flexural behaviour, experiments were conducted without steel fibers. Every specimen failed due to the reinforcement yielding in the tension zone and the concrete in the compression zone. Steel fibers with a volume ratio of 1% are used, which increases the ductility coefficient. Concrete’s mechanical characteristics are determined, the compressive strength is satisfied when using lightweight aggregate at a volume of 5% and steel fibers at a 1% volume ratio.

One of the primary goals of concrete engineering is to increase the material’s strength. High-strength concrete (HSC) has been gaining popularity among structural and civil engineers in recent years. Exhibiting a life cycle cost-performance ratio surpassing that of conventional normal-strength concrete (NSC), it also boasts unparalleled compressive and tensile strengths, stiffness, and durability. Furthermore, it surpasses the NSC in regards to the ratio of cost-performance throughout its life cycle. To ascribe the burgeoning favourability of high-strength concrete, one must acknowledge its manifold applications within the realm of the construction industry. So in this research work, the performance of high-strength concrete (HSC) is evaluated by adding different proportions of basalt fibre and alccofine. It was found that the addition of basalt fibre by 1.5% and alcofine by 20% in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength of 8.9% for 7 days and 4.9% for 28 days; similarly, split tensile strength increased by 30% and 31.31% for 7 days and 28 days, respectively. The flexural strength is also increased by 28.26% and 22.30% for 7-days and 28-days cured specimens, respectively.

The manufacturing process for the textiles as well as the chemicals utilized determine the properties of the textile wastewater. The vast surface area, surface adaptability and flexibility of the nanoparticles make them a promising foundation for wastewater treatment procedures. Although the conventional wastewater treatment approach is commonly utilized to remove harmful heavy metal contaminants, it is not cost-effective. Additionally, harmful trace elements, including Cr, As, Cu and Zn, are present in textile wastewater. The cavitation bubbles function as a micro level reactor for the oxidation of volatile organic molecules during wastewater treatment. The discoloration of textile wastewater is being achieved by the study of several AOPs that produce HO. Adsorption is a dominant technology in industrial wastewater treatment procedures because it is simple to use, versatile to handle, and has a small footprint. Therefore, before being discharged, this textile wastewater must be treated. Textile effluent is highly challenging to manage due to its high content fluctuation and color intensity. Industrial wastewater treatment also uses membrane methods successfully in conjunction with biological processes. This review focuses on the various treatment technologies available globally and their capabilities.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit high sensitivity to compositional changes in terms of their super elasticity, shape memory effect, and transition temperatures. A deeper comprehension of SMA composition and its impact on mechanical properties can be attained by differential scanning calorimetry. The current study uses experimental work to assess the energy absorption capacity, mean fracture width, residual strength, and cracking strength of samples made of short shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers that are randomly distributed on the specimens tensile side. In this investigation, three samples were synthesized based on the Cu, Al, and Mn proportions found in Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys (SMA1, SMA2, and SMA3). Moreover, three samples with different ratios of Cu, Al, Mn, Be, and Fe were synthesized for the shape memory alloys Cu–Al–Be–Mn and Cu–Al–Fe–Mn (SMA2, and SMA3). The synthesized Cu–Al–Mn, Cu–Al–Be–Mn, and Cu–Al–Fe–Mn SMA alloys showed good strain recovery, ranging from 90 to 95%. The martensite that forms and changes when the alloys are heated and quenched mostly controls the strain recovery by the corresponding SMAs. SMA 2 of the Cu–Al–Be–Mn has a greater strain recovery rate, rising by 8.5% and 44.38%, respectively, in comparison to SMA 1 and SMA 3. Cu–Al–Bi–Mn shape memory alloys demonstrated superior super elasticity and martensite stability in comparison to SMA 1 and SMA 2 respectively. SMA 1 and SMA 2 demonstrated greater residual strength, cracking strength, and energy absorption capacity for all fiber volume fractions.

Low-cost, naturally derived, recycled materials have been under the spotlight recently because of their potential use as fillers in composites and other products. With varied amounts and types of fillers, polymer composites electrical and mechanical characteristics may be tailored to be inexpensive, environmentally friendly, or sophisticated. In several applications, including the construction and design sectors, as well as the automotive, aviation, and shipping industries, polymer-based composites with the right filler materials have been created and are successfully employed. This review article provides details on the main groups of naturally occurring fibres, with a focus on their uses. Here, we explore successful natural fillers documented in the last 10 years. It also offers an overview of the key features of polymer technology for creating hybrid composites that are both practical and environmentally beneficial.

Microplastics are pervasive environmental pollutants, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the presence and fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as potential contributors to environmental contamination. Sampling from two WWTPs in Erode over a 7-day winter period yielded 14 samples for analysis. Results indicate effective microplastic removal by WWTPs, yet incomplete treatment allows residual microplastics to persist in the environment due to their small size and lightweight nature. To address this issue, advanced treatment technologies, such as membrane-based processes and advanced oxidation methods, are proposed. Specifically, this study investigates the modification of polymer-based membranes, such as poly sulfone (PSF) combined with graphene oxide (GO), with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and GO to enhance microplastic removal efficiency. This novel approach aims to provide cost-effective solutions for microplastic mitigation in wastewater. Additionally, the study explores the potential for wastewater characterization for reuse applications, expanding the sustainability of wastewater management practices. Future research should focus on optimizing membrane modification techniques to maximize microplastic removal efficacy. This interdisciplinary study contributes valuable insights into mitigating microplastic pollution and promoting environmental and human health.

Water pollution, driven by the widespread release of pharmaceutical drugs, poses a global environmental and public health threat. The presence of antibiotic resistance compounds further compounds these concerns. Highly industrialized regions like India and China experience alarming levels of water pollution, primarily due to organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics, which persist in the environment due to their recalcitrance. Existing wastewater treatment methods are ill-equipped to address these emerging micropollutants. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), notably photocatalysis, have shown promise in degrading persistent pollutants. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, recognized for their efficiency as photocatalysts under visible light, offer a sustainable solution. While various methods exist for CuO nanoparticle fabrication, green synthesis method, particularly using plant extracts, emerges as on green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. An eco-friendly and cost-effective approach. However, limited research focuses this study explores different green synthesis methods of CuO nanoparticles, with a particular emphasis on their use in photocatalytic applications for organic pollutant removal from wastewater, using tapioca peel as a natural source.

This study investigates the viscoelastic properties of Luffa/vinyl ester composites, with the aim of elucidating their potential for diverse applications. Luffa fibers derived from sponge gourd plants and integrated into a vinyl ester matrix. The resulting composites were subjected to a comprehensive range of tests to assess their performances. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-dispersed and interconnected fiber-matrix interface, indicative of good compatibility. Mechanical testing showed notable improvements in the tensile strength by 25%, flexural strength by 18%, and impact strength by 15% compared with the unreinforced matrix. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) further revealed enhanced viscoelastic properties, with a 20% increase in storage modulus and a 15% improvement in damping properties. These findings suggest that luffa-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester composites exhibit promising mechanical and viscoelastic characteristics, making them viable candidates for various engineering applications.

In the quest of enhancing crashworthiness while maintaining lightweight characteristics in transportation manufacturing, this study focuses on optimizing the crashworthiness parameters of thin-walled steel tubes filled with Coir, a natural fiber material, using a combination of optimal alkali-treated Coir and Polyester as matrix under axial quasi-static loading conditions. The circular tubes were taken for the experiment due to its natural high specific energy absorption nature than all other shapes. The experiment involves gradually filling the tubes with Coir, ranging from empty, 33%, 66% to 100% filling, to investigate its impact on parameters such as energy absorption, compressibility, mean absorbing load, and specific energy absorption capacity. The bumper element is packed internally with the Coir to seek the advantage of natural fiber environmental benefits. And by experiment the initial force (3.4%) required to trigger the displacement in the thin-walled tube were compared and found to be of much less difference even though the energy absorption capacity (25.51%), compressibility (84.3%), mean absorbing load (19.59%) and Specific energy absorption capacity (69.08%) is seemed show the improvements by fiber fill in the thin-walled tube. The study also employs Grey Relation Analysis and ANNOVA to optimize and validate the multi-objective optimization process.

This article presents a groundbreaking study focused on improving the efficiency and durability of brake pads through new composite material composition. In this research, Alkali treated Smilax zeylanica/Glass Fiber reinforcements were combined with Nano Silica to develop a novel brake pad composition to enhance the mechanical, structural, and performance properties of brake pads by integrating natural fibers with advanced nanomaterials. A comprehensive series of tests was conducted to evaluate the friction, wear, and shear characteristics of the developed brake pad materials under various standard testing conditions. These tests were instrumental in assessing the material’s ability to withstand abrasive forces and deformation during intense braking situations. The study showed that mixing natural fibers, such as Smilax zeylanica fibers, with nano silica greatly improved how well brake pads work. This means they had better grip, lasted longer, and could withstand more pressure. Detailed analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques provided in-depth insights of microstructure and failure mechanisms of the tested specimen. This analysis proved the interactions between the reinforcing fibers, nano silica particles, and the matrix material was well bonded and contributing to the material’s behaviour. The observed improvements in frictional, wear, and shear properties offer a promising solution for the automotive industry. By leveraging the synergy between natural fibers and nanostructures, this research presents a sustainable and efficient approach to developing high-performance brake pad materials. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize the automotive sector by offering durable, efficient, and environmentally friendly brake pads, addressing the industry’s ongoing quest for enhanced safety and performance.

Air and water pollution, landfills, and other environmental issues are caused by artificial fibers like glass, nylon, carbon, twaron and aramid etc. Using a range of characterization methods, this study looked into the sustainability of a special natural fiber that was extracted from the stem of Hibiscus canescens Stem Fiber because of their low density, recyclable, renewable, high strength, stiffness and biodegradable etc. To improve its mechanical qualities, five samples of raw HCSF underwent alkali treatments such as separate soaking durations of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min in 5% NaOH solution. Then the optical result one (60 min) further treatment by benzoyl peroxide, potassium permanganate and octadecanoic acid. The different behaviors of the unalkalized and optimally alkalized HCSFs were investigated through a variety of techniques, including Atomic force microscopy, tensile testing, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR Analysis, thermogravimetric analyzer, and EDX spectroscopic analysis. According to the results cellulose content of increased by 9.07% as compared to raw HCSFs (68.46 wt%), while the fiber density increased by 3.03% as raw fiber was 1425 kg/m3. By using thermo gravimetric analysis, the char residue for raw (29.3%) and increased to 44.7% after alkalized. High crystalline index (54.49%) as raw HCSF and crystalline size (1.89 nm) also achieved after alkalized by the elimination of amorphous substances including wax, lignin and hemicelluloses (394.9 ± 14.42 MPa) and tensile strength (447.4 ± 14.99 MPa) achieved better as compared to raw one. As a result because of their enhanced properties, the optimally alkalized HCSFs could be useful for producing fiber-reinforced polymer composites.

The objective of our project is to development of high strength and fast setting in side wall crack arrester using polymeric nanocomposites. Epoxy and nano clay used as the matrix and reinforcement for this application. Epoxy is used due to its mechanical properties such as low shrinkage during curing, high strength, excellent adhesion to several substrate. Epoxy and hardener mixed in a different ratio for its fast-setting time. Cloisite 15 A nano clay is used as reinforcement in the epoxy to arrest cracks. This is added because of it increase the bonding and also reduces the pores when curing. Composition and methodology used are, the clay is heated in a furnace at 80 ºC and mixed in the epoxy with constant stirring. The mixture is then kept in ultrasonication. Different composition of clay is mixed with epoxy and applied in crack surface and left for curing. The crack is then tested using ultrasonic flaw detector, the test is performed using speed of soundwaves travelled from transmitter and receiver. Addition of nano clay in epoxy arrested cracks, increase in addition of nano clay increased the strength of the side wall till a weight percent.

Synthetic scaffolds are widely used for major bone fractures; however, they suffer from drawbacks such as poor biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and morphological structure, as well as limited cell signaling capabilities compared to natural scaffolds. Among the commonly used synthetic scaffolds in tissue engineering are poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyurethane, and poly-lactic acid (PLA). Natural scaffolds offer several advantages over synthetic counterparts. Natural scaffolds, such as those derived from cow dung ash (CDA), possess properties similar to human bone, including significant mineral content such as phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. In this study, various proportions of CDA were combined with PLA to fabricate specimens. These specimens were subjected to multiple tests including FT-IR analysis, FE-SEM imaging, and mechanical testing. The incorporation of CDA enhances the biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and morphological properties of the scaffolds. Furthermore, the mineral composition of CDA mimics that of human bone, facilitating enhanced tissue integration and regeneration. Comparative analysis with synthetic scaffolds underscores the potential of CDA-based scaffolds as viable alternatives, offering improved performance and biocompatibility. This study contributes to the advancement of natural scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering applications, with implications for enhancing patient outcomes and reducing reliance on synthetic materials.

This study explored the impact of varying stacking sequences on the mechanical properties of biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) composites reinforced with sisal, jute, and kenaf fibers. Four distinct stacking sequences (A, B, C, and D) were employed to assess their influence on key mechanical properties. The composites were fabricated with a consistent PLA matrix, incorporating different arrangements of Sisal, Jute, and Kenaf fibers. Among the findings, Sequence D emerged as notable, showing the highest tensile strength (63.5 ± 2.7 MPa), modulus (4.3 ± 0.2 GPa), flexural strength (80.1 ± 3.7 MPa), modulus (4.7 ± 0.4 GPa), Shore D hardness (82 ± 5), impact strength (145 ± 12 J/m2), and interlaminar shear strength (14.5 ± 1.3 MPa). These results offer valuable insights into tailoring the mechanical performance of biodegradable PLA composites contributing to the ongoing quest for sustainable materials across various industries.

The escalating demand for electricity and the depletion of nonrenewable resources necessitate a transition to renewable energy sources, notably wind power. Wind turbines, pivotal in this transition, rely on sturdy turbine blades traditionally composed of polyester resin and glass fiber for strength and stiffness. However, the nonrenewable and non-biodegradable nature of these materials prompts a search for more sustainable alternatives. Natural fibers, such as bamboo, emerge as promising substitutes due to their abundance and environmental friendliness. While natural fibers may not match the strength of glass fiber, innovative solutions like metal coating, employing nickel through spray pyrolysis, bolster the mechanical properties of the composite material. This approach facilitates the replacement of up to thirty percent of the glass fiber, promoting sustainability without compromising performance. The application of nickel coating not only enhances strength but also provides exceptional corrosion resistance, crucial for withstanding harsh environmental conditions over the windmill's anticipated twenty-five-year lifespan. Moreover, the thin layer of metal coating mitigates the risk of debonding associated with gel coatings, ensuring structural integrity and longevity. Mechanical tests, including tensile, flexural, hardness, and wear resistance evaluations, validate the efficacy of the newly coated fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The results demonstrate improved mechanical properties, affirming the viability of this eco-friendly solution for wind turbine blades.

This research delves into the impact of partly substituting a fine aggregate in concrete mixtures containing wood waste, particularly within the context of assessing structural behavior in beam applications. The primary objectives are to promote the preservation of natural resources, such as sand, and to mitigate the disposal of wood waste in landfills. The present study assesses the effective utilization of wood waste in concrete, considering the significant environmental pollution caused by industrialization. This research provides a comprehensive overview of the properties, structural behaviour, and potential applications of concrete incorporating wood waste. A total of 5 different percentage of specimens were meticulously prepared to study the structural characteristics of beams. The treatment of wood waste with sodium hydroxide was found to substantially enhance both the structural properties and impermeability of the resultant mixture when compared to specimens incorporating untreated, raw wood waste. The mechanical properties and non-permeability of the resulting mixture are enhanced through sodium hydroxide and acetic acid treatment of the wood waste, compared to untreated wood waste. The effectiveness of wood waste in concrete were assessed over various tests on the specimens through which material properties were acquired. Wood waste was incorporated into the concrete mix, and structural tests were carried out on beams to determine their load-bearing capacities. Though experiment test doesn’t able to archive the desirable strength while adding wood waste, utilizing minimum percentage of wood waste doesn’t affect the desired strength of concrete.

3D printing is increasingly recognized as a transformative technology in manufacturing, offering unprecedented flexibility and precision in producing complex geometries. The selection of materials significantly influences the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the final products, making it a critical area of study. This review paper delves into the latest advancements in 3D printing materials, focusing on polymer composites, metals, nano-composites, and their applications in additive manufacturing. Recent research highlights the critical role of polymer composites in enhancing biocompatibility, mechanical integrity, and functional properties of printed objects. Notably, the integration of carbon nanoparticles in extrusion-based 3D printing has been shown to drastically reduce print failures and enhance the mechanical strength of the products. The paper also examines the electrical and thermal conductivity improvements that these advanced materials can provide. This review not only synthesizes current research but also discusses persistent challenges in the field, such as material durability and process stability. It aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for both researchers and industry practitioners in navigating the complexities of material selection for additive manufacturing, particularly emphasizing the potential of polymer composites to revolutionize this field.

In the wake of Industry 4.0, marked by unprecedented technological advancements, the field of materials science has witnessed a surge in research endeavors aimed at enhancing the mechanical performance of materials while concurrently minimizing their weight. Polymer composites have emerged as frontrunners in this pursuit, showcasing unique properties and synergies unattainable by traditional materials. This critical review delves into the intricate interplay of mechanical performance and sustainability within the realm of polymer composites, unraveling the multifaceted advancements that have propelled their predominant role in critical sectors such as aeronautics, automotive engineering, and various industrial applications. The review emphasizes the mechanical properties crucial for diverse applications, particularly focusing on friction, durability, and wear performance. By synthesizing and comparing experimental findings alongside microstructure studies conducted under various mechanical loading conditions, valuable insights into the nuanced behavior of polymer composites are distilled. Moreover, the article explores the integration of novel composite materials, such as marble dust and silica, showcasing their potential to augment mechanical properties across various applications. The review culminates in a comprehensive guide for researchers, providing insights into the intricate process of material ratio selection to achieve predetermined mechanical strengths in composite materials. Overall, this refined abstract serves as a precise overview of the critical review, emphasizing its focus on elucidating the mechanical performance and sustainability aspects of polymer composites.

This critical review delves into the multifunctional realm of polymer composites, scrutinizing their design, mechanical properties, emerging applications, and associated challenges. The imperative for materials capable of seamlessly integrating diverse functionalities in modern industries propels the exploration of multifunctional polymer composites. Design strategies underscore the importance of molecular-level composition, reinforcement integration, and computational modeling for precise multifunctionality control. Synthesizing mechanical properties highlights these composites’ pivotal role in meeting varied performance requirements while addressing challenges in achieving a harmonious balance. Thermal management strategies showcase innovative approaches for applications in electronics and aerospace. Advances in processing techniques, characterization methods, and emerging applications demonstrate the transformative potential of multifunctional polymer composites. However, challenges persist, including achieving synergistic functionality and ensuring sustainability. Future research directions focus on novel nanomaterials, smart additives, and collaborative interdisciplinary efforts to unlock new dimensions in multifunctionality. As multifunctional polymer composites evolve, addressing challenges and embracing innovation promises to reshape industries and contribute to technological advancements.

This study explored the influence of different fiber volume (ranging from 0 to 20%) on the mechanical (Tensile, flexural, impact strength), thermal, as well as dynamic mechanical properties of enset/PLA (Polylactic Acid) composites. The primary objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using enset fibers as reinforcing agents in PLA matrices and to understand the performance of the resulting composite material for automobile and food packaging applications. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) was performed to evaluate viscoelastic behavior under different temperature and frequency conditions. The findings revealed a noticeable enhancement in the tensile behavior, peaking at a 15% fiber volume, while the flexural properties exhibited optimal performance at the same level. The impact resistance gradually increases, reaching a maximum value of 20%. Thermal analysis showed improved stability in the composites with higher fiber contents. The DMA results indicated an enhanced storage modulus and damping factor in specific temperature and frequency ranges. The microstructural analysis verified that the fibers were uniformly distributed throughout the PLA matrix. These results suggest the potential of enset/ PLA composites for automobile dash boards, window panel and wind blades requiring improved mechanical strength and thermal stability, thereby providing valuable insights into tailoring composite properties based on varying fiber volume fractions.

The solid state reaction (SSR) method, which is widely used in materials science and chemistry, can be used to synthesize a wide variety of compounds, including ceramics, intermetallics, and oxides. This comprehensive work provides a general overview of the approach, along with a discussion of its guiding principles and applications in the synthesis of new materials. Direct interaction between solid reactants at high temperatures, usually in a controlled environment or under pressure, is the foundation of the SSR process. Diffusion, crystalline development, and internal solid-phase chemical processes are the foundations of this approach. Some common steps in a solid state reaction, like reactant mixing, heating, and cooling are described in the overview. The importance of temperature profiles, stoichiometry, and precursor choice in determining the calibre of the final product is emphasized. In this review, various materials that can be produced using the solid state reaction approach are examined. This includes ceramic superconductors, phosphors, batteries, catalysts and battery components. Characterizing methods for measuring the phase purity and inspecting the microstructure of solid state reaction products, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other spectroscopy techniques are emphasized. The review talks about how the solid state reaction process affects the environment and emphasizes how solvent-free it may be. This requires the development of novel precursor materials, the use of state-of-the-art characterization techniques, and the use of computer modeling in order to produce new materials with specified properties.

India’s most water-intensive business, agricultural irrigation uses over 85% of the country’s water supply. More than 70% of all freshwater usage is accounted for by cultivation, which is the major user of good quality water worldwide. Equipment use can save major part of water and can be operated manually or automatically. The two most significant factors influencing agriculture are availability of water and quality of water. The most important maintenance concern with micro-irrigation is emitter blockage, which accelerates drip irrigation system ageing and is made worse by subsurface irrigation systems. Among the most significant issues in agriculture, when it comes to equipment operation, management, and the main aim of sustainable production of crop, the drip irrigation system’s effectiveness has an impact on the efficiency of the system and, which in turn, will have major financial repercussions. When very biologically active water is used for agriculture, blockage from microorganisms is common, and it is will worse by the presence of iron, manganese, and sulphur dioxide. Drip irrigation may become clogged due to scale formation if the water contains a high concentration of certain elements and has a pH level that is higher than the acidic range. Efforts to reduce the formation of scales in drip nozzles had carried out in this work. A pilot-scale sedimentation tank model with tube settlers was designed and natural coagulants were used to reduce the hardness of water predominantly. The detention time was lowered to as low as 20 min when compared to conventional sedimentation tanks. Average reduction in hardness of 70–80% was witnessed.

The present project focuses on developing and comparing the corrugated Kevlar Epoxy Composites (KEC) with flat KEC to understand their flexural strength and impact resistance. The improvement of composite laminate stiffness through geometric modifications is a critical consideration in materials engineering. Corrugation is identified as an effective method to increase stiffness in the direction perpendicular to the corrugation, concurrently improving energy absorption capabilities. The selected corrugated geometry for investigation, specifically for conducting Izod impact tests and flexural tests, was a circular pattern. The analysis of experimental data revealed an acceptable agreement between the flat and corrugated composite samples. A secondary objective of this research involves in the fabrication and testing of different corrugated structures like triangular, circular, square, and trapezoidal configurations. These structures, constructed with a single layer of Kevlar for testing purposes specifically focusing on the comparative analysis of impact properties. This part of the research underscores the examination of impact properties among different structures which are fabricated. The increased stiffness in the direction perpendicular to corrugation holds considerable usage for diverse applications, including but not limited to boats, helmets, and other uses of Kevlar fibers. This property effectively reduces the impact of damage on Kevlar composite structures.

This research focuses on investigating the flexural behavior of in-filled steel–concrete composites, with a specific emphasis on incorporating lightweight aggregates as a partial replacement and introducing one percent of steel fiber. The study aims to achieve a dual objective: reducing the self-weight of the concrete structure and enhancing its strength. Utilizing lightweight aggregates is instrumental in achieving a substantial reduction in the composite structure’s self-weight, thereby minimizing the structural load on the foundation and supporting elements. The addition of steel fibers, at a modest 1% volume fraction, plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall structural performance. Observations indicate an increase in compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength as a result of steel fiber reinforcement, emphasizing its significance for the structural integrity of the composite, particularly in scenarios involving dynamic or lateral loads. The combination of lightweight aggregates and steel fibers emerges as a promising approach in the development of in-filled steel–concrete composites. The lightweight aggregates effectively reduce the self-weight of the structure, while the steel fibers contribute to enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite, establishing it as a viable construction option across various applications.

In this investigation, treated rice straw powder (RSP) of size 150–75 µm varying from 0 to 10 wt% was reinforced into PLA matrix to prepare bio-composites by pelletizing in single screw extruder followed by injection molding technique. The prepared RSP composites were assessed for tensile strength and tribological properties using universal testing machine and pin-on-disc test setup respectively. Tribo-testing was performed as per ASTM G99 test standards at 250, 500 and 750 rpm under 5 N and 10 N of normal loads. Results showed the reduction in tensile strength and tensile modulus with the increase in RSP content. The effect of RSP increment showed insignificant effect on the tribo-performance whereas normal load and disc speed influenced the most.

A newly designed brake friction formula should satisfy the desired performance defining characteristics (PDC’s) of braking at various combinations of speeds and loads in different environments. The satisfactory performance of a brake friction material greatly depends upon the selection of ingredients, content used, manufacturing process parameters and the test conditions. Any change in the ingredient type, its amount and manufacturing parameters may cause fluctuations in the PDC’s. Researchers have developed different brake friction materials to meet the objectives of eco-friendliness, asbestos-free, utilization of industrial and agro waste, Cu and heavy metals free and the use of multiple new materials for reaching out the braking effectiveness and performance and claiming better than others. Thus, optimization to obtain the best brake friction composite based on the PDC is needed. This paper analyzed the optimization strategies used in optimization of compression moulding process parameters and MADM techniques used in material selection and the optimal selection of ingredients for an effective braking performance. The accuracy of solution and the technique used for the application of brake friction materials are critically analyzed and new ideas to standardize the future research are discussed.

The use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in transportation diligences is be-coming inevitable because of the material’s lightweight, good environmental impact, antibacterial, not producing any harmful chemicals during production, low cost, and excellent characteristics. These fibres have a high hydrophilic nature, shrink-age and have poor dimensional stability and less durability which are the main drawbacks of using them. The interfacial connection between the matrix and fibre has a significant impact on the mechanical characteristics of composites. The mechanical qualities of composites are enhanced by the use of various chemical treatments that enhance the bond between the matrix and fibres. Additionally, a tiny amount of both natural and manufactured fillers, known as additives, boosts the composites’ overall mechanical strength. High strength with low-weight compounds yields different manufacturing methods of composites employed in industries based on the requirements and their applications. The aerospace and automotive industries are exploring the use of composites as a possible alternative to conventional high-density materials. The objective is to reduce vehicle weight while enhancing vehicle performance. Natural fibre-reinforced composites, their many chemical treatments, manufacturing methods, additives, and their many uses are all covered extensively in this review article.

Use of Natural fibre based composites in structul applications has been increasing day by day due to abundant availability of natural resources and non-biodegradability of synthetic fibres. Present work utilizes most widely availbale agrowaste utilized in the form of coconut leaf spathe as a reinforcement. Neat Composites were developed from chopped Glass fibre reinfoced composite (GFRC) with the epoxy volume fraction of 60:40 respectively and in other set, biocomposites are developed from hybridization of spathe fibres with choppped glass fibres as Spathe reinforced hybrid composite (SRHC) in the ratio of 50:50 by volume of fibre without change in matrix volume fraction. The samples were devloped through manual handlayup route followed by compression molding. Developed composites were subjected to mechanical tests such as tensile and flexural tests. Experimental Results concluded that presence of spathe fibre influence consdierably on tensile characteristics of fibre reinforced composites reporting considerable 12.7% increase in ultimate tensile strength. However introducing coconut spathe fibre as rienforcement lowers the flexural characteristics of the sample where maximum load carrying capapcity and bending modulus will be reduced by 36% and 38% respectively due to reduced interfacial bonding between fibre and epoxy matrix. Present study also perform Regression analysis to achieve the experimental correlation for tensile and flexural test results. SEM analysis has been done to understand the failure mode of samples.

The aim of this research is to find out, study and analyze how to study the utilization and accounting treatment of remaining raw materials or waste from palm oil production activities in the form of fibers in companies in Indonesia. The design and type of this research can be categorized into qualitative research with a descriptive analysis method approach through a series of data analysis tests carried out. The results of this research show that in general the utilization and accounting treatment of palm oil waste in the form of fibers has been used for various alternative uses such as glass fiber raw materials, pulp making materials, alternative plant media, boiler fuel and steam power plants which have been implemented at the company. Palm oil in Indonesia, the accounting aspect of treatment is recognized as part of non-business income (other income) which is presented in the company’s profit and loss statement. Apart from that, the use of remaining fiber raw materials from palm oil waste can also be recognized as a reduction in raw material costs and factory overhead for the company. Based on this, it is hoped that the impact of this research will be to provide information about various alternatives that can be used as a form of utilizing palm oil fiber waste into something useful and valuable for industry or companies in Indonesia.

This meticulously crafted manuscript weaves together an eight-year odyssey, chronicling the rise of eco-friendly fillers in the world of polymer composites, an arena where sustainability is now the chorus to the melody of advancement. It delves deep into the labyrinth of bio-based particles and recycled materials, each narrating a unique saga of ecological harmony and material prowess. The manuscript unfolds like a tapestry of intricate challenges, showcasing how these green warriors, once overshadowed by their synthetic counterparts, have risen to prominence. It highlights the alchemy of transforming challenges into opportunities through novel techniques such as surface modification and advanced compounding, and reinforcement outcomes. This narrative extends beyond mere technicalities, embracing the life cycle assessment of these materials, eloquently speaking of their journey of sustainability. This holistic approach provides a panoramic view, capturing the essence of reduced carbon footprints and a march towards a future less reliant on non-renewable resources. The review is visionary, projecting into the realm of possibilities where the intersection of nanotechnology and smart functionalities hint at a future where polymer composites are not only eco-friendly but are marvels of innovation in the use of ecofriendly fillers as reinforcement.

This research proposes a new formulation for gasket coating application using nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and waste tire powder (WTP) as filler. WTP used to replace carbon black in the formulation. The experiment carried out with three phases, which are formulation optimization, foaming, curing parameter optimization, and determining the suitable coating methods. Various latex compounds containing different loading of WTP, sulphur and plasticizer was developed through solution mixing method. 10 phr plasticizer, 90 phr filler and 2 phr vulcanizing agent (P10-F90-V2) is the most most suitable formulation as it exhibit 16.01% mass oil absorption and 4.45% of maximum thickness changes which complied with requirement for gasket coating materials. Optimum foaming temperature of 70 °C and 30 min of curing time produced coating layers with smaller foam size and non-overcuring of NBR. The casting method is more suitable to produce coating layer with better oil resistance properties and performance as compared with rolling technique.

Stainless steel is one of the chief candidates in most of the engineering and domestic applications. Noticeable resistance to erosion and corrosion, along with good strength makes it suitable for such applications. However, application of the material in harsh environment causes severe deterioration and hence damages the surface, which in turn makes the material inappropriate for its use. The said problem directs us towards surface modification of the candidate material. In the present work, wear/erosion resistance MoCoCrSi/Flyash composite cladding is developed through 2.45 GHz microwaves irradiation by Microwave Hybrid Heating (MHH) technique on functional grade stainless steel. Clad is developed on the surface of the substrate due to fractional dilution of the clad powder and substrate at their interface. The developed clad is characterized for metallographic, mechanical and functional properties. Pin-on—disc test on clads illustrate an evidence of better resistance to wear caused by the contact between clad and the abrasive surface.