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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Progressive History

verfasst von : Brett Bowden

Erschienen in: The Strange Persistence of Universal History in Political Thought

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The idea of progress has two related components: the first is that the human species universally progresses, albeit at different rates, from an original primitive or child-like condition, through savagery, through barbarism, and culminates at the apex of progress in the status of civilization. The second component holds that human experience, both individual and collective, is cumulative and future-directed, with the specific objective being the ongoing improvement of the individual, the society in which the individual lives, and the world in which the society must survive. This chapter outlines the sources and theorizing behind the idea of progress in Western political thought, highlighting its central role in the broader Enlightenment.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Universal History

Nächstes Kapitel Making History

J. S. Mackenzie, “The Idea of Progress,” International Journal of Ethics 9, no. 2 (1899): 195.

F. M. Powicke, Modern Historians and the Study of History: Essays and Papers (London: Odhams Press, 1955), p. 174.

E. H. Carr, What Is History? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), p. 109.

K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies: Volume 2 Hegel & Marx (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), p. 259.

Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, pp. 264–265.

Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, p. 269. Italics in original.

Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 18.

Carr, What is History?, p. 109, note 2. Arnold J. Toynbee, Civilization on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. v.

Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 volumes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934–1961).

Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, ed. Helmut Werner, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962).

Arnold J. Toynbee, “My View of History,” in Civilization on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 9.

Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, abridged by D. C. Somervell (London: Oxford University Press, 1946), 38.

Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of History, ed. Adam Watson (London: Eyre Methuen, 1981), p. 125.

Georg G. Iggers, “The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment,” The American Historical Review 71, no. 1 (1965): 7.

E. H. Goddard and P. A. Gibbons, Civilisation or Civilisations: An Essay in the Spenglerian Philosophy of History (London: Constable & Company, 1926), pp. 1–2.

Carr, What is History?, p. 132.

Henry Steele Commager, “The Past as an Extension of the Present,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 79, no. 1 (1969): 19.

Commager, “The Past as an Extension of the Present,” 19.

Commager, “The Past as an Extension of the Present,” 19. Italics in original.

Commager, “The Past as an Extension of the Present,” 19.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men,” in Rousseau: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 132.

Iggers, “The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment,” 4.

J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Growth and Origin (New York: Dover Publications, 1960), p. 5. Italics in original.

Robert Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (London: Heinemann, 1980), pp. 4–5. Italics in original.

Bury, The Idea of progress, pp. 1–2.

Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress, p. 7.

Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress, p. 4.

Nannerl O. Keohane, “The Enlightenment Idea of Progress Revisited,” in Progress and its Discontents, eds. Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow, and Roy Harvey Pearce (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 21.

Alain de Benoist, “A Brief History of the Idea of Progress,” The Occidental Quarterly 8, no. 1 (2008): 7.

Ronald Wright, A Short History of Progress (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2004), p. 3.

Joel Colton, “Foreword,” in Progress and its Discontents, eds. Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow and Roy Harvey Pearce (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), ix. See also Ludwig Edelstein, The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967).

Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress, p. 9; and Bury, The Idea of Progress, p. 19.

Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress, p. 76.

Charles Van Doren, The Idea of Progress (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 26–30.

Iggers, “The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment,” p. 6.

See Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1907), pp. v–vi. See also Lewis Henry Morgan, The League of the Iroquois (North Dighton, MA: JG Press, 1955).

Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 3.

Morgan, Ancient Society, pp. 59–60.

Sir John Lubbock, “Preface to the American Edition,” in The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1870), p. iii.

Lubbock, “Preface to the American Edition,” p. iv.

F. Engels, The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1948), p. 6.

Engels, Origin of Family, Private Property and the State, p. 5.

Engels, Origin of Family, Private Property and the State, p. 6. Italics in original.

Keohane, “Enlightenment Idea of Progress Revisited,” p. 34.

Anthony Pagden, “The ‘defence of civilization’ in Eighteenth-century Social Theory,” History of the Human Sciences 1, no. 1 (1988): 34.

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1869), pp. 289–296, and Book V in general.

Smith, Wealth of Nations, Book II, Chap. III, p. 141.

Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books with Chatto and Windus, 1963), p. 530.

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, “A Philosophical Review of the Successive Advances of the Human Mind,” in The Turgot Collection: Writings, Speeches, and Letters of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, ed. David Gordon (Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2011), p. 321.

Turgot, “Philosophical Review,” p. 323.

Turgot, “A Philosophical Review,” p. 323.

Turgot, “Philosophical Review”, p. 322.

J. Salwyn Schapiro, Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism (New York: Octagon Books, 1963), p. 240.

Turgot, “On Universal History,” p. 414. Italics in original.

Stuart Hampshire, “Introduction,” in Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1955), p. x.

Schapiro, Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism, p. 240.

Hampshire, “Introduction”, p. x.

Schapiro, Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism, p. 241.

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 316–317.

Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind, p. 3.

Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind, pp. 3–4.

Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind, p. 4.

Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind, pp. 11–12.

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection (London: Watts & Co., 1929).

Benoist, “A Brief History of the Idea of Progress,” pp. 13–14.

Thomas McCarthy, Race, Empire and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 1.

Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Happiness Specified, and the First of them Developed (London: John Chapman, 1851), p. 66.

Spencer, Social Statics, p. 181.

Herbert Spencer, Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864), p. 2.

Spencer, Illustrations of Universal Progress, pp. 2–3.

Spencer, Illustrations of Universal Progress, p. 3.

Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology, volume 1 (London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1864), pp. 444–445.

Charles Darwin, “An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin Of Species, Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of this Work,” in The Origin of Species, ed. J. W. Burrow (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p. 61.

Darwin, “An Historical Sketch,” p. 54.

Darwin, The Origin of Species, p. 167.

Darwin, The Origin of Species, p. 300.

Darwin, The Origin of the Species, p. 408.

William Dwight Whitney, Oriental and Linguistic Studies, II volumes (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972 reprint of 1872), vol. I, p. 341. See also his pamphlet Darwinism and Language (1874).

Spencer, Social Statistics, p. 416.

Spencer, Social Statistics, p. 417.

Eduard Von Hartmann, Philosophy of the Unconscious: Speculative Results According to the Inductive Method of Physical Science, III volumes, trans. William Chatterton Coupland (London: Trübner & Co., 1884), vol. 2, p. 1.

Hartmann, Philosophy of the Unconscious, vol. 2, pp. 11–12.

Iggers, “The Idea of Progress,” p. 16.

Kevin G. Kinsell, “Changes in Life Expectancy 1900–1990,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55 (1992): 1196S–1202S. See also Oded Galor and Omer Moav, “Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Expectancy” (October 12, 2005). Minerva Center for Economic Growth Paper No. 02–05. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=563741

World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision (New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2005).

Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Vol. 1 A Millennial Perspective, Vol. 2 Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2006).

Arnold J. Toynbee, Civilization on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 14.

Toynbee, Civilization on Trial, p. 15.

Wright, A Short History of Progress, p. 8. An earlier critique, including concerns about inequality, is Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968).

Wright, A Short History of Progress, pp. 31–32.

Wright, A Short History of Progress, pp. 121–132. On the 10,000 year experiment see Gregory Cochrane and Henry Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosions: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution (New York: Basic Books, 2009). A similar argument to Wright’s is made in Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Penguin, 2005).

Aron, Raymond. 1968. Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Benoist, Alain de. 2008. A Brief History of the Idea of Progress. The Occidental Quarterly 8, no. 1: 7–16.

Bury, J. B. 1960. The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Growth and Origin. New York: Dover Publications.

Butterfield, Herbert. 1981. The Origins of History, ed. Adam Watson. London: Eyre Methuen.

Carr, E. H. 1965. What Is History?. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Cochrane, Gregory, and Henry Harpending. 2009. The 10,000 Year Explosions: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. New York: Basic Books.

Colton, Joel. 1982. Foreword. In Progress and its Discontents, eds. Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow, and Roy Harvey Pearce, ix–xii. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Commager, Henry Steele. 1969. The Past as an Extension of the Present. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 79, no. 1: 17–27.

Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de. 1795. Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind. London: J. Johnson.

Darwin, Charles. 1929. The Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection. London: Watts & Co.

Darwin, Charles. 1968. An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of this Work. In The Origin of Species, ed. J. W. Burrow, 53–63. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin.

Edelstein, Ludwig. 1967. The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Engels, F. 1948. The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Galor, Oded, and Omer Moav. 2005. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Expectancy. Minerva Center for Economic Growth Paper No. 02-05. SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=563741

Gibbon, Edward. 1963. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books with Chatto and Windus.

Goddard, E. H., and P. A. Gibbons. 1926. Gibbons, Civilisation or Civilisations: An Essay in the Spenglerian Philosophy of History. London: Constable & Company.

Hampshire, Stuart. 1955. Introduction. In Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, Trans. June Barraclough, vii–xii. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Iggers, Georg G. 1965. The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment. The American Historical Review 71, no. 1: 1–17.CrossRef

Keohane, Nannerl O. 1982. The Enlightenment Idea of Progress Revisited. In Progress and its Discontents, eds. Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow, and Roy Harvey Pearce, 21–40. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kinsell, Kevin G. 1992. Changes in Life Expectancy 1900-1990. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 1196S–1202S.

Lubbock, Sir John. 1870. The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Mackenzie, J. S. 1899. The Idea of Progress. International Journal of Ethics 9, no. 2: 195–213.CrossRef

Maddison, Angus. 2006. The World Economy: Vol. 1 A Millennial Perspective, Vol. 2 Historical Statistics. Paris: OECD Publishing.CrossRef

McCarthy, Thomas. 2009. Race, Empire and the Idea of Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Morgan, Lewis H. 1907. Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company.

Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1955. The League of the Iroquois. North Dighton, MA: JG Press.

United Nations. 2005. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

Nisbet, Robert. 1980. History of the Idea of Progress. London: Heinemann.

Pagden, Anthony. 1986. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pagden, Anthony. 1988. The ‘defence of civilization’ in Eighteenth-century Social Theory. History of the Human Sciences 1, no. 1: 33–45.CrossRef

Popper, K. R. 1980. The Open Society and its Enemies: Volume 2 Hegel & Marx. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Powicke, F. M. 1955. Modern Historians and the Study of History: Essays and Papers. London: Odhams Press.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1997. Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men. In Rousseau: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch, 111–222. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schapiro, J. Salwyn 1963. Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism. New York: Octagon Books.

Smith, Adam. 1869. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: T. Nelson and Sons.

Spencer, Herbert. 1851. Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Happiness Specified, and the First of them Developed. London: John Chapman.

Spencer, Herbert. 1864. Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Spencer, Herbert. 1864. The Principles of Biology, volume 1. London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.

Spengler, Oswald. 1962. The Decline of the West, ed. Helmut Werner, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Strauss, Leo. 1965. Natural Right and History. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1934-1961. A Study of History, 12 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1946. A Study of History, Abridged by D. C. Somervell. London: Oxford University Press.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1948. Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press.

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques. 2011. A Philosophical Review of the Successive Advances of the Human Mind. In The Turgot Collection: Writings, Speeches, and Letters of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, ed. David Gordon, 321–343. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Van Doren, Charles. 1967. The Idea of Progress. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.

Von Hartmann, Eduard. 1884. Philosophy of the Unconscious: Speculative Results According to the Inductive Method of Physical Science, III volumes, trans. William Chatterton Coupland. London: Trübner & Co.

Whitney, William Dwight. 1874. Darwinism and Language. Boston: North American Review.

Whitney, William Dwight. 1972. Oriental and Linguistic Studies, II volumes. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press.

Wright, Ronald. 2004. A Short History of Progress. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Titel: Progressive History
verfasst von: Brett Bowden
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Strange Persistence of Universal History in Political Thought
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52409-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-52410-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52410-8_3

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