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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Protectability and Enforceability of AI-Generated Inventions

verfasst von : Jan Phillip Rektorschek, Tobias Baus

Erschienen in: Liquid Legal

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) leads to disruptive innovations in every aspect of life. This technology not only changes the rules of all data-related fields, it also either has or will soon reach the point where it generates innovation without human input. As its economic relevance increases, the question of protectability and enforceability of AI-generated inventions naturally arises. After evaluating the nature of AI-driven innovation, this chapter assesses the possibilities and restrictions of such protectability and enforceability. As will be shown, the legal system already provides instruments for IP protection, particularly patent protection. However, this technological progress poses challenges to the legal framework and to the common understanding of IP protection. Notably, current law does not allow patent protection of autonomously AI-generated inventions that were created without human contribution.

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Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 332; Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438, 438.

Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 332; https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html.

EPO, Patents and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: the inventions behind digital transformation, 2017; Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 332; calculated with statistics for the years 2015–2017.

Rektorschek, The Licensing Journal 2019, Volume 39, No. 3, page 1–2.

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Herberger, NJW 2018, 2825, 2826; Legg and Hutter (2007), p. 12.

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/artificial.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence.

Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 333.

The difference between inventions and other creations and specifically the requirement of technicity are discussed below.

Ito, Resisting Reduction: A Manifesto. Version 1.0, 14.11.2017.

Herberger, NJW 2825, 2826, 2828 mit Verweis auf Görz/Nebel, Künstliche Intelligenz, 2014; also cf. https://www.ibm.com/blogs/watson/2016/01/chef-watson-has-arrived-and-is-ready-to-help-you-cook/.

Abbott, Everything Is Obvious, 66 UCLA L. REV. 2 (2019); Abbott, Mitt. 2017, 429, 430, contrary to Ménière/Pihlajamaa’s assumption (GRUR 2019, 332, 333), an autonomously AI-generated invention does not necessarily require an AI that passes the Turing test.

See US patent 5,852,815; http://www.imagination-engines.com/; Also cf. Thaler’s “DABUS”, Section 2.1.1.3.

Bennett et al, Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming, 2010 (see https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10710-010-9112-3).

https://www.ibm.com/blogs/watson/2016/01/chef-watson-has-arrived-and-is-ready-to-help-you-cook/.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_AI;https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence; https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence.

Omohundro, The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence, 2007 (revised 2008), p. 5.

Omohundro, The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence, 2007 (revised 2008), p. 30 et seq.

Abbott, Mitt. 2017, 429, 436; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence.

McGuire/Nikolidaki, IPRB 2016, 152, 153.

Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438, 442; Lauber-Rönsberg/Hetmank, GRUR Int. 2019, 641, 641.

Case Law, Chapters I.A.1.1, I.D.9.1.1; Schulte/Moufang, PatG, 10th Ed., § 1 recital 16.

Schulte/Moufang, PatG, 10th Ed., § 1 recital 19 et seqq.

EPO Guidelines, G.II.3.1; Benkard/Melullis, European Patent Convention, 3rd Ed., Art. 52 recital 228.

Benkard/Melullis, European Patent Convention, 3rd Ed., Art. 52 recital 228.

FCJ GRUR 2016, 475, 481—Rezeptortyrosinkinase I.

EPO Guidelines, G.II.3.6.

Benkard/Bacher, PatG, 11th Ed., § 1 recitals 113 et seqq.

Schwarz/Kruspig, Computerimplementierte Erfindungen—Patentschutz von Software?, 2nd Ed., p. 79 et seqq.

Lauber-Rönsberg/Hetmank, GRUR Int. 2019, 641, 641.

Busse/Keukenschrijver, PatG, 8th Ed., § 4, recital 26.

Hetmank/Lauber-Rönsberg, GRUR 2018, 574, 576.

Abbott, Mitt. 2017, 429, 436 et seq; Abbott, I Think, Therefore I Invent; 57 B.C.L. Rev. 1079 (2016).

Benkard/Melullis § 6 recital 31.

For example Meitinger, Mitt. 2017, 149.

Singer/Moufang, § 6 recital 19.

Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 335; According to Shemtov, A study on inventorship in inventions involving AI activity, Commissioned by the EPO, February 2019, the same goes for the USA, China, Japan, South Korea, UK, France and Switzerland.

Schulte/Moufang, § 6 recital 18.

Borges, NJW 2018, 977, 979; Also cf. below discussion of an electronic personality.

Cf. outlook regarding future patentability of autonomous AI-generated inventions.

Benkard/Melullis, PatG, § 6 recital 31; Kraßer/Ann/Ann, Patentrecht, 7th Ed., § 19 recital 7; GRUR 1973, 343; Vollmer, Mitt. 1971, 256, 256.

See above; specifically https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html; Omohundro, The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence, 2007 (revised 2008).

Benkard/Melullis, European Patent Convention, Art. 60 recital 4; Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438; Abbott, Mitt. 2017, 429.

Benkard/Melullis, PatG, § 6 recital 31; Kraßer/Ann/Ann, Patentrecht, 7th Ed., § 19 recital 7.

Zipse, Mitt. 1972, 41 et seq.; Benkard/Melullis, PatG, § 6 recital 32.

FCJ GRUR 2016, 475, 481, recitals 50—52—Rezeptortyrosinkinase I.

Schulte/Moufang, PatG, § 4 recital 169.

GRUR Int. 2019, 641, 642; GRUR 2019, 332, 332; Volmer, Mitt. 1971, 256, 260.

FCJ GRUR 1966, 558, 560.

FCJ GRUR 1966, 558, 561—Spanplatten with comment from Schippel.

Benkard/Melullis, Art. 60, recital 4; Lauber-Rönsberg/Hetmank, GRUR Int. 2019, 641, 641.

Coulter, Patent agencies challenged to accept AI inventor, Financial Times 1 August, 2019; In his press release dated 1 August, 2019, Abbott asserts: “In these applications, the AI has functionally fulfilled the conceptual act that forms the basis for inventorship. There would be no question the AI was the only inventor if it was a natural person.” Applying current law, a rejection of the application is expected from all three Patent Offices.

See EPO register of the applications EP 18 275 163 and EP 18 275 174; https://www.epo.org/news-issues/news/2020/20200128.html.

Hetmank/Lauber-Rönsberg, GRUR 2018, 574, 576.

Cf. conclusion Volmer, Mitt. 1971, 256, 264.

Hetmank/Lauber-Rönsberg, GRUR 2018, 574, 577.

Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438, 442.

Lauber-Rönsberg/Hetmank, GRUR Int. 2019, 641, 644 et seqq.; Hetmank/Lauber-Rönsberg, 2018, 574, 577.

Hetmank/Lauber-Rönsberg, GRUR 2018, 574, 577.

Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438, 442.

Rosling: Facfulness; https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html.

EU Parliament, Report 015/2103(INL).

Volmer, Mitt. 1971, 256, 260 et seq.

EU Parliament, Report 015/2103(INL).

Abbott, Mitt. 2017, 429, 435; Haskel/Westlake, Capitalism without Capital: Rise of Intangible Economy, 2017.

Ménière/Pihlajamaa, GRUR 2019, 332, 335.

Rektorschek, Mitt. 2017, 438, 443.

Legg S, Hutter M (2007) Universal intelligence: a definition of machine intelligence. Minds and Machines 17(4):391–444CrossRef

Titel: Protectability and Enforceability of AI-Generated Inventions
verfasst von: Jan Phillip Rektorschek
Tobias Baus
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Liquid Legal
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48265-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-48266-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48266-4_22

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