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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore: Locating India in the Global Framework

verfasst von : R. Rajesh Babu

Erschienen in: Locating India in the Contemporary International Legal Order

Verlag: Springer India

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Abstract

India is host to a rich source of traditional knowledge and folklore. India is also one of the countries which have been on the receiving end of misappropriation and patenting of traditional knowledge. There is no shortage of instruments to protect TK and folklore, both nationally and internationally. Most of these attempts are through using traditional intellectual property rights such as the copyright, patent, geographical indicators, or trademarks, and in some cases through the adoption of sui generis laws that applies specifically to TK. However, these protections are fragmented and have their share of drawbacks. Focussing on the role and experience of India, this chapter argues the need for a comprehensive international treaty for the protection of TK in all its dimensions supplemented by a model law for the States to emulate. In the interim, given the diverse approaches to TK protection and the lack of consensus on various issues, India and other developing countries efforts must equally be focussed on incorporating suitable amendments to existing norms, in particular, the TRIPS Agreement.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Making International Tax Law: Analysing Tax Jurisprudence in India

Nächstes Kapitel Transnational Influences in Trade Mark and Domain Name Protection: The Indian Experience

CBD, Introduction, https://www.cbd.int/traditional/intro.shtml.

WIPO (1998‐1999), p. 25.

Folklore or “Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE)” has been defined as “productions consisting of characteristic elements of the artistic heritage developed and maintained by a community. It particularly includes- verbal expressions- (such as folk tales, folk poetry and riddles), musical expressions (such as folk songs and instrumental music), expression by actions (such as folk dances, plays) and tangible expressions (like drawings, paintings, carvings, terracotta, pottery, musical instrument and architecture).” See, Kutty (2002).

Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge <http://www.icimod.org/?q=1248> accessed on 17 June 2015.

Barsh (1999), p. 73.

Arewa (2006), p. 164.

Bratspies (2007), p. 6. See also, Varadarajan (2011), p. 379.

Ibid. Exploitation of biological and genetic diversity has also been seen as a careful crafting of res nullius that advantages newcomers to the resource at the expense of traditional users.

“It has been estimated that of the 35 plant-derived drugs in the top 150 best-selling drugs, 94% contained at least one compound that has been used by indigenous and local communities.” Ruiz (2002), p. 4.

Varadarajan (2011), p. 379.

The legal and policy framework for such an international instrument has been discussed in a number of fora, such as the WIPO, WTO, FAO, CBD, UNCTAD, UNESCO, etc. In all the fora, the active participants have been the Developing countries, who are pushing for comprehensive an effective framework for the protection of traditional knowledge.

Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, ‘Chronology of Events of Basmati Rice Battle’ <http://www.navdanya.org/articles/chronology_basmati_battle.htm> 8 November 2005.

Freudenberg (2014), p. 164.

“Biopiracy of Traditional Knowledge” available at <http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/Common/Biopiracy.asp?GL=Eng.> accessed on 20^th June 2015.

Chouhan (2012), pp. 35–42.

IPPRO (2008).

Chouhan (2012), pp. 35–42.

Bhattacharya (2014), pp. 49–56.

“Colgate accused of stealing 1000 year old Indian toothpaste recipe” Daily Mail (22^nd October 2010) <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1322863/Colgate-accused-stealing-1-000-year-old-Indian-toothpaste-recipe.html> accessed on 22nd June 2015.

Dewan (2010).

Ibid.

Gupta (2013).

Ficsor (2005).

WIPO (2000).

WIPO (2002).

WIPO (2003a, b).

Ibid.

Srinivas (2008), p. 86.

“Seminar on the Protection of Traditional knowledge: The international dimension of TK protection”, <http://www.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/meetings/delhi/Countriestext/brazil.doc>.

“It is enough that someone, somewhere, sometime previously has described or shown or made something that contains a use of technology that is very similar to your invention.” What is Prior Art? European Patent Office, <https://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventors-handbook/novelty/prior-art.html>.

Art. 15.4(a), Berne Convention.

Art. 5, Tunis Model Law. See von Lewinski (2004), p. 341.

‘Domaine Public Payant’, system, “a work that has fallen into the public domain may be used without restriction, subjected to the payment of a fee calculated as a percentage of the receipts produced by the use of the work or its adaptations”. Sect. 17, Tunis Model Law. See also, the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) Bangui Agreement 1977.

Bannerman (2015), pp. 90–91.

Lewinski, supra note 47, p. 341.

Kutty, supra note 3.

Bannerman, supra note 36, p. 91.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) entered into force on 29 December 1993.

Art. 1, CBD.

Art. 8(j), CBD. See also Art. 10(c): “Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements”.

Ullrich (2005).

List of Parties, https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml.

Art. 9.2, FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2001.

Adoption in Geneva, 76th ILC session, 27 Jun 1989 and entry into force on 5 Sep 1991. The Convention revised the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957.

Art. 7(1), ILO Convention 1989.

Art. 31, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007, A/61/L.67 and Add.1. 143 countries voted in favour of the Declaration, with Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the US voted against it.

Agenda 21, UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, 3014 June 1992 (“The Earth Summit”) available at http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html.

Blakeney (1998), p. 986.

Ibid.

The TRIPS Agreement is Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on 15 April 1994.

WIPO Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) 1967.

WIPO Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) 1971. See International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations, 1961 (Rome Convention) and Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, 1989.

Overview: the TRIPS Agreement <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm>.

Sects. 1 to 7, Part II, TRIPS Agreement.

Art. 27.1 of the TRIPs Agreement, provides that in order for the subject matter to receive patent protection the invention must be “new, involve an inventive step and capable of industrial application”.

Pacón (2000), p. 5.

“Traditional knowledge and the need to give it adequate Intellectual property protection,” Documents prepared by the Group of Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC) September 14, 2000, WO/GA/26/9.

Gervais (2005), p. 141.

See UNCTAD (2002).

WIPO (2003a, b).

Mara (2008).

See Para. 19, WT/MIN(01).DEC/1. Paragraph 19 of the 2001 Doha Declaration says the TRIPS Council should also look at the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore.

Art. 27.3(b) of the TRIPs: “Members may also exclude from patentability: (b) plants and animals other than microorganisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However, Members shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.”

See, Drahos (2004).

Dutfield (2003).

Manley (2006), p. 113

See Da Costa, Mitzi Gurgel Valente Genetic Resources and Intellectual Property Rights First Meeting of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries, in Drahos (2004).

Art. 27(3)(b) allows Members to exclude from patentability plants, animals, biological processes for the production of plants or animals and plant varieties. Gervais (2005), p. 141.

See WTO, IP/C/M/25, December 22, 1999.

Drahos (2004).

WTO Trade Negotiations Committee, “Draft Modalities For TRIPS Related Issues,” Communication from Albania, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ecuador, the European Communities, Iceland, India, Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Liechtenstein, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the ACP Group and the African Group, TN/C/W/52, 19 July 2008.

As amended in 2012.

Sect. 31A. Compulsory licence in unpublished Indian works, Copyright Act 1957.

Sect. 52, Copyright Act 1957.

“Protecting Indian Traditional Knowledge as International Property” <http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/344510/Trade+Secrets/protecting+indian+traditional+knowledge+as+intellectual+property> (accessed on 22nd June 2015).

Milpurrurru, G. & Ors v. Indofurn P/L & Ors, [1994] FCA 975; 54 FCR 240; 130 ALR 659; (1995) AIPC 91-116; 30 IPR 209. See also Blakene (1995), p. 4.

Traditional Knowledge, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, <https://cyber.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_8:_Traditional_Knowledge>.

Janke (2003), p. 14.

Kirby (1998) in Janke (2003), p. 22.

Goswami and Nandi (2008).

Algeria, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chile, Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Rwanda, Seychelles, Togo, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe.

Egypt, Jordan, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Qatar.

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