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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Psychrophile

verfasst von : Andreas Stolz

Erschienen in: Extremophile Mikroorganismen

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

Kalte Lebensräume sind auf der Erde weit verbreitet. So weisen etwa 90 % des Wasservolumens der Ozeane Temperaturen unter 5 °C auf. Außerdem sind weite Gebiete von Arktis und Antarktis mit Permafrostböden bedeckt. Weitere ausgedehnte Lebensräume für kälteliebende (psychrophile) oder zumindest zum Wachstum in der Kälte befähigte (psychrotrophe) Organismen finden sich in Form von Süßwasserseen unter dem Gletschereis der Antarktis. Hinweise auf mikrobielle Stoffwechselprozesse können auch bei Temperaturen niedriger als −30 °C gefunden werden. In kalten Lebensräumen wachsen sowohl eukaryotische (z. B. Diatomeen, Dinoflagellaten und Grünalgen) als auch prokaryotische Mikroorganismen (u. a. Proteobacteria, Gram-positive Bakterien und Mitglieder des Phylums Bacteroidetes). Die kalte Umgebung führt bei einzelligen Organismen zu einer generellen Verringerung der metabolischen Umsatzraten, bei Temperaturen unter dem Gefrierpunkt des Wassers können außerdem letale Schädigungen der Zellen durch die Bildung von Eiskristallen auftreten. Psychrophile Mikroorganismen passen sich an ihre Lebensräume durch eine erhöhte Flexibilität vieler Proteine und der Membranstrukturen an. Die Bildung und Struktur von Eiskristallen kann durch Eisnucleationsproteine bzw. Antigefrierproteine beeinflusst werden. In der Lebensmittel- und Waschmittelindustrie gibt es zahlreiche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für Enzyme, die unter kalten Bedingungen katalytisch aktiv sind.

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Metadaten
Titel
Psychrophile
verfasst von
Andreas Stolz
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55595-8_3

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