nach oben

Erschienen in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Quantum Computing

verfasst von : Volker Lang

Erschienen in: Digital Fluency

Verlag: Apress

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Quantum computing is the first digital support technology we explore in this book in more detail. It is sometimes portrayed as brilliant scientists exploring the most obscure natural phenomena in exotic laboratories and aiming to build very powerful science fiction supercomputers that are practically capable of doing anything. But this public perception has been changing lately since various tech companies around the world have invested in this technology to apply it to real-life business problems and explore potential use cases. Among them are Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Honeywell, for instance, just to mention a few pioneers in this ongoing field of industrial research. They frequently report on their latest achievements, highlight current business applications, and emphasize the great prospects of this digital technology. Even The New York Times picked up this trend lately and described quantum computing as one of the most “jazziest and most mysterious concepts of modern science” [1].

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Digitalization and Digital Transformation

Nächstes Kapitel Blockchain Technology

See, for example, YouTube video on https://youtu.be/-ZNEzzDcllU/.

The term “quantum” originates from the Latin world “quantus” for “how much” or “how big.”

Later on, physicists expanded this concept of quantized natural units and even introduced the Planck time and Planck length among others as quanta for time and space. This is indeed a very counterintuitive and equally strange idea since space and time do – to your experience – not change step-wise but rather continuously. Both those units are, however, incredibly small, which is why we cannot observe this quantization in our daily lives.

This term refers to the natural phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs light.

This approach was proposed by the American physicist and philosopher David Bohm in the 1950s to avoid a probabilistic interpretation and the resulting non-locality paradox mentioned earlier. He basically argued that there is a set of “hidden variables,” other than position and momentum, that are less “restrictive,” deterministic, and better suited to describe the reality without probability theory.

The many-worlds interpretation was coined by the American physicist Hugh Everett in the 1960s, who argued that all possible probabilistic solutions of the wave function are equally real and there is an uncountably infinite number of universes, in which each possible solution of the wave function is realized.

Without going into details, the probability of the cat being alive is in fact given by the square of α, that is, α ⋅ α = α², and the probability for the cat being dead by β², accordingly.

Laser is the abbreviation for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” and refers to a powerful light source that can be focused very well due to the very special physical properties of the emitted photons called spatial and temporal coherence.

Mathematically speaking, a quantum mechanical state is called entangled, if it cannot be written as a product (denoted by the symbol “⊗”) of single-particle states. For example, the two-particle state |↑〉_A |↑〉_B + |↑〉_A |↓〉_B + |↓〉_A |↑〉_B + |↓〉_A |↓〉_B is not entangled since it equals the product state ( |↑〉_A + |↓〉_A ) ⊗ ( |↑〉_B + |↓〉B ) according to the rules of basic arithmetic.

Richard Feynman is actually just one of four scientists who can be considered as the founding fathers of the field of quantum computation. The first (Russian) article on quantum information was actually published back in 1973 by the Soviet mathematician Alexander Holevo, who established a relationship between quantum bits and classical binary bits of information [11]. Two years later, R. P. Poplavskĭi I showed that the simulation of quantum systems is computationally infeasible on classical computers due to the superposition principle [12]. The idea of an actual quantum computer was coined by the Russian mathematician Yuri Manin in his famous book entitled Computable and Uncomputable published in 1980 [13].

Please remember that this corresponds to about two billion letters and symbols that can be saved in the 8-bit ASCII code.

The golden color originates from a reflective thermal foil – similar to the one inside your vehicle’s first-aid box – that is used to thermally isolate the different components of the computer as good as possible.

This interaction is called Coulomb interaction and originates from the effect that two positively or negatively charged particles repel each other.

Quantum dots do often also go by the name “artificial atoms” since early experiments showed that the energy of electrons that are confined in very small spatial areas is quantized similar to the energy of electrons in atoms.

This is why phonons are associated with the much larger group of so-called quasi-particles for obvious reasons.

The right-hand rule is a fundamental law in physics that describes the direction of the magnetic field that is induced by an electric current: if the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the circular current, the right thumb points to the north pole of the induced magnetic field.

The energy of a Cooper pair is associated with the “speed” at which the superconducting currents flow in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

The total number of possible routes in the traveling salesman problem is generally given by the mathematical equation (N − 1)!/2 where N denotes the number of cities.

The different qubits in the QPU are actually preconfigured and wired up in a so-called chimera graph, which is a special two-dimensional array of qubits that turned out to be very versatile: it can be adapted easily to represent the graphs of a large range of combinatorial problems by switching certain nodes and edges of the chimera on and off, respectively.

The absence of any heat exchange between the qubits and their hosting environment is physically called adiabatic process, which is why quantum annealers are sometimes also called “adiabatic quantum computers.”

Scientists group combinatorial optimization problems into two further subcategories depending on the mathematical model that aims to solve them. They are called Ising model and QUBO model for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization. Further details are given in [54], for example.

This approach is called circuit quantum electrodynamics since they rely on physical interactions between Cooper pairs and photons with the latter being described by a theory called “electrodynamics.”

Please see, for example, https://youtu.be/IWQvt0RBclw/ for further details.

A nice tool to look up the usage of certain words in literature is Google Ngrams on https://books.google.com/ngrams/ by the way.

See www.research.google/research-areas/ for further information.

Entanglement is crucial for the operation of a quantum computer for three reasons: (1) it delocalizes quantum information and allows for connecting spatially separated quantum logic gates on the QPU, (2) provides a noiseless channel for the transmission of qubits between spatially separated quantum logic gates by a process called quantum teleportation [68 ], and (3) permits fault–tolerant quantum computing to eliminate the destructive influence of the environment [69, 70].

The barium-138 ions basically collide with the heavier ytterbium-171 ions while cooling them down gradually by overtaking their motional heat energy without altering their qubit state.

A prime factor is a natural number greater than one that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.

This calculation is based on a modest clock rate of 1 MHz or one million operations per second.

Titel: Quantum Computing
verfasst von: Volker Lang
Verlag: Apress
Buch: Digital Fluency
Print ISBN: 978-1-4842-6773-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4842-6774-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6774-5_2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"