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Quantum Information Processing
Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing 6/2015

01.06.2015

Quantum differential cryptanalysis

verfasst von: Qing Zhou, Songfeng Lu, Zhigang Zhang, Jie Sun

Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing | Ausgabe 6/2015

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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a quantum version of the differential cryptanalysis which offers a quadratic speedup over the existing classical one and show the quantum circuit implementing it. The quantum differential cryptanalysis is based on the quantum minimum/maximum-finding algorithm, where the values to be compared and filtered are obtained by calling the quantum counting algorithm. Any cipher which is vulnerable to the classical differential cryptanalysis based on counting procedures can be cracked more quickly under this quantum differential attack.
Vorheriger Artikel Protocols and quantum circuits for implementing entanglement concentration in cat state, GHZ-like state and nine families of 4-qubit entangled states
Nächster Artikel Two-layer quantum key distribution

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Fußnoten
1
A characteristic is a structure built for the cipher to be attacked, which is constructed by cryptanalysts at their leisure time. An n-round characteristic associated with a pair of encryptions consists of the plaintext difference and the ciphertext difference of the pair, along with the input and output differences of each round. A characteristic has a probability, which is the chance that a random pair with the chosen plaintext difference has the round and ciphertext difference values specified by the characteristic when random independent keys are used.
 
2
A subkey in the differential cryptanalysis refers to a part of the complete key, and it is a subset of the binary key string. For the 16-round characteristic introduced in [12], \(E\) is \(H'=T'_L\oplus 19\,60\,00\,00_x\), where \(H'\) is the output XOR of the 16th round of DES and \(T'_L\) is the left half of the ciphertexts difference. On the one hand, we can compute \(H'\) according to \(E\) with the given pair alone; on the other hand, we can also calculate \(H'\) with the help of the candidate subkey of the last round by a trial encryption. If these two results coincide perfectly, then the given pair is the right pair of the candidate subkey.
 
3
When the difference operation is XOR, the plaintext pairs can be set to \(\left( P_i,P_i\oplus P'\right) \) as default, where \(P_i=i, i=1,2,\ldots ,N\), and thus, we can just send \(P'\) as the request parameter to the cryptosystem and the cryptosystem could set up the plaintexts pairs by itself and then encrypt them, pack the result and respond.
 
4
The counting method in differential cryptanalysis is presented by Biham and Shamir [7], and it needs huge numbers of counters (\(K\) counters are necessary) and many precomputed differential tables.
 
Literatur
1.
Shor, P.W.: Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithm and factoring. In: 35th Annual Symposium on IEEE Foundations of Computer Science, 1994 Proceedings, pp. 124–134 (1994)
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Boneh, D., Lipton, R.J.: Quantum cryptanalysis of hidden linear functions. In: Advances in CryptologyłCRYPTO95, pp. 424–437. Springer, Berlin (1995)
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Grover, L.K.: Quantum mechanics helps in searching for a needle in a haystack. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(2), 325–328 (1997)ADS
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Ludwig, C.: A Faster Lattice Reduction Method Using Quantum Search. Springer, Berlin (2003)CrossRef
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Phaneendra, H.D., Vidya, R.C., Shivakumar, M.S.: Applying quantum search to a known-plaintext attack on two-key triple encryption. Int. Fed. Inf. Process. 228, 171–178 (2006)
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Zhong, P.C., Bao, W.S.: Quantum mechanical meet-in-the-middle search algorithm for Triple-DES. Chin. Sci. Bull. 55(3), 321–325 (2010)
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Biham, E., Shamir, A.: Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encrypt Standard. Springer, New York (1993)CrossRef
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Nielsen, M.A., Chuang, I.L.: Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, 261–263. Cambridge University Press, New York (2010)CrossRef
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Matsui, M.: Linear cryptanalysis method for DES Cipher. In: Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT’93, pp. 386–397. Springer, Berlin (1994)
12.
Biham, E., Shamir, A.: Differential cryptanalysis of the full 16-round DES. In: Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO’92, pp. 487–496. Springer, Berlin (1992)
Metadaten
Titel
Quantum differential cryptanalysis
verfasst von
Qing Zhou
Songfeng Lu
Zhigang Zhang
Jie Sun
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Quantum Information Processing / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 1570-0755
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1332
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-015-0983-3

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