Skip to main content

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Race Relations in the Caribbean: The Myth of Representative Bureaucracy

verfasst von : Jacqueline H. Stephenson, Natalie Persadie, Ann Marie Bissessar, Talia Esnard

Erschienen in: Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion in Caribbean Organisations and Society

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to examine the mechanisms by which ethnic groups are accommodated in the public sector of an ex-colonial, small island state, Trinidad and Tobago. It will be noted, that in the case of Trinidad and Tobago, like its neighbour Guyana, the nature of the economy, the demographic relations between and among groups, the settlement patterns, the size of the country, its position in the context of international politics and the nature of the stratification system all coalesced to determine the political as well as the administrative systems and structures. The paper will explore the extent to which each group has been represented within the broader public sector and will assess the mechanisms which have been introduced to allow for assimilation by the various groups.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
J. S. Furnival. Netherland Indies. London: Cambridge University Press.
 
2
According to the 2011 Census, 33.4% of the population was Protestant (including 12.0% Pentecostal, 5.7% Anglican, 4.1% Seventh-day Adventist, 3.0% Presbyterian or Congregational, 1.2% Baptist and 0.1% Methodist), 21.5% was Roman Catholic, 14.1% was Hindu and 8% were Muslim. A small number of individuals subscribed to traditional Caribbean religions with African roots, such as the Spiritual Baptists (sometimes called Shouter Baptists) (5.7%); and the Orisha (0.1%). The smaller groups were Jehovah’s Witnesses (1.5%) and unaffiliated (2.2%).
 
3
There are of course denominational schools at these levels as well.
 
4
Centre for Ethnic Studies. 1992. Ethnicity and employment practices in Trinidad and Tobago. Centre for Ethnic Studies: The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad. In this report, the data revealed that the top positions in the public sector was mainly held by persons of African descent. After this report, further data re ethnic groups employed in the public sector have been forthcoming.
 
5
Michael Garfield Smith. 1965. The plural society in the British West Indies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 
6
Raymond T. Smith. 1971. “Race and political conflict in Guyana.” Race and Class, Vol. 12, No. 4: 415–427.
 
7
Leo Despres. 1964 October. “The implications of nationalist politics in British Guiana for the development of cultural theory.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 66, No. 5: 1051–1077.
 
8
John Gaffar La Guerre. 1974. Calcutta to Caroni: The East Indians of Trinidad. School of Continuing Studies, Trinidad and Tobago, St Augustine.
 
9
R. T. Smith (1971, p. 415).
 
10
Donald Kingsley. 1944. Representative bureaucracy. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press.
 
11
P. Van Riper. 1958. History of the United States Civil Service. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. R. K. Kelsall. 1955. Higher Civil servants in Britain. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. N. E. Long. 1958. “Implementing equal opportunities in the 1980s: An overview” Public Administration, Vol. 67: 7–18. V. Subramaniam. 1967. “Representative bureaucracy: A reassessment.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. LXI, No. 4: 1010–1019. Bhola Dauda. 1990. “Fallacies and dilemmas: The theory of representative bureaucracy with a particular reference to the Nigerian Public Service 1950–1986.” International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 56: 467–495.
 
12
Elijah Agyapong. 2018. Critical assessment of representative bureaucracy: Toward a more expanded theory. https://​patimes.​org/​a-critical-assessment-of-representative-bureaucracy-toward-a-more-expanded-theory/​.
 
13
Defining Representative Bureaucracy Author(s): James W. Evans Source: Public Administration Review, Vol. 34, No. 6 (November–December, 1974), pp. 628–631. Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Society for Public Administration Stable URL: https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​974367. Accessed: 21 March 2019, 14:27 UTC.
 
14
Pan S. Kim. 1994. “A theoretical overview of representative bureaucracy: Synthesis.” International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 60: 385–397, 386.
 
15
Norton Long, 1952. “Bureaucracy and constitutionalism.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 46: 808–818.
 
16
Paul P. Van Riper. 1958. History of the United States Civil Service. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.
 
17
Frederick C. Mosher. 1968. Democracy and the public service. New York: Oxford University Press.
 
18
Percy Hitzen. 1994. “The colonial foundations of race relations and Ethno-politics in Guyana.” Guyana History Gazzette, No. 65.
 
19
Derek Brown. 1999. Ethnic politics and public sector management in Trinidad and Guyana. Paper delivered at Sheffield University Seminar on the Caribbean. Sheffield, 9 March 1999.
 
20
Leo Despres. 1967. Cultural pluralism and nationalist policies in British Guiana. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
 
21
Selwyn Ryan. 1972. Race and nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago. Toronto, ON: Toronto University Press.
 
22
John Gaffar La Guerre. 1993. “A review of race and class in the Caribbean.” In Race, class and gender in the future of the Caribbean, edited by J. E. Greene. Kingston, Jamaica: ISER.
 
23
The Trinidad and Tobago General Election of 1961 Author(s): Gordon K. Lewis Source: Caribbean Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2 (July 1962): 2–30, Published by: Institute of Caribbean Studies, UPR, Rio Piedras Campus Stable URL: https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​25611702. Accessed: 27 March 2019, 20:25 UTC: 16.
 
24
Report of the Constitution Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. 1987. Presented to his Excellency, the President on 1st June 1990. Reservation by John Gaffar La Guerre, 286.
 
25
The Trinidad Express Newspaper: The AG Comments on the Findings of the EOC. 20 October 2011, p. 2.
 
26
B. A. N. Collins. 1967. “Some notes on the public service commissions in the Commonwealth Caribbean.” Social and Economic Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1: 1–16.
 
27
Centre for Ethnic Studies. 1992. Ethnicity and employment practices in Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad, p. 8.
 
28
Haller W. (2010). The place of the Ombudsman in the world community, Fourth International Ombudsman Conference Papers, Canberra, Canadian Federal Corrections 15(5), 15–24; L. Ademolekun and E. L. Ogunkule. 1985. Nigeria’s Ombudsman system: Five years of the public complaints. Ibadan: Heineman.
 
29
Ombudsman 40th Annual Report (2017), Office of the Ombudsman, Trinidad and Tobago.
 
30
“Judicial Supervision of Executive Action in the Commonwealth Caribbean.” Michael de la Bastide, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2007): 177–189.
 
31
Louis Rescascino Wise and Mary Tschirthart. 2000 September/October. “Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public sector managers?” Public Administration Review, Vol. 60, No. 5: 386–396.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, D. (1999, March 9). Ethnic politics and public sector management in Trinidad and Guyana. Paper delivered at Sheffield University Seminar on the Caribbean, Sheffield. Brown, D. (1999, March 9). Ethnic politics and public sector management in Trinidad and Guyana. Paper delivered at Sheffield University Seminar on the Caribbean, Sheffield.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, B. A. N. (1967). Some notes on the public service commissions in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Social and Economic Studies, 16(1), 1–16. Collins, B. A. N. (1967). Some notes on the public service commissions in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Social and Economic Studies, 16(1), 1–16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dauda, B. (1990). Fallacies and dilemmas: The theory of representative bureaucracy with a particular reference to the Nigerian Public Service 1950–1986. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 56, 467–495.CrossRef Dauda, B. (1990). Fallacies and dilemmas: The theory of representative bureaucracy with a particular reference to the Nigerian Public Service 1950–1986. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 56, 467–495.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Despres, L. (1964). The implications of nationalist politics in British Guiana for the development of cultural theory. American Anthropologist, 66(5), 1051–1077.CrossRef Despres, L. (1964). The implications of nationalist politics in British Guiana for the development of cultural theory. American Anthropologist, 66(5), 1051–1077.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Despres, L. (1967). Cultural pluralism and nationalist policies in British Guiana. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Despres, L. (1967). Cultural pluralism and nationalist policies in British Guiana. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans, J. (1974). Defining representative bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 34(6), 628–631.CrossRef Evans, J. (1974). Defining representative bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 34(6), 628–631.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Furnival, J. S. (1948). Netherland Indies. London: Cambridge University Press. Furnival, J. S. (1948). Netherland Indies. London: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Hitzen, P. (1994). The Colonial Foundations of race relations and Ethno-politics in Guyana. Guyana History Gazzette, No. 65. Hitzen, P. (1994). The Colonial Foundations of race relations and Ethno-politics in Guyana. Guyana History Gazzette, No. 65.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelsall, R. K. (1955). Higher civil servants in Britain. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. Kelsall, R. K. (1955). Higher civil servants in Britain. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim, P. S. (1994). A theoretical overview of representative bureaucracy: Synthesis. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 60(385–397), 386. Kim, P. S. (1994). A theoretical overview of representative bureaucracy: Synthesis. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 60(385–397), 386.
Zurück zum Zitat Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative bureaucracy. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press. Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative bureaucracy. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press.
Zurück zum Zitat La Guerre, J. G. (1974). Calcutta to Caroni: The East Indians of Trinidad. New York: Longman Inc. La Guerre, J. G. (1974). Calcutta to Caroni: The East Indians of Trinidad. New York: Longman Inc.
Zurück zum Zitat La Guerre, J. G. (1993). A review of race and class in the Caribbean. In J. E. Greene (Ed.), Race, class and gender in the future of the Caribbean, 18. Kingston, Jamaica: ISER. La Guerre, J. G. (1993). A review of race and class in the Caribbean. In J. E. Greene (Ed.), Race, class and gender in the future of the Caribbean, 18. Kingston, Jamaica: ISER.
Zurück zum Zitat Long, N. (1952). Bureaucracy and constitutionalism. American Political Science Review, 46, 808–818.CrossRef Long, N. (1952). Bureaucracy and constitutionalism. American Political Science Review, 46, 808–818.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Long, N. (1958). Implementing equal opportunities in the 1980s: An overview. Public Administration, 67, 7–18. Long, N. (1958). Implementing equal opportunities in the 1980s: An overview. Public Administration, 67, 7–18.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosher, F. C. (1968). Democracy and the public service. New York: Oxford University Press. Mosher, F. C. (1968). Democracy and the public service. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000a). The International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000a). The International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000b). The International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000b). The International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000c). The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Office of the Attorney General, Trinidad and Tobago. (2000c). The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan, S. (1972). Race and nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago. Toronto, ON: Toronto University Press.CrossRef Ryan, S. (1972). Race and nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago. Toronto, ON: Toronto University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, M. G. (1965). The plural society in the British West Indies. Berkeley: University of California Press. Smith, M. G. (1965). The plural society in the British West Indies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, R. T. (1971). Race and political conflict in Guyana. Race and Class, 12(4), 415–427.CrossRef Smith, R. T. (1971). Race and political conflict in Guyana. Race and Class, 12(4), 415–427.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Subramaniam, V. (1967). Representative bureaucracy: A reassessment. The American Political Science Review, LXI(4), 1010–1019.CrossRef Subramaniam, V. (1967). Representative bureaucracy: A reassessment. The American Political Science Review, LXI(4), 1010–1019.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van Riper, P. P. (1958). History of the United States Civil Service. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. Van Riper, P. P. (1958). History of the United States Civil Service. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.
Metadaten
Titel
Race Relations in the Caribbean: The Myth of Representative Bureaucracy
verfasst von
Jacqueline H. Stephenson
Natalie Persadie
Ann Marie Bissessar
Talia Esnard
Copyright-Jahr
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47614-4_2