Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Performance Comparison Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

   Jai Kumar Maherchandani, R. R. Joshi, Ritesh Tirole, Raju Kumar Swami, Bibhu Prasad Ganthia

   Abstract

   The performance of three widely used energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) is compared in this paper. The HEV considered here consists of the fuel cell (FC), battery, and supercapacitor (SC). Performance comparison is carried out among conventional proportional-integral (PI), rule-based (RB), and equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategies (ECMS) in terms of overall efficiency, battery state of charge (SOC) level, and FC hydrogen consumption. The comparative results reveal that the RB control strategy gives the highest overall efficiency. ECMS can maintain a higher SOC level, and PI control strategy reduces the hydrogen consumption of FC. The choice of the appropriate strategy for the energy management of HEV depends on the specific objectives.

2. Evaluative Study of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Topologies

   Hemant Gupta, Arvind Yadav, Sanjay Kumar Maurya

   Abstract

   Multilevel inverters have recently gained popularity due to their ability to deliver virtually pure ac output voltage using different dc sources. Multilevel inverters have many special characteristics over two-level inverters such as high-performance efficiency, low unit ratings, structural modularity in their cascade topology, and so forth. One of the most rarely used topologies is the cascade topology in which the number of output voltage levels can be increased by connecting the identical module of the inverter in a series string. The conventional cascade topology has many cons that include the use of an increased number of switches and complexity in modulation schemes. Hence to overcome these problems a modified topology has been put forward in which for the same preferred output voltage the number of solid-state devices get reduced. In this research work, a comparative assessment has been realized to conclude the best among the two topologies.

3. Low Speed Performance Improvement of Dual VSI Fed Direct Torque Controlled Five Phase Open-End Winding Induction Motor

   C. Venkata Subba Reddy, Swati Devabhaktuni

   Abstract

   A Modified lookup table based direct torque control (DTC) scheme for open end winding five phase induction motor drive is proposed for low speed performance improvement. Proposed DTC scheme uses 40 active vectors that are generated from dual inverter configuration and are classified as small, medium, and large vectors. In conventional DTC, large and medium voltage vectors are used for all possible speeds which generates high torque ripple and zero vectors and creates demagnetization and high switching frequency under low/zero speed operation. In this paper, a modified Lookup table for 3-level dual inverter fed open end winding Induction motor used, where small voltage vectors used under low/zero speed operation which gives lesser torque ripple. To eliminate flux instability at low/zero speed, suitable active voltage vectors used under flux error +1 and torque error 0 instead of null vectors. The proposed DTC scheme provides benefits of torque ripple reduction, switching frequency reduction, and elimination of flux instability problems under low speeds. The proposed DTC scheme verified through MATLAB simulations and compared with conventional DTC.

4. Self-balanced Symmetric Source Configuration of Nine Level Switched Capacitor-Based Grid Connected Inverter with LCL Filter

   Aratipamula Bhanuchandar, Bhagwan K. Murthy

   Abstract

   This paper presents a single-phase self-balanced symmetric source configuration of nine level switched capacitor (SC)-based grid connected inverter with LCL filter. It comprises two DC sources, two switched capacitors and ten unidirectional switches with less per unit Total Standing Voltage (TSV). Out of ten switches, eight switches have been faced the stress of 0.5Vdc only and rest of the switches have been faced the stress of 2Vdc individually. By changing input DC voltage ratios, it is possible to get more number of levels also. For both symmetric and asymmetric source configurations, a Unified Rounding Control Scheme (URCS) has been applied with RL load. In grid connection point of view, to achieve UPF operation, a dq frame current control strategy along with Unipolar Level Shifted Phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (ULSPD-PWM) scheme has been elucidated clearly. While considering resonant peak problems and grid stability, the LCL filter has been designed carefully. In this topology, the capacitors are self-balanced without the need of auxiliary circuits and separate complex control schemes. Lastly, to corroborate the proposed concept of nine level grid connected inverter with LCL filter and other source configurations have been elucidated with MATLAB/Simulink platform.

5. Priority-Based Charging of Electric Vehicles to Prevent Distribution Transformer Overloading

   Arjun Visakh, T. Sornavel, M. P. Selvan

   Abstract

   There is a need for charge scheduling schemes that can manage the adverse effects on distribution systems due to the imminent influx of electric vehicles. An immediate effect of widespread domestic charging will be sustained overloads on the distribution transformer, especially during the peak load hours. In this paper, a scheduling algorithm that prevents the transformer’s load from rising beyond its rated capacity is introduced. During peak load hours, the charging of low-priority vehicles is delayed until sufficient capacity becomes available. The priority value assigned to each plugged-in vehicle is designed to reflect its owner’s urgency of charge requirement. By shifting the electric vehicle loads from on-peak to off-peak hours, the scheduling algorithm can limit the transformer loading without missing any charging deadline.

6. Implementation of Three-Phase Hybrid Energy System Integrated with UPQC

   Shravan Kumar Yadav, Krishna Bihari Yadav

   Abstract

   This article refers to the design and execution of three-phase hybrid energy system (solar PV, battery, and wind) integrated with UPQC. The hybrid energy system-unified power quality conditioner (HES-UPQC) contains series and shunt compensator attached with the common DC-link voltage. UPQC mitigates the power quality problems generated by the non-linear load. An Integrator Second-Order with Frequency for better output of the hybrid energy system UPQC, a locked loop control based on a zero crossing detection is used to remove the load active current portion. The grid power quality concerns such as grid voltage sags/swells are balanced through series compensator. The voltage injects through compensator that is in or out of the phase with the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage in the swell and sag situations. The new framework combines the advantages of renewable energy production with the improvement of power efficiency.

7. Design of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Electric Vehicle Traction Application

   Sandeep Vuddanti, Sharankumar Shastri, Surender Reddy Salkuti

   Abstract

   This paper introduces the feasibility of the implementation of high-efficiency motors in electric vehicles (EVs) and their design. Four major areas focused on in the proposed work include the selection of motors for EV propulsion, vehicle dynamics analysis, design of the motor of desired power rating, and simulation of the motor using software tools. This paper covers the motors used for EV applications and compares them based on several criteria to choose the best among them for the desired application. The motors compared are induction motors (IM), Brushed DC motors (BDCM), and Permanent magnet brushless DC motors (PMBLDCM), among which PMBLDC motors are chosen. PMBLDC motors are high-efficiency and high-power density electrical machines with a wide range of applications. Electric vehicle drives using PMBLDC motors are one of the major areas of application for PMBLDC Motors. The vehicle understudy is chosen to be a three-wheeler, which is a widely popular, very low-cost, and common mode of transportation. The forces acting on the vehicle are assessed and the average power needed to drive the vehicle is calculated. The internal structure of the motor is studied and the motor is designed using standard formulae and the dimensions of the motor are obtained. The design parameters obtained are then inputted into motor design software. The software used here is ANSYS’s Maxwell design package. The motor parameters and the design dimensions are input into a package like ANSYS RMxprt, which gives an analytical output and then exported to Maxwell 2D (FEM-based) and simulated again to obtain various output curves.

8. D-FACTS-Based Power Quality Enhancement Using Power Balance Theory

   Vikash Anand, S. K. Mallik

   Abstract

   Continuous advancement in FACTS expertise has innovated novel device based on distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) thought. This has confirmed to stand more advantageous in refining class and enactment of power systems. This device is named “Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC)”. Underneath framework, this article objectives at a theoretical reading of probable DPFC to diminish sag/swell and elimination of harmonic alteration for subtle load. This is demonstrated over control model centered D-Q axis theory and PI control scheme in SIMULINK environs. Simulation outcomes confirm capability of DPFC in enhancing power quality at superior level.

9. Design and Implementation of Electrical Dynamic Braking System in Electric Car Using Buck Converter

   Walid Alqaisi, Claude Ziad El-Bayeh

   Abstract

   This paper proposes the design of a closed-loop control of a pulse width modulated DC converter with a PID control method used to control a braking system in an electric car. The control output determines the desired switching signals to reduce the tracking error in the presence of a variable setpoint. The setpoint is a function of the car’s speed and it reaches zero as the car comes to a complete stop. The proposed system of the controller, the converter, and the electric brakes, is designed to reduce the speed to zero in two seconds. Unlike hydraulic braking systems, this system is eco-friendly. The system is described using mathematical equations, simulated with Matlab/Simulink, which proved the effectiveness of the proposed system.

10. A Reduced Device Count of Self Balancing Five-Level Switched Capacitor-Based Grid-Connected Inverter

    Aratipamula Bhanuchandar, Bhagwan K. Murthy

    Abstract

    This paper presents a Reduced Device Count (RDC) of self-balancing five-level Switched Capacitor (SC)-based grid-connected inverter with LCL filter. It comprises eight unidirectional switches, one bidirectional switch, and one SC with a single DC source supply. In this topology, the voltage stress of each switch has been faced an equal amount of V_dc and it possesses less per unit Total Standing Voltage (TSV), thereby the cost requirement of devices have been reduced. Here, the capacitor is self-balanced without the need for additional circuits and separate control schemes. It also provides twice the voltage gain or boosting factor. Here, the LCL filter has been integrated with the grid for higher ripple attenuation purposes and designed carefully without making instability problems. With RL load, the new Unified Low Switching Frequency Control Scheme (ULSFCS) has been applied and for grid-connected case, a dq frame current control strategy has been applied to get Unity Power Factor (UPF) operation of the system. Finally, the entire operation of the system with both RL load and grid-connected cases have been corroborated through MATLAB/Simulink environment.

11. Pitch Angle Control Using Fuzzy Logic for DFIG-Based WECS

    Kirti Kaharwar, Bhavnesh Kumar

    Abstract

    Electrical energy is produced by exploiting the kinetic energy from the wind. However, higher wind speeds above the rated speed may harm the system, so there is a high need for effectively maintaining its operation beyond the rated speed. Therefore, in this paper, leveling of power output is carried out by regulating the blade pitch angle of a doubly fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine. The control mechanism of pitch angle is used to regulate the power output and to smoothen power fluctuations whenever the wind speed becomes greater than the rated speed. The fuzzy logic-based control scheme is utilized for controlling the angle of a pitch to sustain the rated power at the output. Simulation results and studies show that this control mechanism is very potent in reducing fluctuations and leveling of the output power of DFIG-based WECS (Wind energy conversion system) as compared to the PI control strategy. This given technique is verified by MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the results are obtained on various operating conditions, and finally, comparisons are drawn with the PI and fuzzy controller.

12. Class-E Power Amplifier-Based Wireless Power Transfer System

    Jay Prakash Narayan, Anamika Das, Ananyo Bhattacharya

    Abstract

    This paper present, a new scheme of wireless power transmission system (WPT) using bridge rectifier with class-E power amplifier for the enhancement of the system efficiency. This WPT system is designed specially for the transfer of power in the medium range, i.e., between 150 and 300 watts. With the increase in the system frequency, the size of the WPT is decreased, i.e., the compactness of the system increases, here the system is operating at 100 kHz frequency. In this system, 260V AC input is supplied and output of the system is greater than 300V and efficiency of the system is 59.4 percent without any compensation, which indicates a high-performance wireless power distribution system. The suggested wireless power transmission system is designed and performance of the same is verified by using MATLAB\SIMULINK.

13. Enhancement of Power Factor and DC-Link Voltage Stabilization Using Multiple Techniques of HPFC

    Satya Venkata Kishore Pulavarthi, Jami Rajesh, Nakka Jayaram, Sukanta Halder

    Abstract

    Three-phase AC/DC power conversion is commonly used in variable-speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies, high-voltage DC systems, and utility interfaces for non-conventional energy sources such as photovoltaic systems, battery energy storage systems, electric cars, and so on. New-generation switch mode power supplies are based on the concept of power conversion at two stages to achieve smooth DC output, i.e., uncontrolled AC-to-DC conversion at the first stage and DC-to-DC conversion at the second stage to achieve a smooth DC output. In general, all these power converters draw non-linear currents from the supply and, in turn, distort the voltages at the point of common coupling due to source impedance. High-Power Factor Converter (HPFC) will help us in addressing these issues. In this paper, three control techniques, namely, current control, vector control, and voltage control used for HPFC are discussed. These control techniques are simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and FFT analysis is done to know the total harmonic distortion in the AC side current waveform. The voltage and current waveforms at the AC side of the converter are in phase with each other, i.e., maintains unity power factor. The DC-link voltage of the converter is also made constant using these techniques.

14. Design and Modeling of 3.3 kW GaN-Based HPFC Converter for Onboard EV Charger

    Piyush Kumar, Amit Singh Tandon, Naveen Yalla, A. V. J. S. Praneeth

    Abstract

    This paper proposes a high power factor correction (HPFC) converter using a GaN HeMT MOSFET for the onboard EV charging application. Power factor plays a decisive role in AC–DC conversion. Low power factor load draws high current from the main supply. To optimize the active power drawn from the supply mains, the system's power factor must be kept close to unity. It boosts the converter's effectiveness and reliability. The power stage implementation is based on small-signal modeling, and the state-space averaging is used to derive the power-level transfer function of the HPFC converter. With the assistance of the MATLAB SISO tool, a control strategy for the voltage and current loops is proposed to satisfy the design criteria. Finally, a 3.3 kW GaN-based HPFC converter experiment is performed for the input power factor greater than 0.99 for different power and also shows the current THD for different values of power factor.

15. A Novel Thirteen-Level Two-Fold Gain Inverter Topology with Reduced Voltage Stress

    M. S. H. Naidu, C. Sadanala, S. Patnaik

    Abstract

    This paper explains a novel single-sourced hybrid 13-level two-fold gain multilevel inverter (MLI) topology which comprises 13 semiconductor devices and three capacitors that are of two flying and one switched capacitor. The presented MLI has the potential to produce the two-fold voltage boosting and any switch has the maximum blocking voltage (MBV) within input voltage so it requires low power rated devices and low total standing voltage (TSV). The intermediate voltage levels are generated by the capacitors and the switching strategy allows the capacitors with the self-balancing property without any additional sensor circuitry and the total output harmonic distortion is very low with better performance. The presented topology is investigated by comparing with recently developed topologies in terms of active/passive components, TSV, MBV and cost function. Moreover, in the MATLAB simulation environment, the presented topology is verified and the results were presented for R and RL load along with the capacitor voltages.

16. PV-Array-Integrated UPQC for Power Quality Enhancement and PV Power Injection

    Harsh D. Patel, Priyank Gandhi, Pranav Darji

    Abstract

    This paper emphasizes on design and performance analysis of photovoltaic-array-integrated unified power quality conditioner (PV-UPQC) and presents the idea of power quality enhancement along with the green energy transfer to the grid. PV array is integrated with UPQC by using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit (boost converter and MPPT algorithm). PV-UPQC is dealing with power quality issues such as unbalanced current, harmonics, reactive power, dip and swell in the supply voltage. It will also transfer active power from the PV array to the load and/or grid depending upon solar radiation. Synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory is used in the control strategy of PV-UPQC. Performance of PV-UPQC under dynamic conditions such as a change in insolation, dip and swell in the source voltage and change of the load condition is analyzed. Simulation studies for steady-state and dynamic conditions are accomplished in MATLAB/Simulink.

17. A Fuzzy-Based Buck-Boost Photovoltaic Inverter for Voltage Stabilization During Mismatched Environmental Conditions

    Varun Bhardwaj, Prerna Gaur

    Abstract

    This paper proposed a buck-boost operating inverter with two photovoltaic arrays generating power at different levels of voltages because of shading conditions. The introduced buck-boost inverter with two series-connected photovoltaic arrays is interconnected to a single-phase grid with maximum power injection. The inverter can work in both modes, i.e., buck mode and boost mode depending on the voltage amplitude produced by the photovoltaic arrays. This makes the inverter draw the largest power from the photovoltaic arrays during different solar irradiation conditions on the panels. The inverter is controlled by a feedback loop control system with a reduction in leakage currents in the photovoltaic arrays. The control structure is further updated with the FIS module for better stability of the inverter. The comparison of conventional and FIS control structures is represented using MATLAB/Simulink software.

18. Modified Hysteresis Current Control Implementation for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter

    Mayank Arora, C. Vyjayanthi

    Abstract

    In recent years, integrating the grid with distributed energy systems like solar photovoltaics has emerged with simplicity and resilience. There are various types of grid integration ranging from kilowatt to Megawatt classified as small scale and large scale. The grid’s effective working mainly depends on switching pulses of the inverter coupled with the grid system. However, there is a need to develop a robust, efficient, and cost-effective pulse generation technique that maintains the constant voltage at the dc bus, even in loaded conditions. Therefore, this paper describes the control of a three-phase grid-connected inverter system for generating electricity at the distribution end. The control method implemented is hysteresis current control, which is easy and robust compared to various literature methods. Hence, this current control method is used by changing the reference frame and comparing the actual value of currents which is then passed through the hysteresis band for pulse generation. This pulse generation method using hysteresis control is presented in this paper using the MATLAB/Simulink model.