Skip to main content

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Recreational Walking

verfasst von : David Huddart

Erschienen in: Outdoor Recreation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The various categories of recreational walking are described in this chapter, including devotional trails and formal and informal trails, and the numbers involved in the activity are estimated. Trampling impacts on vegetation, soil, and water quality, and the resultant footpath erosion are discussed and evaluated, including the impacts of hiking poles. The ways to assess the trampling patterns caused are summarised, including experimental trampling. The effects of recreational walking, including dog walking, on wildlife, especially on birds, through flight and behaviour changes, are evaluated. Techniques for managing the footpath surface are described such as creating more resistant surfaces, such as using geotextiles, surface nettings, chemical binders and surface glues, mulch mats, aggregate paths, and boardwalks. Vegetation reinstatement using transplanting techniques and seeding is evaluated, and an example of management experiments are described and evaluated from the Three Peaks project (Yorkshire Dales, UK).

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Agate, E. (1983). Footpaths—A Practical Handbook. British Trust for Conservation Volunteers. Agate, E. (1983). Footpaths—A Practical Handbook. British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.
Zurück zum Zitat Amar, A., Henson, C. M., Thewlis, R. M., Smith, K. W., Fuller, R. J., Lindsell, J. A., et al. (2006). What’s Happening to Our Woodland Birds? Long-term Changes in the Populations of Woodland Birds. BTO Research Report 169, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Research Report 19, BTO, Thetford and RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire. Amar, A., Henson, C. M., Thewlis, R. M., Smith, K. W., Fuller, R. J., Lindsell, J. A., et al. (2006). What’s Happening to Our Woodland Birds? Long-term Changes in the Populations of Woodland Birds. BTO Research Report 169, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Research Report 19, BTO, Thetford and RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen, R., Linnell, J. D. C., & Langvatn, R. (1996). Short-term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biological Conservation, 77, 169–176.CrossRef Andersen, R., Linnell, J. D. C., & Langvatn, R. (1996). Short-term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biological Conservation, 77, 169–176.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, D. W. (1988). Dose-response relationship between human disturbance and brown pelican breeding success. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 339–345. Anderson, D. W. (1988). Dose-response relationship between human disturbance and brown pelican breeding success. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16, 339–345.
Zurück zum Zitat Backshall, J., Manley, J., & Rebane, M. (2001). The Upland Management Handbook. Peterborough: English Nature. Backshall, J., Manley, J., & Rebane, M. (2001). The Upland Management Handbook. Peterborough: English Nature.
Zurück zum Zitat Baines, D., & Richardson, M. (2007). An experimental assessment of the potential effects of human disturbance on black grouse Tetrao tetrix in the north Pennines, England. Ibis, 149, 56–64.CrossRef Baines, D., & Richardson, M. (2007). An experimental assessment of the potential effects of human disturbance on black grouse Tetrao tetrix in the north Pennines, England. Ibis, 149, 56–64.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Banks, P. B., & Bryant, J. V. (2007). Four-legged friend or foe? Dog walking displaces native birds from natural areas. Biological Letters, 3, 611–613.CrossRef Banks, P. B., & Bryant, J. V. (2007). Four-legged friend or foe? Dog walking displaces native birds from natural areas. Biological Letters, 3, 611–613.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barlow, J., & Thomas, M. (1998). Mending Our Ways—The Quality Approach to Managing Upland Paths. British Upland Path Trust. Barlow, J., & Thomas, M. (1998). Mending Our Ways—The Quality Approach to Managing Upland Paths. British Upland Path Trust.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G. (1971). Thin-wire tramplometers—A simple method for detecting variations in walker pressure across paths. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8, 533–536.CrossRef Bayfield, N. G. (1971). Thin-wire tramplometers—A simple method for detecting variations in walker pressure across paths. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8, 533–536.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G. (1985). The effect of extended use on mountain footpaths in Britain. In N. G. Bayfield & G. C. Barrow (Eds.), The Ecological Impacts of Outdoor Recreation in Mountain Areas in Europe and North America (pp. 100–111). Recreation Ecology Research Group Report 9, London: RERG, Wye. Bayfield, N. G. (1985). The effect of extended use on mountain footpaths in Britain. In N. G. Bayfield & G. C. Barrow (Eds.), The Ecological Impacts of Outdoor Recreation in Mountain Areas in Europe and North America (pp. 100–111). Recreation Ecology Research Group Report 9, London: RERG, Wye.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G. (1987). Approaches to reinstatement of damaged footpaths in the three peaks area of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. In M. Bell & R. G. H. Bunce (Eds.), Agriculture and Conservation in the Hills and Uplands (pp. 78–87). Natural Environment Research Council and Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ITE Symposium 23. Bayfield, N. G. (1987). Approaches to reinstatement of damaged footpaths in the three peaks area of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. In M. Bell & R. G. H. Bunce (Eds.), Agriculture and Conservation in the Hills and Uplands (pp. 78–87). Natural Environment Research Council and Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ITE Symposium 23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., et al. (1990). Vegetation Reinforcement Trials, 1986–1989. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Bayfield, N. G., et al. (1990). Vegetation Reinforcement Trials, 1986–1989. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., et al. (1991a). Restoring Native Plant Cover by Seeding and Live Mulching: Trials in the Three Peaks Area on Peat and Mineral Soils, 1986–1989. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Bayfield, N. G., et al. (1991a). Restoring Native Plant Cover by Seeding and Live Mulching: Trials in the Three Peaks Area on Peat and Mineral Soils, 1986–1989. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G. et al. (1991b). Monitoring of Seeding Trials in the Three Peaks, 1991. ITE Report No. 12, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland. Bayfield, N. G. et al. (1991b). Monitoring of Seeding Trials in the Three Peaks, 1991. ITE Report No. 12, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., & Aitken, R. (1992). Managing the Impacts of Recreation on Vegetation and Soils: A Review of Techniques. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory Research Station, Scotland, 100pp. Bayfield, N. G., & Aitken, R. (1992). Managing the Impacts of Recreation on Vegetation and Soils: A Review of Techniques. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory Research Station, Scotland, 100pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., & McGowan, G. M. (1986). Footpath Survey 1986. ITE Report No. 1, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland. Bayfield, N. G., & McGowan, G. M. (1986). Footpath Survey 1986. ITE Report No. 1, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N., & McGowan, G. M. (1990). Re-establishment of Mountain Vegetation: Laboratory Screening Trials, 1988–9. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Bayfield, N., & McGowan, G. M. (1990). Re-establishment of Mountain Vegetation: Laboratory Screening Trials, 1988–9. Banchory, Scotland: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., & Miller, G. R. (1988). 1987 Progress Report: Revegetation Trials. ITE Report No. 4, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland. Bayfield, N. G., & Miller, G. R. (1988). 1987 Progress Report: Revegetation Trials. ITE Report No. 4, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory, Scotland.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayfield, N. G., Watson, A., & Miller, G. R. (1988). Assessing and managing the effects of recreational use on British hills. In M. B. Usher & D. B. A. Thompson (Eds.), Ecological Change in the Uplands. Special Publication Number 7, British Ecological Society, Blackwell, Oxford. Bayfield, N. G., Watson, A., & Miller, G. R. (1988). Assessing and managing the effects of recreational use on British hills. In M. B. Usher & D. B. A. Thompson (Eds.), Ecological Change in the Uplands. Special Publication Number 7, British Ecological Society, Blackwell, Oxford.
Zurück zum Zitat Beedie, P., & Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 625–643.CrossRef Beedie, P., & Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 625–643.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bell, S. L., Tyrvӓchen, L., Sievӓnen, T., Pröbstl, U., & Simpson, M. (2007). Outdoor recreation and nature tourism: A European perspective. Landscape Research Living Reviews Retrieved from www.Livingreviews.org/IrIr-2007-2. Bell, S. L., Tyrvӓchen, L., Sievӓnen, T., Pröbstl, U., & Simpson, M. (2007). Outdoor recreation and nature tourism: A European perspective. Landscape Research Living Reviews Retrieved from www.​Livingreviews.​org/​IrIr-2007-2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann, R. (1995). Soil Stabilizer for Use on Universally Accessible Trails. USDA Forest Service Publication 9523-1804-MTDC-P, Technology and Development Program, Beltsville, MD, 11pp. Bergmann, R. (1995). Soil Stabilizer for Use on Universally Accessible Trails. USDA Forest Service Publication 9523-1804-MTDC-P, Technology and Development Program, Beltsville, MD, 11pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Birchard, W., & Proudman, R. D. (2000). Appalachian Trail Design, Construction and Maintenance (2nd ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conference. Birchard, W., & Proudman, R. D. (2000). Appalachian Trail Design, Construction and Maintenance (2nd ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conference.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolduc, F., & Guillemette, M. (2003). Human disturbance and nesting access of common eiders, interaction between visitors and gulls. Biological Conservation, 110, 77–83.CrossRef Bolduc, F., & Guillemette, M. (2003). Human disturbance and nesting access of common eiders, interaction between visitors and gulls. Biological Conservation, 110, 77–83.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Borcard, D., & Matthey, W. (1995). Effect of a controlled trampling of sphagnum mosses on their Oribatid mite assemblages. Pedobiologia, 39, 219. Borcard, D., & Matthey, W. (1995). Effect of a controlled trampling of sphagnum mosses on their Oribatid mite assemblages. Pedobiologia, 39, 219.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowker, J. M., Askew, A. E., Cordell, H. K., Betz, C. J., Zarnock, S. J., & Seymour, L. (2012). Outdoor Recreation Participation in the United States—Projections to 2060: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. General Technical Report SRS-160, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, 34pp. Bowker, J. M., Askew, A. E., Cordell, H. K., Betz, C. J., Zarnock, S. J., & Seymour, L. (2012). Outdoor Recreation Participation in the United States—Projections to 2060: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. General Technical Report SRS-160, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, 34pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Bratton, S. P. (1985). Effect of disturbance by visitors on two woodland orchid species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Biological Conservation, 31, 211–227.CrossRef Bratton, S. P. (1985). Effect of disturbance by visitors on two woodland orchid species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Biological Conservation, 31, 211–227.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bratton, S. P., Hickler, M. G., & Graves, J. H. (1979). Trail erosion patterns in great Smoky Mountain National Park. Environmental Management, 3, 431–445.CrossRef Bratton, S. P., Hickler, M. G., & Graves, J. H. (1979). Trail erosion patterns in great Smoky Mountain National Park. Environmental Management, 3, 431–445.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Buchanan, K. (1976). Some Effects of Trampling on the Flora and Invertebrate Fauna of Sand Dunes. Discussion Papers in Conservation No. 13, University College, London, 42pp. Buchanan, K. (1976). Some Effects of Trampling on the Flora and Invertebrate Fauna of Sand Dunes. Discussion Papers in Conservation No. 13, University College, London, 42pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckley, R. (2004). Impacts of ecotourism on birds. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (pp. 187–210). Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI.CrossRef Buckley, R. (2004). Impacts of ecotourism on birds. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (pp. 187–210). Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Burger, J., Gochfield, M., & Niles, T. H. B. (1995). Ecotourism and birds in coastal New Jersey: Contrasting responses of birds, tourists and managers. Environmental Conservation, 22, 56–65.CrossRef Burger, J., Gochfield, M., & Niles, T. H. B. (1995). Ecotourism and birds in coastal New Jersey: Contrasting responses of birds, tourists and managers. Environmental Conservation, 22, 56–65.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Burger, J., Jeitnert, C., Clark, K., & Niles, L. J. (2004). The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: Successful adaptive management. Environmental Conservation, 31, 283–288.CrossRef Burger, J., Jeitnert, C., Clark, K., & Niles, L. J. (2004). The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: Successful adaptive management. Environmental Conservation, 31, 283–288.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cardoni, D. A., Favers, M., & Isacch, J. P. (2008). Recreational activities affecting the habitat use by birds in Pampa’s wetlands, Argentina: Implications for waterbird conservation. Biological Conservation, 141, 797–806.CrossRef Cardoni, D. A., Favers, M., & Isacch, J. P. (2008). Recreational activities affecting the habitat use by birds in Pampa’s wetlands, Argentina: Implications for waterbird conservation. Biological Conservation, 141, 797–806.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carney, K. M., & Sydeman, W. J. (1999). A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds. Waterbirds, 22, 68–79.CrossRef Carney, K. M., & Sydeman, W. J. (1999). A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds. Waterbirds, 22, 68–79.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, A., & Leung, Y.-F. (2007). Research on Off-Trail Walking Behaviour, Impacts and Education Efficacy (pp. 147–168). Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism, North Carolina State University. Clark, A., & Leung, Y.-F. (2007). Research on Off-Trail Walking Behaviour, Impacts and Education Efficacy (pp. 147–168). Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism, North Carolina State University.
Zurück zum Zitat Clow, D. W., Forrester, H., Miller, B., Ropp, H., Sickman, J. O., Ryu, H., et al. (2013). Effects of stock use and backpackers on water quality in wilderness in Sequoia and kings canyon National Parks, USA. Environmental Management, 52, 1400–1414.CrossRef Clow, D. W., Forrester, H., Miller, B., Ropp, H., Sickman, J. O., Ryu, H., et al. (2013). Effects of stock use and backpackers on water quality in wilderness in Sequoia and kings canyon National Parks, USA. Environmental Management, 52, 1400–1414.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N. (1991). Changes on Trails in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Montana, 1978–1989. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper INT-450, Ogden, UT, 5pp. Cole, D. N. (1991). Changes on Trails in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Montana, 1978–1989. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper INT-450, Ogden, UT, 5pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N. (1995a). Experimental trampling of vegetation. I relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 203–214.CrossRef Cole, D. N. (1995a). Experimental trampling of vegetation. I relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 203–214.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N. (1995b). Recreational Trampling Experiments: Effects of Trampler Weight and Shoe Type. USDA Forest Service Research Note INT-RN-425, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, 4pp. Cole, D. N. (1995b). Recreational Trampling Experiments: Effects of Trampler Weight and Shoe Type. USDA Forest Service Research Note INT-RN-425, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, 4pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N. (2004). Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation: A review. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (pp. 41–60). Ecotourism Series No. 2. Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI. Cole, D. N. (2004). Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation: A review. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (pp. 41–60). Ecotourism Series No. 2. Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N., & Bayfield, N. G. (1993). Recreational trampling of vegetation: Standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation, 63, 209–215.CrossRef Cole, D. N., & Bayfield, N. G. (1993). Recreational trampling of vegetation: Standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation, 63, 209–215.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2002). Trampling Disturbance of High-Elevation Vegetation, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA (pp. 365–370). Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 34. Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2002). Trampling Disturbance of High-Elevation Vegetation, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA (pp. 365–370). Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 34.
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, D. N., Petersen, M. E., & Lucas, R. C. (1987). Managing Wilderness Recreation Use: Common Problems and Potential Solutions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-230, Inter Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, 30pp. Cole, D. N., Petersen, M. E., & Lucas, R. C. (1987). Managing Wilderness Recreation Use: Common Problems and Potential Solutions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-230, Inter Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, 30pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordell, H. K. (2012). Outdoor Recreation Trends and Futures: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. General Technical Report SRS-150. Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 167pp. Cordell, H. K. (2012). Outdoor Recreation Trends and Futures: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. General Technical Report SRS-150. Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 167pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahlgren, R. B., & Korschgen, C. E. (1992). Human Disturbances of Waterfowl: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Dahlgren, R. B., & Korschgen, C. E. (1992). Human Disturbances of Waterfowl: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies, P., & Loxham, J. (1996). Repairing Upland Path Erosion. Lake District National Park Authority, The National Trust and English Nature. Davies, P., & Loxham, J. (1996). Repairing Upland Path Erosion. Lake District National Park Authority, The National Trust and English Nature.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, A. K. (2007). Walking trails in a nature preserve alter terrestrial salamander distributions. Natural Areas Journal, 27, 385–389.CrossRef Davis, A. K. (2007). Walking trails in a nature preserve alter terrestrial salamander distributions. Natural Areas Journal, 27, 385–389.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat de Boer, H. Y., Van Breukelen, L., & Hootsmans, M. J. M. (2004). Flight distance in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and fallow deer Dama dama as related to hunting and other factors. Wildlife Biology, 10, 35–41.CrossRef de Boer, H. Y., Van Breukelen, L., & Hootsmans, M. J. M. (2004). Flight distance in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and fallow deer Dama dama as related to hunting and other factors. Wildlife Biology, 10, 35–41.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Derlet, W., & Carlson, J. R. (2006). Coliform bacteria in Sierra Nevada wilderness lakes and streams: What is the impact of backpackers, pack animals and cattle? Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 17, 15–20.CrossRef Derlet, W., & Carlson, J. R. (2006). Coliform bacteria in Sierra Nevada wilderness lakes and streams: What is the impact of backpackers, pack animals and cattle? Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 17, 15–20.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards, T. (2007). National Trails: Results of the National Trail User Survey 2007. Natural England and the Countryside Council for Wales. Edwards, T. (2007). National Trails: Results of the National Trail User Survey 2007. Natural England and the Countryside Council for Wales.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Juricic, E. (2000). Local and regional effects of pedestrians on forest birds in a fragmented landscape. Condor, 102, 247–255.CrossRef Fernández-Juricic, E. (2000). Local and regional effects of pedestrians on forest birds in a fragmented landscape. Condor, 102, 247–255.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Juricic, E., Jiminiz, M. D., & Lucas, E. (2001a). Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: Implications for park design. Environmental Conservation, 28, 263–269.CrossRef Fernández-Juricic, E., Jiminiz, M. D., & Lucas, E. (2001a). Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: Implications for park design. Environmental Conservation, 28, 263–269.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Juricic, E., Jiminiz, M. D., & Lucas, E. (2001b). Bird tolerance to human disturbance in urban parks of Madrid (Spain): Management implication. In J. M. Marziuff, R. Bownan, & R. Donnelly (Eds.), Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World (pp. 259–273). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef Fernández-Juricic, E., Jiminiz, M. D., & Lucas, E. (2001b). Bird tolerance to human disturbance in urban parks of Madrid (Spain): Management implication. In J. M. Marziuff, R. Bownan, & R. Donnelly (Eds.), Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World (pp. 259–273). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Juricic, E., & Tellerίa, J. L. (2000). Effects of human disturbance on spatial and temporal feeding patterns of blackbird Turdus merula in urban parks in Madrid, Spain. Bird Study, 47, 13–21.CrossRef Fernández-Juricic, E., & Tellerίa, J. L. (2000). Effects of human disturbance on spatial and temporal feeding patterns of blackbird Turdus merula in urban parks in Madrid, Spain. Bird Study, 47, 13–21.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Finney, S. K., Pearce-Higgins, J. W., & Yalden, D. W. (2005). The effect of recreational disturbance on an upland breeding bird, the golden plover Pluvialis apricaria. Biological Conservation, 121, 53–63.CrossRef Finney, S. K., Pearce-Higgins, J. W., & Yalden, D. W. (2005). The effect of recreational disturbance on an upland breeding bird, the golden plover Pluvialis apricaria. Biological Conservation, 121, 53–63.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fox, A. D., & Madsen, J. (1997). Behavioural and distributional effects of hunting disturbance on waterbirds in Europe: Implications for refuge design. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1–13.CrossRef Fox, A. D., & Madsen, J. (1997). Behavioural and distributional effects of hunting disturbance on waterbirds in Europe: Implications for refuge design. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1–13.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gallet, S., Lemauviel, S., & Roz’e, F. (2004). Responses of three heathland shrubs to single or repeated experimental trampling. Environmental Management, 33, 821–829.CrossRef Gallet, S., Lemauviel, S., & Roz’e, F. (2004). Responses of three heathland shrubs to single or repeated experimental trampling. Environmental Management, 33, 821–829.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gallet, S., & Roz’e, F. (2001). Resistance of Atlantic heathlands to trampling in Brittany (France): Influence of vegetation type, season and weather conditions. Biological Conservation, 97, 189–198.CrossRef Gallet, S., & Roz’e, F. (2001). Resistance of Atlantic heathlands to trampling in Brittany (France): Influence of vegetation type, season and weather conditions. Biological Conservation, 97, 189–198.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gallet, S., & Roz’e, F. (2002). Long-term effects of trampling on Atlantic heathland in Brittany (France): Resilience and tolerance in relation to season and meteorological conditions. Biological Conservation, 103, 267–275.CrossRef Gallet, S., & Roz’e, F. (2002). Long-term effects of trampling on Atlantic heathland in Brittany (France): Resilience and tolerance in relation to season and meteorological conditions. Biological Conservation, 103, 267–275.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gill, J. A. (2007). Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birds. Ibis, 149, 9–14.CrossRef Gill, J. A. (2007). Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birds. Ibis, 149, 9–14.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gill, J. A., Norris, K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2001). The effects of disturbance on habitat use by black-tailed godwits. Limosa limosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 846–856.CrossRef Gill, J. A., Norris, K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2001). The effects of disturbance on habitat use by black-tailed godwits. Limosa limosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 846–856.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gill, J. A., Sutherland, W. J., & Watkinson, A. R. (1996). A method to quantify the effects of human disturbance on animal populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 786–792.CrossRef Gill, J. A., Sutherland, W. J., & Watkinson, A. R. (1996). A method to quantify the effects of human disturbance on animal populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 786–792.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goodrich, J. M., & Berger, J. (1994). Winter recreation and hibernating black bears Ursus americanus. Biological Conservation, 67, 105–110.CrossRef Goodrich, J. M., & Berger, J. (1994). Winter recreation and hibernating black bears Ursus americanus. Biological Conservation, 67, 105–110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grieve, I. C. (2001). Human impacts on soil properties and their implications for the sensitivity of soil systems in Scotland. Catena, 42, 361–374.CrossRef Grieve, I. C. (2001). Human impacts on soil properties and their implications for the sensitivity of soil systems in Scotland. Catena, 42, 361–374.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grieve, I. C., Davidson, D. A., & Gordon, J. E. (1995). Nature, extent and severity of soil erosion in upland Scotland. Land Degradation and Development, 6, 41–55.CrossRef Grieve, I. C., Davidson, D. A., & Gordon, J. E. (1995). Nature, extent and severity of soil erosion in upland Scotland. Land Degradation and Development, 6, 41–55.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Groenier, J. S., Monlux, S., & Vachowski, B. (2008). Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas (2nd ed.). USDA Forest Service Publication 0023-2838, MTDC Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 26pp. Groenier, J. S., Monlux, S., & Vachowski, B. (2008). Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas (2nd ed.). USDA Forest Service Publication 0023-2838, MTDC Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 26pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Gutzwiller, K. J., Clements, K. L., Marcum, H. A., Wilkins, C. A., & Anderson, S. H. (1998). Vertical distribution of breeding-season birds: Is human intrusion influential? Wilson Bulletin, 110, 497–503. Gutzwiller, K. J., Clements, K. L., Marcum, H. A., Wilkins, C. A., & Anderson, S. H. (1998). Vertical distribution of breeding-season birds: Is human intrusion influential? Wilson Bulletin, 110, 497–503.
Zurück zum Zitat Gutzwiller, K. J., & Riffell, S. K. (2008). Does repeated human intrusion alter use of wildland sites by red squirrels? Multiyear experimental evidence. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 374–380.CrossRef Gutzwiller, K. J., & Riffell, S. K. (2008). Does repeated human intrusion alter use of wildland sites by red squirrels? Multiyear experimental evidence. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 374–380.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2015). Wildland Recreation. Ecology and Management (3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 313pp. Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2015). Wildland Recreation. Ecology and Management (3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 313pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes, P. (1997, February). In defence of erosion. The Great Outdoors Magazine. Hayes, P. (1997, February). In defence of erosion. The Great Outdoors Magazine.
Zurück zum Zitat Hecnar, S. J., & M’Closkey, R. T. (1998). Effects of human disturbance on five-lined skink Eumeces fasciatus abundance and distribution. Biological Conservation, 85, 213–222.CrossRef Hecnar, S. J., & M’Closkey, R. T. (1998). Effects of human disturbance on five-lined skink Eumeces fasciatus abundance and distribution. Biological Conservation, 85, 213–222.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hellmund, P. C. (1998). Planning Trails with Wildlife in Mind: A Handbook for Trail Planners. Denver, CO: Colorado Dept. of Natural Resources, Colorado State Parks, Colorado State Trails Program. Hellmund, P. C. (1998). Planning Trails with Wildlife in Mind: A Handbook for Trail Planners. Denver, CO: Colorado Dept. of Natural Resources, Colorado State Parks, Colorado State Trails Program.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesselbarth, W., Vachowski, B., & Davies, M. A. (2007). UFS Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook. Forest Service Technology and Development, Recreational Trails Program, Missoula, MT, 166pp. Hesselbarth, W., Vachowski, B., & Davies, M. A. (2007). UFS Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook. Forest Service Technology and Development, Recreational Trails Program, Missoula, MT, 166pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill, D., Hochin, D., Price, D., Tucker, G., Morris, R., & Treweek, J. (1997). Bird disturbance: Improving the quality and utility of disturbance research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 275–288.CrossRef Hill, D., Hochin, D., Price, D., Tucker, G., Morris, R., & Treweek, J. (1997). Bird disturbance: Improving the quality and utility of disturbance research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 275–288.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hingston, S. G. (1982). Revegetation of Subalpine Backcountry Campaigns: Principle and Guidelines. Resource Management Report Series KR-3, Alberta Recreation and Parks Division, Kananashis region. Hingston, S. G. (1982). Revegetation of Subalpine Backcountry Campaigns: Principle and Guidelines. Resource Management Report Series KR-3, Alberta Recreation and Parks Division, Kananashis region.
Zurück zum Zitat Hockett, K., Clark, A., Leung, Y.-F., Marion, J. L., & Park, L. (2010). Deterring Off-trail Hiking in Protected Natural Areas: Evaluating Options with Surveys and Unobtrusive Observation. Final Research Report, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Canal National Historical Park, Hagerstone, MD, 178pp. Hockett, K., Clark, A., Leung, Y.-F., Marion, J. L., & Park, L. (2010). Deterring Off-trail Hiking in Protected Natural Areas: Evaluating Options with Surveys and Unobtrusive Observation. Final Research Report, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Canal National Historical Park, Hagerstone, MD, 178pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Hockett, K. S., Marion, J. L., & Leung, Y.-F. (2017). The efficacy of combined educational and site management actions in reducing off-trail hiking in an urban-proximate protected area. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 17–28.CrossRef Hockett, K. S., Marion, J. L., & Leung, Y.-F. (2017). The efficacy of combined educational and site management actions in reducing off-trail hiking in an urban-proximate protected area. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 17–28.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Holm, T. E., & Laursen, K. (2009). Experimental disturbance by walkers affects behaviour and territory density nesting black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa. Ibis, 151, 77–87.CrossRef Holm, T. E., & Laursen, K. (2009). Experimental disturbance by walkers affects behaviour and territory density nesting black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa. Ibis, 151, 77–87.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huxley, T. (1970). Footpaths in the Countryside. Countryside Commission for Scotland, Perth. Huxley, T. (1970). Footpaths in the Countryside. Countryside Commission for Scotland, Perth.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibanez-Alamo, J. D., & Soler, M. (2010). Investigator activities reduce nest predation in blackbirds Turdus merula. Journal of Avian Biology, 41, 208–212.CrossRef Ibanez-Alamo, J. D., & Soler, M. (2010). Investigator activities reduce nest predation in blackbirds Turdus merula. Journal of Avian Biology, 41, 208–212.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kasworm, W. F., & Manley, T. L. (1990). Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in Northwest Montana. In Bears: Their Biology and Management, Volume 8. 8th International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, BC, Canada, February 1989 (pp. 79–84). Kasworm, W. F., & Manley, T. L. (1990). Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in Northwest Montana. In Bears: Their Biology and Management, Volume 8. 8th International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, BC, Canada, February 1989 (pp. 79–84).
Zurück zum Zitat Kellogg, D. S., Rosenbaum, P. F., Kiska, D. L., Riddell, S. W., Welch, T. R., & Shaw, J. (2012). High fecal hand contamination among wilderness hikers. American Journal of Infection Control, 40, 893–895.CrossRef Kellogg, D. S., Rosenbaum, P. F., Kiska, D. L., Riddell, S. W., Welch, T. R., & Shaw, J. (2012). High fecal hand contamination among wilderness hikers. American Journal of Infection Control, 40, 893–895.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kent, M. (2012). Vegetation Description and Data Analysis: A Practical Approach (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 428pp. Kent, M. (2012). Vegetation Description and Data Analysis: A Practical Approach (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 428pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Ketchledge, E. H., Leonard, R. E., & Richards, N. A. (1985). Rehabilitation of Alpine Vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. USDA Forest Service NE Forest Experiment Research Station, Paper NE 533, Broomall, PA. Ketchledge, E. H., Leonard, R. E., & Richards, N. A. (1985). Rehabilitation of Alpine Vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. USDA Forest Service NE Forest Experiment Research Station, Paper NE 533, Broomall, PA.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight, R. L., & Cole, D. N. (1991). Effects of recreational activity on wildlife in wildlands. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and National Resources Conference, 56, 238–247. Knight, R. L., & Cole, D. N. (1991). Effects of recreational activity on wildlife in wildlands. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and National Resources Conference, 56, 238–247.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuss, F. R., & Graefe, A. R. (1985). Effects of recreation trampling on natural area vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 165–183.CrossRef Kuss, F. R., & Graefe, A. R. (1985). Effects of recreation trampling on natural area vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 165–183.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Langbein, J., & Putnam, R. J. (1998). Behavioral responses of park red deer and fallow deer to disturbance and effects on population performance. Animal Welfare, 1, 19–38. Langbein, J., & Putnam, R. J. (1998). Behavioral responses of park red deer and fallow deer to disturbance and effects on population performance. Animal Welfare, 1, 19–38.
Zurück zum Zitat Langston, R. H. W., Liley, D., Murison, G., Woodfield, E., & Clarke, R. T. (2007). What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and productivity of breeding European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus? Ibis, 149, 27–36.CrossRef Langston, R. H. W., Liley, D., Murison, G., Woodfield, E., & Clarke, R. T. (2007). What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and productivity of breeding European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus? Ibis, 149, 27–36.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Leseberg, A., Hockey, P. A. R., & Loewenthal, D. (2000). Human disturbance and the chick rearing ability of African black oystercatchers (Haematopus moquini): A geographical perspective. Biological Conservation, 96, 379–385.CrossRef Leseberg, A., Hockey, P. A. R., & Loewenthal, D. (2000). Human disturbance and the chick rearing ability of African black oystercatchers (Haematopus moquini): A geographical perspective. Biological Conservation, 96, 379–385.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Leung, Y.-F., & Marion, J. L. (1996). Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors. A state-of-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51, 130–136. Leung, Y.-F., & Marion, J. L. (1996). Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors. A state-of-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51, 130–136.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung, Y.-F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A State-of-Knowledge Review (pp. 23–47). USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Leung, Y.-F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A State-of-Knowledge Review (pp. 23–47). USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung, Y.-F., Newburger, T., Jones, M., Kuhn, B., & Woiderski, B. (2011). Developing a monitoring protocol for visitor-created informal trails in Yosemite National Park, USA. Environmental Management, 47, 93–106.CrossRef Leung, Y.-F., Newburger, T., Jones, M., Kuhn, B., & Woiderski, B. (2011). Developing a monitoring protocol for visitor-created informal trails in Yosemite National Park, USA. Environmental Management, 47, 93–106.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Liddle, M. J. (1975). A selective review of the ecological effects of human trampling on natural ecosystems. Biological Conservation, 7, 17–36.CrossRef Liddle, M. J. (1975). A selective review of the ecological effects of human trampling on natural ecosystems. Biological Conservation, 7, 17–36.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Liddle, M. J. (1989). Recreation and the Environment: The Ecology of Recreation Impacts, Section 2: Vegetation and Wear. AES Working Paper 1/89, Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Liddle, M. J. (1989). Recreation and the Environment: The Ecology of Recreation Impacts, Section 2: Vegetation and Wear. AES Working Paper 1/89, Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
Zurück zum Zitat Liddle, M. J. (1997). Recreation Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall, 639pp. Liddle, M. J. (1997). Recreation Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall, 639pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Lord, A., Waas, J. R., & Innes, J. (1997). Effects of human activity on the behaviour of northern New Zealand dotterel Charadrius obscurus aquilonius chicks. Biological Conservation, 82, 15–20.CrossRef Lord, A., Waas, J. R., & Innes, J. (1997). Effects of human activity on the behaviour of northern New Zealand dotterel Charadrius obscurus aquilonius chicks. Biological Conservation, 82, 15–20.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lord, A., Waas, J. R., Innes, J., & Whittingham, M. J. (2001). Effects of human approaches to nests of northern New Zealand dotterels. Biological Conservation, 98, 233–240.CrossRef Lord, A., Waas, J. R., Innes, J., & Whittingham, M. J. (2001). Effects of human approaches to nests of northern New Zealand dotterels. Biological Conservation, 98, 233–240.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Luka, C. G., & Hrsak, V. (2005). Influence of visitor numbers on breeding birds in the Paklenica National Park. Croatia. Ekologia (Bratislava), 24, 186–199. Luka, C. G., & Hrsak, V. (2005). Influence of visitor numbers on breeding birds in the Paklenica National Park. Croatia. Ekologia (Bratislava), 24, 186–199.
Zurück zum Zitat Madej, M. A., Weaver, W. E., & Hogans, D. K. (1994). Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park., California, USA. Environmental Management, 18, 235–250.CrossRef Madej, M. A., Weaver, W. E., & Hogans, D. K. (1994). Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park., California, USA. Environmental Management, 18, 235–250.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Manning, R. E., & Anderson, L. E. (2012). Managing Outdoor Recreation. Case Studies in the National Parks. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 264pp.CrossRef Manning, R. E., & Anderson, L. E. (2012). Managing Outdoor Recreation. Case Studies in the National Parks. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 264pp.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marcum, H. A. (2005). The Effects of Human Disturbance on Birds in Bastrop State Park. PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, USA. Marcum, H. A. (2005). The Effects of Human Disturbance on Birds in Bastrop State Park. PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, USA.
Zurück zum Zitat Marini, J. L., Dvorak, R. G., & Manning, R. E. (2008). Wildlife feeding in parks: Methods for monitoring the effectiveness of educational interventions and wildlife food attractions behaviors. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13, 429–442.CrossRef Marini, J. L., Dvorak, R. G., & Manning, R. E. (2008). Wildlife feeding in parks: Methods for monitoring the effectiveness of educational interventions and wildlife food attractions behaviors. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13, 429–442.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decisionmaking. Journal of Forestry, 114, 339–351.CrossRef Marion, J. L. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decisionmaking. Journal of Forestry, 114, 339–351.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., & Cole, D. N. (1996). Spatial and temporal variations in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites: Delaware Gap National Recreation Area. Ecological Applications, 6, 520–530.CrossRef Marion, J. L., & Cole, D. N. (1996). Spatial and temporal variations in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites: Delaware Gap National Recreation Area. Ecological Applications, 6, 520–530.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., & Leung, Y.-F. (2004). Environmentally sustainable trail management. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (Chap. 13, pp. 229–243), Ecotourism Series No. 2. Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI. Marion, J. L., & Leung, Y.-F. (2004). Environmentally sustainable trail management. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (Chap. 13, pp. 229–243), Ecotourism Series No. 2. Wallingford and Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., Leung, Y.-F., Eagleston, H., & Burroughs, K. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research findings on visitor impacts to wilderness and protected natural areas. Journal of Forestry, 114, 352–362.CrossRef Marion, J. L., Leung, Y.-F., Eagleston, H., & Burroughs, K. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research findings on visitor impacts to wilderness and protected natural areas. Journal of Forestry, 114, 352–362.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., & Olive, N. (2006). Addressing and Understanding Trail Degradation: Results from Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area National Park Service. Final Research Report, State University Department of Forestry, Blacksburg, VA, 80pp. Marion, J. L., & Olive, N. (2006). Addressing and Understanding Trail Degradation: Results from Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area National Park Service. Final Research Report, State University Department of Forestry, Blacksburg, VA, 80pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Manning, R. E. (1993). Problems and Practices in Backcountry Recreation Management: A Survey of National Park Service Managers. Natural Resources Report NPS/NRV/NRR 93/12. Marion, J. L., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Manning, R. E. (1993). Problems and Practices in Backcountry Recreation Management: A Survey of National Park Service Managers. Natural Resources Report NPS/NRV/NRR 93/12.
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., & Sober, T. (1987). Environmental impact management in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 4, 7–10.CrossRef Marion, J. L., & Sober, T. (1987). Environmental impact management in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 4, 7–10.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marion, J. L., Wimpey, J. F., & Park, L. O. (2011). The science of trail surveys: Recreation ecology provides new tools for managing wilderness trails. Park Science, 28, 60–65. Marion, J. L., Wimpey, J. F., & Park, L. O. (2011). The science of trail surveys: Recreation ecology provides new tools for managing wilderness trails. Park Science, 28, 60–65.
Zurück zum Zitat McGowan, C. P., & Simons, T. R. (2006). Effects of human recreation on the incubation behaviour of American oystercatchers. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 118, 485–493.CrossRef McGowan, C. P., & Simons, T. R. (2006). Effects of human recreation on the incubation behaviour of American oystercatchers. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 118, 485–493.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meek, E. R. (1988). The breeding ecology and decline of the merlin Falco columbarius in Orkney. Bird Study, 35, 209–218.CrossRef Meek, E. R. (1988). The breeding ecology and decline of the merlin Falco columbarius in Orkney. Bird Study, 35, 209–218.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer, K. G. (2002). Managing Degraded Off-highway Vehicle Trails in Wet, Unstable and Sensitive Environments. USDA Forest Service Publication 0223-2821-MTDC, Missoula Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 48pp. Meyer, K. G. (2002). Managing Degraded Off-highway Vehicle Trails in Wet, Unstable and Sensitive Environments. USDA Forest Service Publication 0223-2821-MTDC, Missoula Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 48pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, S. G., Knight, R. L., & Miller, C. K. (2001). Wildlife responses to pedestrians and dogs. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 124–132. Miller, S. G., Knight, R. L., & Miller, C. K. (2001). Wildlife responses to pedestrians and dogs. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 124–132.
Zurück zum Zitat Monlux, S., & Vachowski, B. (2000). Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas. USDA Forest Service, Publication 0023-2838-MTDC, Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 23pp. Monlux, S., & Vachowski, B. (2000). Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas. USDA Forest Service, Publication 0023-2838-MTDC, Technology and Development Center, Missoula, MT, 23pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Monz, C. A., Marion, J. L., Croonan, K. A., Manning, R. E., Wimpey, J., & Carr, C. (2010). Assessment and monitoring of recreation impacts and resource conditions on mountain summits: Examples from the northern forest, USA. Mountain Research and Development, 30, 332–343.CrossRef Monz, C. A., Marion, J. L., Croonan, K. A., Manning, R. E., Wimpey, J., & Carr, C. (2010). Assessment and monitoring of recreation impacts and resource conditions on mountain summits: Examples from the northern forest, USA. Mountain Research and Development, 30, 332–343.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan, R. P. C. (1995). Soil Erosion and Conservation (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Longman, 198pp. Morgan, R. P. C. (1995). Soil Erosion and Conservation (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Longman, 198pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Müller, C., Jenni-Eirmann, S., Blondel, J., Perret, P., Caro, S. P., Lambrechts, M., et al. (2006). Effect of human presence and handling on circulating corticosterone levels in breeding blue tits (Parus coeruleus). General and Comparative Endrocrinology, 148, 163–171.CrossRef Müller, C., Jenni-Eirmann, S., Blondel, J., Perret, P., Caro, S. P., Lambrechts, M., et al. (2006). Effect of human presence and handling on circulating corticosterone levels in breeding blue tits (Parus coeruleus). General and Comparative Endrocrinology, 148, 163–171.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat National Trust for Scotland. (2003). Upland Footpath Repair Techniques in the Cairngorm Mountains: A Review and Recommendations. Scottish Natural Heritage, Report No. 008 (ROAME NoF99LF02). National Trust for Scotland. (2003). Upland Footpath Repair Techniques in the Cairngorm Mountains: A Review and Recommendations. Scottish Natural Heritage, Report No. 008 (ROAME NoF99LF02).
Zurück zum Zitat Newton, I., Davis, P. E., & Moss, D. (1981). Distribution and breeding of red kites Milvus milvus in relation to land use in Wales, UK. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 173–186.CrossRef Newton, I., Davis, P. E., & Moss, D. (1981). Distribution and breeding of red kites Milvus milvus in relation to land use in Wales, UK. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 173–186.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nisbet, I. C. T. (2000). Disturbance, habituation and management of waterbird colonies. Waterbirds, 23, 312–332. Nisbet, I. C. T. (2000). Disturbance, habituation and management of waterbird colonies. Waterbirds, 23, 312–332.
Zurück zum Zitat Nudds, R. L., & Bryant, D. M. (2000). The energetic cost of short flights in birds. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 1561–1572. Nudds, R. L., & Bryant, D. M. (2000). The energetic cost of short flights in birds. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 1561–1572.
Zurück zum Zitat Patthey, P. S., Wirthuer, S., Signorell, N., & Arlettae, R. (2008). Impact of outdoor winter sports on the abundance of key indicator species of alpine ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1704–1711.CrossRef Patthey, P. S., Wirthuer, S., Signorell, N., & Arlettae, R. (2008). Impact of outdoor winter sports on the abundance of key indicator species of alpine ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1704–1711.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pease, M. L., Rose, R. K., & Butler, M. J. (2005). Effects of human recreation on the behavior of wintering ducks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33, 103–112.CrossRef Pease, M. L., Rose, R. K., & Butler, M. J. (2005). Effects of human recreation on the behavior of wintering ducks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33, 103–112.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Picozzi, N. (1971). Breeding performance and shooting bags of red grouse in relation to public access in the Peak District National Park, England. Biological Conservation, 3, 211–215.CrossRef Picozzi, N. (1971). Breeding performance and shooting bags of red grouse in relation to public access in the Peak District National Park, England. Biological Conservation, 3, 211–215.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Porter, M. (1990). Pennine Way Management Project, Final Report. Unpublished report to the Peak District National Park. Porter, M. (1990). Pennine Way Management Project, Final Report. Unpublished report to the Peak District National Park.
Zurück zum Zitat Price, E. (1987). Footpath Erosion and Vegetation Changes, Beer Head (Devon). Unpublished BEd thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic. Price, E. (1987). Footpath Erosion and Vegetation Changes, Beer Head (Devon). Unpublished BEd thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic.
Zurück zum Zitat Pryor, P. (1986). The effects of disturbance on open Juncus trifidus heath in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland. In N. G. Bayfield & G. C. Barrow (Eds.), Recreational Ecology Research Report 9. London: RERG, Wye. Pryor, P. (1986). The effects of disturbance on open Juncus trifidus heath in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland. In N. G. Bayfield & G. C. Barrow (Eds.), Recreational Ecology Research Report 9. London: RERG, Wye.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen, H., & Simpson, S. (2010). Disturbance of waterfowl by boaters on pool 4 of the upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and fish refuge. Society and Natural Resources, 23, 322–331.CrossRef Rasmussen, H., & Simpson, S. (2010). Disturbance of waterfowl by boaters on pool 4 of the upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and fish refuge. Society and Natural Resources, 23, 322–331.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ramos-Scharrón, C. E., Reale-Munroe, K., & Atkinson, S. C. (2014). Quantification and modelling of foot trail surface erosion in a dry sub-tropical setting. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 1764–1777.CrossRef Ramos-Scharrón, C. E., Reale-Munroe, K., & Atkinson, S. C. (2014). Quantification and modelling of foot trail surface erosion in a dry sub-tropical setting. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 1764–1777.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Reby, D., Cargnelutti, B., & Hewison, A. J. M. (1999). Contexts and possible functions of barking in roe deer. Animal Behavior, 57, 1121–1128.CrossRef Reby, D., Cargnelutti, B., & Hewison, A. J. M. (1999). Contexts and possible functions of barking in roe deer. Animal Behavior, 57, 1121–1128.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Recarte, J. M., Vincent, J. P., & Hewison, A. J. M. (1998). Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer. Behavioral Processes, 44, 65–72.CrossRef Recarte, J. M., Vincent, J. P., & Hewison, A. J. M. (1998). Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer. Behavioral Processes, 44, 65–72.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Reed, B. C., & Rasnake, M. S. (2016). An assessment of coliform bacteria in water sources near Appalachian Trail shelters within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 27, 107–110.CrossRef Reed, B. C., & Rasnake, M. S. (2016). An assessment of coliform bacteria in water sources near Appalachian Trail shelters within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 27, 107–110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roovers, R., Verkeyen, K., Hermy, M., & Gulinck, H. (2004). Experimental trampling and vegetation recovery in some forest and heathland communities. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 111–118.CrossRef Roovers, R., Verkeyen, K., Hermy, M., & Gulinck, H. (2004). Experimental trampling and vegetation recovery in some forest and heathland communities. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 111–118.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ruddock, M., & Whitfield, D. P. (2007). A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird Species. Inverness, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage. Ruddock, M., & Whitfield, D. P. (2007). A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird Species. Inverness, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlacher, T. A., Neilsen, T., & Weston, M. A. (2013). Human recreation alters behaviour profiles of non-breeding birds on open-coast sandy shores. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 118, 31–42.CrossRef Schlacher, T. A., Neilsen, T., & Weston, M. A. (2013). Human recreation alters behaviour profiles of non-breeding birds on open-coast sandy shores. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 118, 31–42.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Showler, D. A., Stewart, G. B., Sutherland, W. J., & Pullin, A. S. (2010).What is the Impact of Public Access on the Breeding Success of Ground-nesting and Cliff-nesting Birds? Systematic Review CE 005-010, (Sr16) Collaboration for Environmental Evidence, 74pp. Norwich. Retrieved from www.environmentalevidence.org/SR16.html Showler, D. A., Stewart, G. B., Sutherland, W. J., & Pullin, A. S. (2010).What is the Impact of Public Access on the Breeding Success of Ground-nesting and Cliff-nesting Birds? Systematic Review CE 005-010, (Sr16) Collaboration for Environmental Evidence, 74pp. Norwich. Retrieved from www.​environmentalevi​dence.​org/​SR16.​html
Zurück zum Zitat Sidaway, R. (1990). Birds and Walkers: A Review of Existing Research on Access to the Countryside and Disturbance to Birds. London: Ramblers Association. Sidaway, R. (1990). Birds and Walkers: A Review of Existing Research on Access to the Countryside and Disturbance to Birds. London: Ramblers Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, R. (1987, April). The three peaks project. The Great Outdoors Magazine, pp. 53–57. Smith, R. (1987, April). The three peaks project. The Great Outdoors Magazine, pp. 53–57.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith-Castro, J. R., & Rodewald, A. D. (2010). Behavioral responses of nesting birds to human disturbance along recreational trails. Journal of Field Ornithology, 81, 130–138.CrossRef Smith-Castro, J. R., & Rodewald, A. D. (2010). Behavioral responses of nesting birds to human disturbance along recreational trails. Journal of Field Ornithology, 81, 130–138.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Speight, M. C. D. (1973). Outdoor Recreation and Its Ecological Effects: A Bibliography and Review. Discussion Paper in Conservation No. 4, London. Speight, M. C. D. (1973). Outdoor Recreation and Its Ecological Effects: A Bibliography and Review. Discussion Paper in Conservation No. 4, London.
Zurück zum Zitat Steven, R., Pickering, C., & Castley, J. G. (2011). A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2287–2294.CrossRef Steven, R., Pickering, C., & Castley, J. G. (2011). A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2287–2294.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stolen, E. D. (2003). The effect of vehicle passage on foraging behavior of wading birds. Waterbirds, 26, 429–436.CrossRef Stolen, E. D. (2003). The effect of vehicle passage on foraging behavior of wading birds. Waterbirds, 26, 429–436.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Summers, R. W., McFarlane, J., & Pearce-Higgins, J. W. (2007). Measuring avoidance by capercaillies Tetrao urogallus of woodland close to tracks. Wildlife Biology, 13, 19–27.CrossRef Summers, R. W., McFarlane, J., & Pearce-Higgins, J. W. (2007). Measuring avoidance by capercaillies Tetrao urogallus of woodland close to tracks. Wildlife Biology, 13, 19–27.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Summers, R. W., Proctor, R., Thornton, M., & Avey, G. (2004). Habitat selection and diet of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in abernethy Forest, Strathspey, Scotland. Bird Study, 51, 58–68.CrossRef Summers, R. W., Proctor, R., Thornton, M., & Avey, G. (2004). Habitat selection and diet of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in abernethy Forest, Strathspey, Scotland. Bird Study, 51, 58–68.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sun, D., & Liddle, M. J. (1993). Trampling resistance, stem flexibility and leaf strength in nine Australian grasses and herbs. Biological Conservation, 65, 35–41.CrossRef Sun, D., & Liddle, M. J. (1993). Trampling resistance, stem flexibility and leaf strength in nine Australian grasses and herbs. Biological Conservation, 65, 35–41.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Talbot, L. M., Turton, S. M., & Graheul, A. L. (2003). Trampling resistance of tropical rainforest soils and vegetation in the wet tropics of north east Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 69, 63–69.CrossRef Talbot, L. M., Turton, S. M., & Graheul, A. L. (2003). Trampling resistance of tropical rainforest soils and vegetation in the wet tropics of north east Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 69, 63–69.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, K., Anderson, P., Taylor, R., Longden, K., & Fisher, P. (2005). Dogs, Access and Nature Conservation. English Nature Research Report No. 649, English Nature, Peterborough. Taylor, K., Anderson, P., Taylor, R., Longden, K., & Fisher, P. (2005). Dogs, Access and Nature Conservation. English Nature Research Report No. 649, English Nature, Peterborough.
Zurück zum Zitat Theil, D., Jenni-Eirmann, S., Palme, R., & Jenni, L. (2011). Winter tourism increases stress hormone levels in the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. Ibis, 153, 122–133.CrossRef Theil, D., Jenni-Eirmann, S., Palme, R., & Jenni, L. (2011). Winter tourism increases stress hormone levels in the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. Ibis, 153, 122–133.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat TNS Travel and Tourism. (2008). Scottish Recreational Survey. Annual Summary Report, No. 295, Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh. TNS Travel and Tourism. (2008). Scottish Recreational Survey. Annual Summary Report, No. 295, Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh.
Zurück zum Zitat Trew, M. (1973). The effects and management of trampling in coastal sand dunes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Pollution Control, 1, 38–49. Trew, M. (1973). The effects and management of trampling in coastal sand dunes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Pollution Control, 1, 38–49.
Zurück zum Zitat Tyser, R. W., & Worley, C. A. (1992). Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Conservation Biology, 6, 253–262.CrossRef Tyser, R. W., & Worley, C. A. (1992). Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Conservation Biology, 6, 253–262.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ursem, C., Evans, S., Ger, K. A., Richards, J. R., & Derley, R. W. (2009). Surface water quality along the central John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: Coliforms and algae. High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 10, 249–255.CrossRef Ursem, C., Evans, S., Ger, K. A., Richards, J. R., & Derley, R. W. (2009). Surface water quality along the central John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: Coliforms and algae. High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 10, 249–255.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat USDA Forest Service. (1985). Trails Management Handbook. FSH 2307-18, USDA, Washington, 144pp. USDA Forest Service. (1985). Trails Management Handbook. FSH 2307-18, USDA, Washington, 144pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Verboven, N., Ens, B. J., & Decherns, S. (2001). Effects of investigator disturbance on nest attendance and egg predation in Eurasian oystercatchers. The Auk, 118, 503–508.CrossRef Verboven, N., Ens, B. J., & Decherns, S. (2001). Effects of investigator disturbance on nest attendance and egg predation in Eurasian oystercatchers. The Auk, 118, 503–508.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wagar, J. A. (1964). The Carrying Capacity of Wildlands for Recreation. Forest Service Monograph, No. 77, 23pp. Wagar, J. A. (1964). The Carrying Capacity of Wildlands for Recreation. Forest Service Monograph, No. 77, 23pp.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward, A. I., White, P. C. L., & Critchley, C. H. (2004). Roe deer Capreolus capreolus behaviour affects density estimates from distance sampling surveys. Mammal Review, 34, 315–319.CrossRef Ward, A. I., White, P. C. L., & Critchley, C. H. (2004). Roe deer Capreolus capreolus behaviour affects density estimates from distance sampling surveys. Mammal Review, 34, 315–319.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Watson, A. (1984). Paths and people in the Cairngorms. Scottish Geographical Magazine 100, pp. 151–160.CrossRef Watson, A. (1984). Paths and people in the Cairngorms. Scottish Geographical Magazine 100, pp. 151–160.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Weimerskirch, H., Schaffer, S. A., Mabille, G., Martin, J., Boutard, O., & Rouanet, J. L. (2002). Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: Basal levels, natural variation and the effects of human disturbance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 475–483. Weimerskirch, H., Schaffer, S. A., Mabille, G., Martin, J., Boutard, O., & Rouanet, J. L. (2002). Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: Basal levels, natural variation and the effects of human disturbance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 475–483.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitfield, D. P., & Rae, R. (2014). Human disturbance of breeding wood sandpipers Tringa glareola: Implications for “alert distances” in prescribing buffer zones. Ornis Fennica, 91, 57–66. Whitfield, D. P., & Rae, R. (2014). Human disturbance of breeding wood sandpipers Tringa glareola: Implications for “alert distances” in prescribing buffer zones. Ornis Fennica, 91, 57–66.
Zurück zum Zitat Yalden, D. W. (1992). The influence of recreational disturbance on common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding by an upland reservoir, in England. Biological Conservation, 61, 41–49.CrossRef Yalden, D. W. (1992). The influence of recreational disturbance on common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding by an upland reservoir, in England. Biological Conservation, 61, 41–49.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yalden, D. W., & Yalden, P. E. (1989). The sensitivity of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricaria to human intruders. Bird Study, 36, 49–55.CrossRef Yalden, D. W., & Yalden, P. E. (1989). The sensitivity of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricaria to human intruders. Bird Study, 36, 49–55.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Recreational Walking
verfasst von
David Huddart
Copyright-Jahr
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97758-4_2