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2025 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Remotely Sensed Rivers in the Age of Anthropocene

herausgegeben von: Subodh Chandra Pal, Uday Chatterjee, Martiwi Diah Setiawati, Dipankar Ruidas

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : Environmental Science and Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Dieses Buch bietet einen geospatialen Technologieansatz für Data-Mining-Techniken, Datenanalyse, Modellierung, Risikobewertung und Visualisierung sowie Managementstrategien für viele Elemente von Flussgebietsrisiken. Dieses Buch untersucht bahnbrechende Techniken, die auf Open-Source-Software und R-Statistikprogrammierung Google Earth Engine und Modellierung in modernen Techniken der künstlichen Intelligenz basieren, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf den jüngsten Trends bei Data-Mining-Techniken und robusten Modellierungen im Flussgebietsmanagement liegt. Sie umfasst wichtige Themen wie geomorphologische Gefahren, Klimawandel, katastrophale Naturkatastrophen, meteorologische und landwirtschaftliche Dürreüberwachung, Erdrutsche oder Schlammlawinen (Schlammlawinen), Überschwemmungen und Sturzfluten, Bodenerosion und Bodendegradation. Der Inhalt dieses Buches ist für Natur- und Umweltwissenschaftler, Fachleute und politische Entscheidungsträger von Interesse. Das Buch untersucht die räumliche Modellierung, Risikobewertung eines Einzugsgebietes im Bereich ökologischer und sozialer Fragen, Management und damit verbundener Forschung. Aufgrund des schlecht verstandenen Klimawandels und unklarer menschgemachter Aktivitäten gibt es bei der Untersuchung der Umweltbedingungen auf der Erde mehrere Probleme und Unsicherheiten, die es überaus schwierig machen, diese zu analysieren und sachkundige Urteile zu fällen. Auf der anderen Seite werden viele Schwierigkeiten durch Missmanagement der gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Boden-, Wasser- und Forstressourcen verursacht. Es ist auch von entscheidender Bedeutung, neue Technologien und Methoden zur Verbesserung und Stärkung des Umweltschutzes einzusetzen. Die Verbindung zwischen den drei Geräten Fernerkundung (RS), GIS und der Programmierschnittstelle R wird in dieser Hinsicht anerkannt. Bodenschutzmaßnahmen, die Kontrolle der Boden- und Wasserqualität und neue Regeln sollten alle auf korrekten Messungen und Vorhersagen beruhen, und drei Technologien (RS, GIS und R) sowie offene quantitative Vorhersagemethoden helfen beim Klimawandel und bei besseren Managementvorschriften. Nichtsdestotrotz dient dieses Buch als praktikabler Rahmen, um aktuelle Durchbrüche bei Technologien der künstlichen Intelligenz und ihre Relevanz für die ökologischen und sozioökonomischen Belange des Planeten in einem einzigen Band zu untersuchen.
Mit KI übersetzt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Susceptibility

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Navigating the Anthropocene: Embracing Change for Sustainable Fluvial Management
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, fluvial systems are increasingly challenged by a confluence of human-induced pressures and environmental changes that affect their ecological, hydrological, geomorphological, and socio-economic dimensions. This paper investigates the complexity of these challenges, highlighting the interdependencies among different factors that shape the health and functionality of river systems. It underscores the necessity of a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to effectively address these issues. The paper proposes a range of adaptive strategies and innovative solutions designed to enhance the sustainability of fluvial systems. Key among these strategies is the adoption of adaptive management practices that can respond flexibly to ongoing and future changes. Ecosystem-based approaches are emphasized for their ability to integrate ecological health with water management practices. The development of sustainable infrastructure is also crucial, aiming to mitigate environmental impacts while supporting necessary human activities. Furthermore, the paper advocates for integrated water resource management (IWRM) as a framework for coordinating efforts across different sectors and scales, ensuring a balanced approach to water use and conservation. Community engagement is highlighted as a vital component, recognizing that local knowledge and involvement are essential for the successful implementation of management strategies. By embracing these approaches, stakeholders can navigate the complexities of environmental change and work towards a future where fluvial landscapes not only survive but thrive. This interdisciplinary perspective is crucial for developing effective solutions that ensure the resilience and sustainability of our vital river systems.
Soufiane Haddout, K. L. Priya
Chapter 2. Voices for River Rights: Monitoring the Effects of Sand Mining in Ethiope River, Nigeria from 1991 to 2020 Using Remote Sensing/GIS
Abstract
The escalation of illegal sand mining in Nigeria has resulted in pronounced river degradation, prompting heightened apprehension regarding river rights and sustainability. Despite this, there has been limited research into recognizing rivers as legitimate entities with legal rights in the Nigerian context. To address this gap, this chapter investigated the effects of sand mining activities in the Ethiope River, Delta State, Nigeria from 1991 to 2020. We utilized qualitative methods, GIS/remote sensing techniques, and enlisted 20 participants aged 18–50 and above to collect primary data, including images and narratives. Additionally, we adopted oral histories from five key informants and secondary data to provide comprehensive insights. Findings revealed that illegal sand mining has led to water pollution (35%), erosion (30%), loss of riverbank vegetation (20%), and a decline in fish population (15%), significantly impacting various communal activities such as access to clean water, domestic, and recreational pursuits. Favorably, sand mining has created income and employment opportunities for 40% of youths, earning 6.28 USD daily, with 50% dedicating 1–12 h daily. Regrettably, an alarming 7.31% of the Ethiope River has been depleted for 29 years due to unregulated mining. To address these challenges and ensure the sustainability of Ethiope River, it is imperative to prioritize policies regulating sand mining practices. This includes optimal innovation, awareness, and action thereby, promoting the adoption of alternative materials, and expediting legal recognition of the Ethiope River as a living entity, setting a precedent for other water bodies in Africa.
Angela Oyilieze Akanwa, Victor Iko-ojo Idakwo
Chapter 3. Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using Microwave Sentinel-1A Data and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Lowland Area of Keleghai River Basin
Abstract
Climate change is leading to extreme precipitation, which is associated with the most severe hazardous floods in the world. Therefore, producing susceptibility maps for controlling floodplains is most important to reduce its harmful effects on development purposes in local level. This chapter aimed to prepare the flood susceptibility regions based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrating eight susceptibility factors such as elevation, slope, drainage density, distance to river, rainfall, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Use Land Cover (LULC), and soil respectively. On the other hand, Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data was applied to delineate the flood inundation and inventory area which experienced flooding in 2021 with integration of geospatial techniques in lowland area of the Keleghai river basin. The delineated flood susceptibility map was generated five susceptibility classes: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high respectively. The AHP model reveals that 16 and 2% of the area in the study area is under the high and very high flood susceptibility zone. The Area under Curve (AUC) in Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was used to evaluate the accuracy and validate the model. In the AHP model, the AUC was recorded 0.85 which is significantly excellent accuracy for the flood susceptibility mapping. These findings can help identify better land use planning and would assist researchers, hydrologists, policymakers, and local governments in flood risk management.
Suman Das, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Nirupam Acharyya, Saroj Maity
Chapter 4. Water Resource Vulnerability Assessment to Climate Variability: A Case Study of the Opak Watershed, Indonesia
Abstract
The lack of information on how climatic variability affects water resources frequently limits efforts to sustain them. The research objective is to evaluate the water resources vulnerability to climate variability in the Opak Watershed, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The vulnerability assessment focused on how people’s access to water is being impacted by climate unpredictability. The IPCC concept, which states that vulnerability is a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, was applied in vulnerability assessments. Previous research provided the exposure criteria and indicators (changes in watersheds), sensitivity criteria and indicators (water demand, community dependence on land), and adaptive capacity criteria and indicators (quality of human resources, socioeconomic status, and water catchment area). The vulnerability map was then created by assigning criteria and indications a score and weight based on how important they were, geographically displaying them, and superimposing them with the use of mapping software. Results showed that according to the vulnerability map, 49% as having a slightly low level of vulnerability, 24% as having a low level of vulnerability, 21% as having a moderate level of vulnerability and 6% as having a slightly high level of vulnerability. Based on the watershed region, the sequence of vulnerability levels from moderate to lowest is the middle, downstream and upstream regions. These findings may help the Local Government or the Opak Watershed Authority develop plans, strategies, and other efforts to deal with the issue of how climate variability is affecting water resources.
Eko Pujiono, Wieke Herningtyas, Rajif Iryadi, Muhammad Hadi Saputra, Nida Humaida, Muhammad Bima Atmaja, Aditya Hani, Sutomo, Jalma Giring Sukmawati, Reni Setyo Wahyuningtyas, Inda Dwi Solina
Chapter 5. Zoning Flood Risk of Catchments Prone to Flooding by Geographical Information Systems Analysis Approach
Abstract
Flood risk prioritization is considered necessary and important because of their development on the margins of floodplains recognizing and paying attention to rivers. Therefore, the prioritization of watershed sub-basins is one of the most important solutions for the comprehensive management of watersheds and is also very important in natural resources management. This research aims to prioritize and zonate flood sub basins of the Gavkoshak watershed in the west of western Shiraz city and 13 km eastern Kazerun city based on morphometric parameters using a geographic information system (GIS). To prioritize and zoning the sub-basins based on all the investigated variables, the new combined method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation was used, and the relationship between the parameters and the weight of each of them was analyzed using Kendall's tau correlation and weighted sum analysis (WSA) methods. The results show that the new prioritization method was not able to determine the ordinal priority of all watershed sub-basins, but this method is based on the degree of risk and finally preparing the flood zoning map, indicating the division of the area into five low-risk zones (31 sub-basins), relatively low risk (4 sub-basins), moderate risk (5 sub-basins), relatively high risk (1 sub-basin) and high risk (2 sub-basins). Therefore, by having this map and the results obtained from it, which means knowing the areas in terms of flood potential, it is possible to prioritize correctly in management decisions, projects in flood-prone areas with very high and dangerous flood potential, especially areas that are at risk of damage caused by floods.
Zahra Nik, Assefa M. Melesse, Kouros Yazdjerdi, Hadi Abdolazimi, Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour, Mohammad Reza Nik
Chapter 6. Application of MCDA-GIS Methods for Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
Abstract
Soil erosion is a critical environmental issue in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia, contributing to significant land degradation, loss of agricultural productivity, and sedimentation in water bodies. Evaluating susceptibility and mapping soil erosion is essential for sustainable soil resource management. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to assess soil erosion risk in the Beshlo watershed, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. The current study analysed drainage density, slope, elevation, precipitation, soil, lineament density, and land use/cover for erosion. The resulting soil erosion zone has three categories: Low-Susceptibility Zones (0.07–0.14). These are largely in the basin’s centre and southwest. Erosion is reduced by gentle slopes, lower rainfall, more stable soils, or more vegetation. 0.15–0.18 Medium Susceptibility Zones Medium susceptibility zones are scattered around the basin but cluster in greenery. These areas may have moderate slopes, intermediate rainfall, and erodable soil types but are more resistant than high-susceptibility zones—high susceptibility (0.19–0.25). For soil erosion susceptibility map accuracy testing, 70 locations were chosen from the research region. In these points, Google Earth images were used to compare the results of this study. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve validated the model with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.832. This high AUC value shows the model’s substantial predictive accuracy in distinguishing erosion risk locations. This study focused on GIS-based MCDA’s relevance and practicability for decision-makers and land managers. This work helps create soil erosion susceptibility maps and identify high-priority conservation sites.
Muralitharan Jothimani, Prafulla Kumar Panda, Leulalem Shano, Ephrem Getahun, Zerihun Dawit
Chapter 7. Seasonal Variations and Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Aerosol and Ground Water Around a Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant
Abstract
The impact of coal-fired thermal power generation plants has been widely studied in different climatic conditions over the globe. Here, we report the seasonal distributions of heavy metal in the aerosols and groundwater around the coal-fired thermal power plant at a radius of 8 km with an interval of 2 km over a period of one year in the monsoon climate region along the south west coast of India. The results indicate that both natural sources and anthropogenic inputs account for the observed distributions. The former source is chiefly attributed to the weathering of rocks, whereas, the latter source is attributed to the fly ash from landfills and automobile vehicular emissions. The concentrations of heavy metals in the groundwater are considerably higher than those from aerosols, due to the scavenging from atmosphere by the rainfall/dust fall, and leaching of heavy metals in soil horizon during the water infiltration processes. This interpretation is confirmed from the thematic maps. The wind backward trajectory analysis and the distance-wise distribution of heavy metals from the thermal power plant indicate that the impact of anthropogenic activity is particularly noticed during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, suggesting the dilution of contaminants by the rainfall during the monsoon season.
Minal Gune, K Balakrishna, B. R. Manjunatha, Mohan Vanarotti
Chapter 8. Assessment and Monitoring of Flood Susceptibility Zones Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model and Geospatial Techniques in the Lakhimpur Block, Lakhimpur District, Assam, India
Abstract
Flood hazards are situations when land is submerged under the water and severely affect human livelihood such as life loss, property damages, etc. This study comprehends the flood assessment, identification, and estimation of areas prone to flooding. The pivotal aim of this study is to construct a flood susceptible zonation (FSZ) map of the Lakhimpur block of Assam that can be applied at the global, regional, and local levels to sustain human life and livelihood as well as to reduce and prevent damages caused by floods. GIS assimilated with MCDM and AHP model proved to be a handful of tools for identifying potential flood-affected zones in the study area. For this, eight parameters closely related to flood were collected from various online sources and subsequently generated FSZ applying GIS-MCDM and AHP technique using the software ArcGIS 10.8 and ERDAS IMAGINE 14. The constructed FSZ map classified into five classes, demonstrates that 78.85% of study areas are confined under high to very high susceptibility to flooding which is the central and western portion of the study areas and the rest are confined under moderate, low to very low susceptibility. The FSZ map was validated by performing the ROC-AUC curve and overall accuracy using historical ground truth data collected from Bhuvan NRSC. The resulting AUC value of 0.86 or 86% indicates a good accuracy of the FSZ map of the study area. The present research will serve as an adequate source of information for effective flood management, land use planning, etc. in various domains.
Manju Narzary, Praduyt Dey, Santanu Kumar Patnaik, Tilling Riming
Chapter 9. Ramifications of Anthropogenic Activities on Urban Riverine Ecosystem: A Study of Mithi River in Mumbai
Abstract
Since ancient times, humans have been using nature to fulfill their needs, and in this process, they have been shaping the environment and changing the face of the earth. Human activities in more recent times have started harming urban riverine ecosystems across the globe, and these impacts are far more severe in developing countries. Extreme levels of pollution and degradation of rivers flowing through the densely populated cities in the developing world are nothing new. River Mithi, which runs through Mumbai, the most populated city in India, has turned into a model example of a degraded urban riverine ecosystem. This study explores the ramifications of human activities on River Mithi of Mumbai, using satellite imageries, journal articles, reports, and websites, along with personal observations on the study area. We find that the Mithi River is severely polluted by human activities, which include encroachment by slums, industrial waste, and poor sanitation, thereby practically turning this river into an open sewer. Despite attempts toward restoration, not much success has been achieved. Therefore, restoring it would require a comprehensive strategy. Measures that could be part of such a strategy have been suggested in this chapter, such as using environmentally friendly drainage technologies, cooperation between various stakeholders, and efficient flood management plans that could facilitate the cleaning of the Mithi River to a pollution-free ecosystem.
Sujayita Bhattacharjee, Madhuri Sharma
Chapter 10. Heavy Metals Contamination and Vulnerability in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India—An Exclusive Study on Historic and Current Scenarios of Toxic Heavy Metals and Hydrochemistry Impacts on Groundwater Quality
Abstract
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water at the Vellore district, which is also the source of industrial and agricultural demand. This chapter aims to evaluate the Taluk-wise groundwater quality (GWQ) and heavy metal (HM) impacts in the Vellore district using the water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HMPI), and multivariate statistics. In total, 25 samples were collected and analysed for physiochemical parameters and HM as per American Public Health Association (APHA) guidelines. The history data analysis reveals that Vellore, Gudiyatham, and Anaicut Taluk have had elevated physicochemical concentrations due to anthropogenic activities. The Vellore District's groundwater hydrochemistry is influenced by ion exchange and precipitation, and the groundwater types are Na–HCO3 (44%) and Ca–HCO3 (52%), based on the Chadha diagram. TDS, Cr, Pb, Zn, SO42−, Ca2+, and Na+ show a high correlation, exhibiting a huge impact on GWQ. Based on the Piper plot, the groundwater is more saline (Na-Cl type), whereas precipitation dominates according to the Gibbs plot. According to HMPI results, Cd, Zn, and Pb are discharged along with industrial wastewater. Anaicut Taluk has a high GWQ for domestic and agricultural use, while Katpadi, Vellore, Gudiyatham, and Pernambut Taluk have very poor GWQ. Cd (96%) and Pb (43%) are beyond the permissible limit, causing carcinogenic effects in Pernambut, Vellore, and Katpadi Taluk’s residents. According to vulnerability analysis, Pernambut, Katpadi, and Gudiyatham are highly vulnerable. Vellore is moderately vulnerable, and Anaicut is less vulnerable. Ensuring amendments and new policies and guidelines will lower vulnerability and enhance general health.
Vignesh Rajkumar Lakshmanan, Loganathan, Challapudi Ajithraj, Kurella Paritosh, Saikam Venkata Sai Kumar
Chapter 11. Geospatial Techniques for Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling Erosion of Jamuna River in the Shahjadpur Upazila of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh to Support Risk Management
Abstract
The Jamuna River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River, presents significant erosion challenges in the Shahjadpur Upazila of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh. This study employs geospatial and statistical methods to map, monitor, and model riverbank erosion in the area from 1988 to 2023. Historical erosion analysis revealed that the period between 1988 and 2003 experienced the highest erosion, with a total area of 25.60 km2 affected. To assess erosion risk, 12 causative factors were identified from the literature and analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Slope (40.50%) and distance to river (7.97%) were determined to be the most influential factors. Using a weighted overlay method, erosion risk zones were mapped, revealing that the very high erosion risk zone covers 31.11 km2, primarily impacting Jalalpur, Kaijuri, and Sanatani unions. The high erosion risk zone encompasses 189.37 km2, affecting Porjana, Betail, Khukni, Gala, Rupbati, Habibullahnagar, and Shahjadpur Municipality. Low erosion risk areas are mainly found in Potajia and Kayempur unions. This research fills a critical gap in understanding the dynamics of riverbank erosion and provides policy makers with essential data for evidence-based erosion risk management and mitigation strategies.
K. M. Nafee, Mohammad Sofi Ullah, Md. Shakib Al Fahad, Munira Nusrat, Md. Khayrul Islam Tuhin, Sadman Ahmed
Chapter 12. Soil Erosion Estimation Using the E.P.M Model in the Ouaouizeght River Basin—Morocco
Abstract
Recent advancements in assessing water erosion, both qualitatively and quantitatively, have prompted the evolution of methodologies leveraging geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. Focusing on the Ouaouizeght basin in Morocco, nestled within the middle high Atlas and feeding into the prominent Bin Ouidane dam, this study zone presents distinctive features. It grapples with a semi-arid climate, rugged topography, and human-induced pressures, culminating in significant annual soil loss, notably affecting vital agricultural hydraulic infrastructures like dams. The essence of this research lies in pinpointing the areas most vulnerable to water erosion within this watershed. The aim is to safeguard these zones using a comprehensive approach integrating GIS and the Erosion Potential Model (E.P.M), which employs the Gavrilovic equation. This equation factors in rainfall erosivity, vegetation cover, soil erodibility, slope length, and soil usage patterns to estimate the extent of soil loss. By elucidating these vulnerable zones, this study strives to inform strategies for effective protection and preservation. By utilizing this model, the Ouaouizeght area experiences an annual loss of 52 tons per hectare, particularly in the low-lying and northeastern regions. The study recommends several strategies to combat water erosion in the Ouaouizeght area of Morocco. These include raising community awareness through training and educational programs, protecting and expanding forest cover with strict monitoring and penalties for deforestation, and promoting alternative income-generating activities such as beekeeping and cooperatives to reduce grazing. Additionally, the study suggests restoring degraded lands, planting protective trees like doum palms, and providing feed to local populations to alleviate pressure on natural resources.
Khalid El Haddaoui, Abderrahmane Jadouane, Badreddine Ennassiri, Mohamed Mouhiddine
Chapter 13. Land Use/Land Cover Change Model for Mapping, Monitoring and Modeling Environmental Changes in Segara Anakan Due to Heavy Sedimentation in the Downstream of Citanduy River-Indonesia
Abstract
Water erosion in upland riverine areas leads to sedimentation in the lowlands, which also affects certain habitats in the estuarine ecosystem. The alteration of the estuarine ecosystem has affected the shifting of mangrove habitat in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL). Heavy sedimentation has impacted this area as a result of complex natural and anthropogenic activities that are causing soil erosion in the Citanduy River’s upstream area. Sedimentation causes new land to emerge gradually, reducing water area. It had also altered the environment, particularly in the western part of the SAL. It is responsible for the degradation of critical habitats such as marine biota and mangrove forests. Monitoring is essential for providing policymakers and other stakeholders with an accurate picture of the situation when managing their area and its resources. With spatial-based information, users can easily understand a comprehensive picture of phenomena that occur in a specific area. This study used the LULCC (Land Use/Land Cover Change) model to predict a shift in the lagoon habitat. The model revealed that the change in landform has mostly contributed to the alteration of mangrove composition and its distribution in the study area. The sedimentation process has led to the development of new lands, creating a low-saline environment that fosters the growth of invasive plant species. Further, invasive plant species will replace mangrove forest in the majority of the lagoon water area. The model predicted that the lagoon’s water area would shrink by 57% over the next five decades.
Bayu Prayudha, Yaya I. Ulumuddin, Vincentius Siregar, Atriyon Julzarika, Lilik B. Prasetyo, Syamsul B. Agus, Suyadi, Suyarso, Praditya Avianto, Nurjamin, Riza A. Pasaribu, Muhammad Faisal Rachmansyah, Arif Seno Adji
Chapter 14. Flood Susceptibility Analysis in Kollidam Lower Watershed of Cuddalore District Leveraging a Sophisticated GIS-Enhanced Frequency Ratio Model
Abstract
Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, significantly impacting human lives, especially in India’s coastal regions. This study aims to develop a flood susceptibility zone map for the Kollidam Lower Watershed in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, utilizing geospatial techniques and the Frequency Ratio (FR) model. The flood susceptibility map was developed using twelve influential conditioning parameters: Land use/Land cover (LULC), slope, elevation, drainage density, lithology, soil type, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), proximity to streams, average rainfall, Topographic Rugged index (TRI), Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI), and surface runoff. A total of 163 historical flood location points were considered, with 133 used to construct the FR model for generating flood susceptibility maps and the remaining 30 points reserved for validation. All variables were resampled to a 30 × 30 m pixel resolution and categorized using the quantile approach. The FR probability model evaluated the correlation between each class and flood frequency. The reclassified frequency ratio model categorized flood susceptibility into five classes: low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility. The analysis revealed that areas with moderate, high, and very high flood susceptibility covered 20.61, 6.29, and 7.15 square kilometers, respectively. The model demonstrated a success rate of 86% and a prediction accuracy of 77%, confirming that the FR model is a robust, straightforward, and reliable tool. It can effectively aid residents and government officials in devising strategies to mitigate the impact of devastating flood disasters.
Baranidharan Sathyanarayanan, Vasudevan Sivaprakasam, Sivaranjan Periyasami, Pravinraj Sambath
Chapter 15. Comparing Soil Erosion Rate Predictions Using USLE Method Based on Conventional and Remote Sensing Data Calculations
Abstract
Soil erosion is a critical challenge to the sustainability of soil and water resources, particularly in volcanic regions like the Telagawaja Sub-Watershed, Bali. The area is defined by andesitic-basalt rocks (Qvab), basaltic tuff (Qvbt), and ancient volcanic formations from the Tertiary period (Tomub), coupled with tropical climate conditions with an average rainfall of 219.21 mm per month, temperatures ranging from 20 to 27 °C, and intensive agriculture, making it highly prone to erosion. This study compares soil erosion predictions from conventional data sources, derived from field observations and laboratory tests, with remote sensing data obtained from multisensor satellites (e.g., CHIRPS, Sentinel-2, and DEM Alos Palsar), using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Erosion estimates based on conventional data range between 0.37 and 4,657 t ha−1 yr−1, while remote sensing estimates vary from 0 to 49,384 t ha−1 yr−1. Both approaches highlight that very light erosion (<15 t ha−1 yr−1) dominates the region, covering 45.90% and 29.21% of the area, respectively. The comparison reveals a 21.03% agreement between methods, with 78.97% exhibiting differences in erosion classification. Conventional methods tend to produce more uniform outcomes, whereas remote sensing generates more spatially detailed, pixel-based maps, especially in areas with complex topography and vegetation variability. The study underscores the value of integrating both techniques for generating more precise erosion zonation maps, crucial for effective watershed management and soil conservation strategies.
I Wayan Sandi Adnyana, Abd. Rahman As-syakur, I Wayan Nuarsa, Moh. Saifulloh, Martiwi Diah Setiawati

Sustainability

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Enhancing River Sustainability: A Comprehensive Approach to Riparian Ecology Assessment
Abstract
Rapid environmental degradation in tropical watersheds necessitates effective strategies for assessing and restoring riparian health. This study presents an integrated approach, combining remote sensing, expert knowledge, and field validation, to prioritize areas for riparian rehabilitation in the Merawu Watershed, Indonesia. High-resolution PlanetScope imagery was used to analyze vegetation cover within riparian buffers, classified using NDVI and ISO clustering. A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) incorporated vegetation cover, land use, and slope, identified as critical factors by local experts, to prioritize areas for rehabilitation. The FAHP-derived prioritization was then validated using the Riparian Quality Index, demonstrating a strong correlation and confirming the robustness of the approach. Results revealed that areas characterized by low vegetation cover or bare land, flat slopes (0–8%), and mixed dryland agriculture require immediate attention. By integrating remote sensing with FAHP and field validation, this study provides a practical and transferable framework for assessing riparian health and prioritizing rehabilitation efforts, contributing to the sustainable management of threatened watersheds globally.
Jalma Giring Sukmawati, Sutomo, Muhammad Hadi Saputra, Eko Pujiono, Nida Humaida, Aditya Hani, Muhammad Bima Atmaja, Rajif Iryadi, Wieke Herningtyas, Reni Setyo Wahyuningtyas, Inda Dwi Solina
Chapter 17. Flood Risk Assessment of the Mand River Basin, Chhattisgarh, Using GIS-Integrated Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
Abstract
Floods are one of the most frequent disasters occurring at the moment, owing to climate change and increased extreme storm events. Existing research has shown that the Mand River basin in Chhattisgarh is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, leading to recurrent levels of flooding. Despite frequent instances of riverine floods, the Mand basin remained unassessed. Thus, in this study, the flood prone zones of the Mand basin are delineated using GIS integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). To develop flood hazard map, seven flood causative factors involving geological, meteorological, land use and land cover, and topographical factors are considered. In absence of sufficient datasets on the Mand basin for validation, two different ranking scenarios are considered to prepare flood hazard maps, which is validated using pseudo ground truth points and information gathered from online reports and documents. The results showed that the flood map obtained by prioritizing drainage density and proximity to river identified the flood-prone zones relatively better than the map obtained with slope and elevation prioritized. The results showed that approximately 40% of the catchment area falls under high to very high flood susceptible zone associated with extreme precipitation and overtopping of streams. Moreover, the hazard map may be used by policymakers to enhance risk mitigation and minimize flood-related losses by implementing a well-planned urbanization strategy.
Pooja Patel, Rohan Kar, Arindam Sarkar
Chapter 18. River Health Monitoring and Mapping for Environmental Sustainability Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case of River Ganga in Patna
Abstract
This chapter explores the ever-changing scenario of urbanization in India, presenting substantial challenges to the well-being of its extensive river networks. Rapid urban development exerts pressure on rivers, leading to alterations in hydrology, geomorphology, and water quality. The study employs geospatial techniques to comprehensively monitor and map the physical, chemical, and biological effects of anthropogenic activities in river basins across the country. The impact of urbanization on river health is manifested in various forms, including changes in stream hydrology and geomorphology. Additionally, the deterioration of water quality is a prominent concern, stemming from increased urban demands for water and the subsequent discharge of pollutants. Urban areas, as a consequence, face heightened risks of flooding due to these alterations. This research not only identifies the multifaceted challenges arising from urbanization but also offers recommendations for effective river health management. These suggestions aim to mitigate the adverse effects on river ecosystems and promote environmental sustainability. By utilizing geospatial techniques, this study provides a holistic understanding of the complex interplay between urbanization and river health, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in sustainable river management.
Abdul Quadir, Mohammad Salman, Safiullah Khan, Zalina Samadi
Chapter 19. Geospatial Mapping of River Health Assessment: A Study Case of Spatial and Seasonal Monitoring at Sumbawa Island Watersheds, Indonesia
Abstract
River water is a vital resource for human use and economic growth, but pollution from anthropogenic activities can significantly diminish its quality. Consequently, regular monitoring is essential for river water conservation. This chapter outlines a river health assessment comprising three stages: (1) developing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the selection of monitoring sites, (2) mapping river health with the Storage and Retrieval (STORET) index using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation, and (3) conducting multivariate analysis to identify pollution sources. The study focused on watersheds in the Bima, Dompu, and Sumbawa districts, on Sumbawa Island (Indonesia). In the initial stage, the SWAT identified observation stations and predicted the conditions of water quality ranged from excellent to moderately polluted. In the subsequent stage, in situ analysis revealed that dissolved nutrient levels in the Bima and Dompu districts exceeded 0.5 mg/L, while total dissolved solids (TDS) in the Sumbawa district surpassed 1,000 mg/L, particularly in downstream areas. Meanwhile, the last stage revealed that excellent river health was found in forest areas on slopes exceeding 25°, whereas decreased health was observed in agricultural and urban areas on gentle slopes, particularly near coastal regions. Analysis of water quality variables indicated that phosphate, TDS, and ammonia concentrations were higher in urban and agricultural watersheds, whereas forested areas showed better river health with higher dissolved oxygen levels. These stages may serve as a comprehensive methodology for riverine monitoring for water resource conservation policies.
Hedi Indra Januar, Eko Pujiono, Sutomo, Relawan Kuswandi, Muhammad Hadi Saputra, Hery Kurniawan, Etik Erna Wati Hadi, Nida Humaida, Izhamil Hidayah, Jalma Giring Sukmawati
Chapter 20. Flood Vulnerability Analysis Using Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery-Based on Multi-Parameter to Support National Urban Flood Resilience Program
Abstract
In recent years, the northern shore of Java has faced escalating environmental issues, particularly with regards to flooding, which has emerged as a major cause for concern in City like Jakarta, Semarang, and Pekalongan. The primary elements that contribute to these floods are land subsidence, excessive rainfall, and the elevation of sea levels. This work employs remote sensing data from sources such as Sentinel-1, CHIRPS, DEM, and force modelling to examine the spatial distribution of flood potential in these cities. Pekalongan, Jakarta, and Semarang saw the highest rates of land subsidence, with measurements of 13 cm/year, 8 cm/year, and 6 cm/year, respectively. The maximum recorded tidal elevations in Jakarta, Semarang, and Pekalongan were 0.6 m, 0.53 m, and 0.49 m, respectively. Analysis of rainfall data indicated that there were instances of intense precipitation exceeding 25 mm per day, leading to extensive flooding. The largest flood-prone areas are located in Semarang, covering 8,584.3 ha followed by Pekalongan with 3,935.48 ha, and Jakarta with 1,077.09 ha. The findings emphasise substantial flood hazards in residential, industrial, and commercial areas in these cities, which could lead to additional harm if preventive measures are not implemented.
Mohammad Ardha, Rizky Faristyawan, Khalifah Insan Nur Rahmi, Kurnia Ulfa, Restu Wardani
Chapter 21. An Assessment of Human Impact on the River Godavari: A Critical Review on Worship to Responsibility
Abstract
The River Godavari, spanning over 1,465 km, has been both a source of livelihood and a focal point for religious worship for centuries. However, despite its sacred status, human-induced pollution, including the disposal of religious offerings and industrial waste, continues to degrade its water quality. Various government and community-driven initiatives have aimed at reversing this trend, but persistent issues like untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and deforestation along the river’s banks demand further action. This review critically evaluates the socio-cultural impact of worship activities on the river, while also assessing the effectiveness of environmental policies aimed at its conservation. Quantitative data on pollutant levels and the socio-economic challenges faced by dependent communities underline the urgent need for sustainable practices. The chapter suggests a holistic approach that integrates religious sentiments with environmental responsibility, with recommendations for policy interventions that focus on awareness and long-term restoration efforts. Incorporating religious stakeholders into conservation efforts is crucial for the river’s future.
Rajasekhar Reddy Muttana, Manoj Mitra Kasibhotla
Chapter 22. Quantifying Landscape Metrics Land Cover and Forest Disturbance to Inform Management Models in the Tropical Basin, Bedugul, Bali
Abstract
The Bedugul-Bali basin is home to nature reserves and protected forests, but unfortunately, these areas are at risk of forest degradation and deforestation. To combat these issues, we conducted a study to determine the landscape pattern of land cover distribution and identify disturbances in forest areas. Using Landsat satellite and historical vegetation index, we quantified the landscape metrics to understand the situation better. Our findings revealed that 51% of the Bedugul forest area remained stable between 2000 and 2020. However, forest degradation was identified in every location due to erosion and former land fires that are still undergoing resilience. Settlements showed the most significant increase in other land cover (OLC) and emphasized other lands, particularly forest areas. The distribution category shows the increased density vegetation of the Bedugul area, which reached 13% of the total forest area. The indication of deforestation in this area is 0.86%, while forest degradation is 21%, which can trigger sedimentation supply to the lake area and result in silting of the lake. Therefore, we urge systematic and structured management in area management planning, especially lake-mountain based on an environmental approach, to prevent further damage to this crucial ecosystem. By acting now, we can ensure that the Bedugul-Bali basin remains a thriving natural wonder for generations.
Rajif Iryadi, Sutomo, Muhammad Bima Atmaja, Muhammad Hadi Saputra, Eko Pujiono, Nida Humaida, Aditya Hani, Jalma Giring Sukmawati, Wieke Herningtyas, Reni Setyo Wahyuningtyas
Chapter 23. Risk Assessments of Hydro-power Projects Along the Nagavali River, Orissa-Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Since 2000, the Nagavali River has gained attention due to the Indian government’s plans for ten hydro-power projects within its basin. Flowing through a structurally complex longitudinal valley between eastern and western ridges in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal, the Nagavali River is prone to flooding. In this chapter, out of those ten project sites risk assessments have focused on two sites: Hathipahar in Rayagada, Orissa, and Thotapalli in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. Hathipahar, situated on a piedmont slope of Khandelite-granite, and Thotapalli, on a rolling plain, faced different fates in past flood events. In July 2006, torrential rains and flash floods caused the collapse of an under-construction dam at Hathipahar, resulting in significant channel shifting (about 550 m), erosion, and soil loss. Conversely, Thotapalli, unaffected by this flood, saw its dam completed in 2015. However, subsequent floods in 2014, 2017, and 2020 caused the reservoir at Thotapalli to expand from 2.1 to 9.16 km2, with the river’s upstream width also increasing. The current research evaluates the vulnerability of these two sites to fluvial hazards and assesses the risks of future hydro-power projects. It involves analyzing general slope, land use changes, channel width-depth variations, and sediment grain size. Socio-economic vulnerability is assessed through damage estimates and hazard thresholds. Susceptibility analysis uses 120 years of rainfall data, lithological studies, SOI topographical maps, Google Earth images, and SRTM DEM. Field surveys support the creation of elevation models, sediment analysis, and facies assessment.
Shreya Bandyopadhyay
Chapter 24. An Assessment of Human Impact on Tropical Rivers: A Critical Review on Worship to Responsibility, Case of India
Abstract
This chapter explores the intricate relationship between the evolution of socio-cultural structure in India and focuses on transitioning of the same, from traditional worship practices to contemporary environmental responsibilities. The discussion delves into the significance of river flows as connectors, influencing diverse cultural beliefs and values. The concept of environmental flows is evaluated as a framework, for understanding these relationships, with an emphasis on its predominantly biophysical science-oriented approaches. Drawing on the research methodology employed in the investigation of human-river interactions in India, the chapter utilizes a comprehensive blend of qualitative and quantitative methods. The methodology involves extensive literature review, surveys, interviews, field observations and content analysis of river worship for Hinduism. The integration of thematic coding for analysis ensures a nuanced exploration of the multifaceted dynamics between communities and tropical rivers, contributing valuable insights to the discourse on riverine ecosystem management, thus bringing about the change in attitude, from worship to responsibility.
Sharduli Joshi, Prajakta Chakravarty
Chapter 25. Satellite-Based Monitoring of Water Quality in Mukutmanipur Dam: A Google Earth Engine Approach
Abstract
Reservoirs play a vital role in water management, serving both irrigation and drinking water needs, yet they often face challenges related to pollution and water quality. This study examines the Mukutmanipur Dam in West Bengal, which provides irrigation and drinking water but is threatened by pollution and water quality degradation. To address these issues, we applied remote sensing techniques through the Google Earth Engine platform, utilizing Sentinel-2 data and several indices: the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI), and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI). The NDTI was used to assess turbidity, revealing significant temporal fluctuations: the lowest turbidity values (−0.221 to −0.0503 in 2023) was observed in the winter months while the study revealed highest turbidity values (−0.125 to +0.0425 in 2023) during the monsoon. The NDCI was utilized to evaluate chlorophyll-a concentration, indicating higher levels in winter (NDCI range: While the NDCI value for different months in 2023 ranges from −0.276 to 0.195 for pre-monsoon and −0.171 to 0.0409 for monsoon, respectively. These indices combined create a body of understanding and perceptions of water quality and how it can be affected by various factors including fluctuations in seasons and human interference. This study shows that the indices based on satellite data can be useful for analysis of water quality, which may serve a guideline in the management of water resources and pollution issues.
Surajit Dey, Abira Dutta Roy
Metadaten
Titel
Remotely Sensed Rivers in the Age of Anthropocene
herausgegeben von
Subodh Chandra Pal
Uday Chatterjee
Martiwi Diah Setiawati
Dipankar Ruidas
Copyright-Jahr
2025
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-82311-4
Print ISBN
978-3-031-82310-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82311-4

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