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Erschienen in:
The Geopolitics of Renewables—An Introduction and Expectations Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Renewables and the Core of the Energy Union: How the Pentalateral Forum Facilitates the Energy Transition in Western Europe

verfasst von : Susann Handke

Erschienen in: The Geopolitics of Renewables

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The renewables transition influences interstate energy relations in many ways. The emergence of new energy-related patterns of cooperation depends on favourable political and economic circumstances. Within the multi-layered EU energy governance, innovative institutions evolved at the regional level. In 2005, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands formed the Pentalateral Forum (Penta Forum), joined by Austria and Switzerland in 2011 as full member and observer, respectively. In the process of establishing the Energy Union, which seeks to realise the single European energy market and the transition to a low-carbon energy system, the Penta Forum constitutes an intermediate step. The electricity sector is key to realising the Energy Union. This chapter examines how the cooperation between the members of the Penta Forum helps to achieve the integration of the European electricity market. It highlights two facets of the Penta Forum’s institutionalisation. First, as a form of differentiated integration in the context of EU policymaking the Penta Forum increases the member states’ room for manoeuvre within EU energy governance. Second, the design of the Penta Forum depoliticises the conversation about complex policy issues, which in turn is instrumental in limiting frictions among its members to practical issues.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Connecting Visions of a Future Renewable Energy Grid
Nächstes Kapitel The Strategic Realities of the Emerging Energy Game—Conclusion and Reflection
Fußnoten
1
Transmission grids and new cross-regional or cross-border interconnections are cost-efficient alternatives to investments that are necessary to balance power systems with high shares of wind and solar electricity generation. See IEA (2016a, 173–195) for an overview of issues that are related to interconnected transmission networks.
 
2
In 2006, the European Regulators’ Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG), an advisory group to the European Commission comprised of the heads of national energy regulators, launched the Electricity Regional Initiative. It entailed the creation of seven regional electricity markets as an interim step to accelerate the process of market integration, i.e. the Baltic, Central-East, Central-South, Central-West, Northern, South-West, and France-UK-Ireland regional electricity markets.
 
3
In 2011, Austria and Switzerland joined the Penta Forum as a full member and an observer, respectively. See, “Pentalateral Energy Forum,” (in Dutch), http://​www.​benelux.​int/​nl/​samenwerking/​pentalateral-energy-forum.
 
4
The term “structures” is used in the sense of institutions and norms, including laws and regulations.
 
5
Blyth contrasts the pursuit of liberalisation policies in the United States of America and Sweden. Eventually, the economic idea of having liberalised markets as the basis of a modern capitalist economy became accepted in both states and shaped policies to regulate the economy. See, in particular, Blyth (2002), 152–247.
 
6
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the greenhouse gases that are trapped in the atmosphere, causing human-induced climate change. CO2 is by far the most important driver of anthropogenic climate change. CO2 is emitted in the course of combusting fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil). With a share of 90%, it dominates energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2016b, 9).
 
7
The global discourse on mitigating climate change culminated in the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the context of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. See for an overview of the history of climate change negotiations and governance, Gupta, Joyeeta, The History of Global Climate Governance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
 
8
The March 2007 conclusions of the European Council envisioned an “integrated climate and energy policy” for 2020, which included reducing 20% of the Union’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990, saving 20% of the Union’s energy consumption compared to projections for 2020, and having a 20% share of renewables in overall EU energy consumption. See Council of the European Union, “Brussels European Council—8/9 March 2007: Presidency Conclusions,” 2 May 2007, 7224/1/07 REV 1, pp. 12, 20, 21.
 
9
Until 2010 the Directorate-General TREN (transport and energy) was responsible for the policymaking on energy market integration. The Directorate-General CLIMA deals with EU climate policy. It was established only in 2010.
 
10
An “indicative list of projects of common interest” is included in the annex to Decision 1254/96/EC.
 
13
Directives 2003/54/EC, Regulation 1228/2003 as well as Directive 2005/89/EC.
 
15
See “Annex 2—Governance” of the Second Political Declaration of the Pentalateral Energy Forum, 8 June 2015, http://​www.​benelux.​int/​files/​1214/​3472/​2463/​Penta_​signed.​pdf.
 
17
2013 Political Declaration of the Pentalateral Energy Forum, p. 6.
 
18
Energiewende is the German term for energy transition.
 
19
“Merkel: Atomausstieg eine riesige Chance für Deutschland” [Merkel: nuclear power phase out is a golden opportunity for Germany], Frankfurter Allgemeine, 30 May 2011, http://​www.​faz.​net/​aktuell/​politik/​energiepolitik/​atomausstieg-bis-2022-merkel-eine-riesige-chance-1643205.​html.
 
20
See for an overview of all legislative measures, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, “Overview of Legislation Governing Germany’s Energy Supply System: Key Strategies, Act, Directives, and Regulations/Ordinances,” http://​www.​bmwi.​de/​Redaktion/​EN/​Publikationen/​gesetzeskarte.​pdf?​_​_​blob=​publicationFile&​v=​6.
 
21
See for an up-to-date overview of national renewable legislation and regulation, IEA/IRENA database of renewable policies and measures at https://​www.​iea.​org/​policiesandmeasu​res/​renewableenergy/​; see for an overview of the percentages of renewables from 2004 onwards, Eurostat, “Electricity Generated from renewable sources,” http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​eurostat/​tgm/​table.​do?​tab=​table&​plugin=​1&​language=​en&​pcode=​tsdcc330
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Renewables and the Core of the Energy Union: How the Pentalateral Forum Facilitates the Energy Transition in Western Europe
verfasst von
Susann Handke
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
The Geopolitics of Renewables

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67854-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67855-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67855-9_11