Research into Design for a Connected World

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Design Theory and Research Methodology

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 1. Adaptation of Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation for Establishing Rigour and Relevance in Design Research

      Pramod Khambete

      Abstract

      Due to the diversity of topics and methodologies, there is a lack of consensus about criteria for validity and value of Design Research outcomes. However, reasoning and good arguments, apart from “experimental” proofs can demonstrate the validity of design knowledge. Leveraging Toulmin’s model of argumentation which is suitable for framing practical arguments offers excellent potential in this regard. We propose a scheme suitable for Design Research based on an adaptation of Toulmin’s model to guide the research, aid researchers in self-reflection and to ensure rigour and relevance of the research. The adaptation includes addition of a construct “Reasoning Mode”, factors the need to account for micro- and macro-claims space (and argument structure), and the inevitable iterations in a significant research project.

   3. Chapter 2. The Ethno-Cultural Influences on “Assam Type” Building Typology—A Case of Barduwa, Assam

      Shiva Ji, Ravi Mokashi Punekar

      Abstract

      Assam has peculiar geographical and climatic conditions; which has shaped its culture, practices and vernacular style. We see direct influences of such features on society which has remained self-sufficient for centuries and their reflections in ethnic styles in food habits, clothing, agriculture, fisheries, architecture, beliefs, recreation, etc. Objective of this research is to conduct studies on ethno-cultural influence mapping in evolution of vernacular architecture. Study was conducted to find existing conditions in various domains of public life, aspirations, occupational activities, supporting infrastructure, for system analysis and intervening areas which can maintain idea of sustainability around local building designs. Study resulted in identification of Acts, Actors and their Inter-relationships which are crucial for evolution of such typology and socio-cultural system. Design Directions on four perspectives are drawn.

   4. Chapter 3. Functional Correlation, Design Information Entropy, and the Dependency of Axiomatic Design Axioms

      Petter Krus

      Abstract

      In this paper, the functional correlation derived from the design matrix is introduced. It is shown how it can provide powerful insight into trade-offs in design. It also shows how the functional range is limited by functional correlation, and that this corresponds to a coupled design, although the converse is not true, i.e., a coupled design does not necessarily limit design space. In this way the functional correlation provides added insight into the design, compared to the design matrix. One important feature is that it is invariant to coordinate transformations of the design parameters. In this paper, the notion of design information entropy with relation to a design space is also elaborated. It is shown that an uncoupled, and functionally uncorrelated design, corresponds to a minimization of waste of design space, and hence minimizes the information entropy needed to specify a design. In this paper it is also shown that this is directly related to the determinant of the design matrix. A consequence, of the results in this study, is that the independence axiom and the information axiom, are not independent from each other, and although it is true that an uncoupled design also tend to minimize the information needed to specify a design, there are also coupled designs that also do so. It then follows that the overriding axiom is, that the best design space formulation is the one that minimize design information to specify a design.

   5. Chapter 4. Behaviour Progression Framework for Designing Sustained Behaviour Change

      Ravi Mahamuni, Pramod Khambete, Ravi-Mokashi Punekar

      Abstract

      This paper proposes a Behaviour Progression Framework for designing sustained behaviour change. Service Design discipline has matured, but design for Behaviour Change discipline is still emerging. The need to influence and change user behaviours of individual and social well-being is now well acknowledged. One source of guidance for effective change interventions is behaviour theories and models rooted in psychology, sociology and behavioural economics fields. Service design focuses on value creation over a long duration and accounting for the diversity of users and dynamic usage contexts, with the recognition of the individual situated in a social context as the locus of change. In view of the variety of sources of knowledge, literature review from a service design perspective has potential to capture the relevant congruence and generative relationships. This knowledge is blended with thoughtful practice and is proposed as a Behaviour Progression framework to help service designers during service design for sustained behaviour change.

   6. Chapter 5. Assessing Designers’ Perception, Analysis, and Reflective Using Verbal Protocol Analysis

      Muhammad Jameel Mohamed Kamil, Shahriman Zainal Abidin, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan

      Abstract

      This paper examines designers’ response toward the theory of unconscious interaction and cognitive of human behavior in the everyday product. During the Verbal Protocol Analysis (VPA) study, 30 designers were given four selected images which have been categorized into four attributes of unconscious interaction in everyday human behavior. At the same time, they were asked to verbally respond to following aspects: (1) their perception toward the attributes of the unconscious interaction of human behavior in everyday life; (2) their analysis on the given images; and (3) their reflection of those given images. The contribution of the study led to the identification of designers’ abilities to perceive, understand, analyze, and reflect in enhancing the value of an existing product by interpreting the design needs from the four attributes of unconscious interaction in everyday human behavior.

   7. Chapter 6. Assessing the Attributes of Unconscious Interaction Between Human Cognition and Behavior in Everyday Product Using Image-Based Research Analysis

      Muhammad Jameel Mohamed Kamil, Shahriman Zainal Abidin, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan

      Abstract

      This paper’s objective is to critically assess the attributes of unconscious interaction between human cognition and behavior in the everyday product. During the study, a total of 30 images has been captured through natural observation. Using image-based research analysis as an approach, each image was critically assessed based on Burri’s theoretical framework of visual dimensions analysis. Nevertheless, a set of evaluation scheme was distributed to 30 Malaysian designers to obtain the reliability of the image analysis. The findings of the study indicate a significant descriptive characteristics analysis contained within different dimensions, which led to the identification of the attributes of unconscious interaction between human cognition and behavior in the everyday product. The implication of this study will help designers to widen their gaze on the possibilities of identifying user’s need during design thinking process by looking at the realms of unconsciousness and embodies human interaction.

   8. Chapter 7. Products and Services—Strangers or Siamese Twins?

      Prashanth Radhakrishna Wagle, Ravi Mahamuni, Krishnesh Mehta

      Abstract

      Services are becoming complex with ever-shifting customer expectations and technological advancements. Consumers are moving away from the liability of owning a solution to fulfilling needs through contractual access to the benefits of a solution. Sharing economy and newer business models such as service platforms exemplified by the popularity of Uber and Rentomojo are becoming more common. Hence, products must incorporate features, modes of interactions, and technological elements that will provide rightful access to the benefits. In view of the dynamics between products and services, it is necessary to investigate which characteristics individually and together that make product service systems desirable and memorable for the users. Through existing literature, we came up with an exhaustive list of the service and product characteristics. Later using two case studies, we mapped these characteristics to prepare a comparison. We suggest answers to questions such as “Is only the intangibility of services a primary differentiator to products?” and “What product characteristics can be realized through services?”

   9. Chapter 8. Biomimicry: Exploring Research, Challenges, Gaps, and Tools

      Sunil Sharma, Prabir Sarkar

      Abstract

      Many terms like ‘biomimesis’, ‘biomimicry,’ ‘bionics,’ ‘biognosis,’ ‘biologically inspired design’ and similar phrases have been used interchangeably in the past for describing the transfer of biological knowledge from nature to develop products and processes. Previously, inspiration was taken from nature without any design methodology. Today, researchers have developed various bioinspired design methodologies. Over the last two decades, there has been an immense explosion in research and applications within many fields based on biomimicry. We collect, cluster, and present research data on biomimicry till date. In spite of biomimicry being a scattered field, we also categorize the applications of biomimicry in different. We also discuss some of the tools of biomimicry. Various gaps and challenges existing in biomimicry have also been discussed.

   10. Chapter 9. Cultural Domain Analysis for Soundscape Assessment

       Malay Dhamelia, Girish Dalvi

       Abstract

       UPDATED—2019/01/05 07:57:47. Sonic environment consisting of various sounds ranging from music and natural sounds to artificial sounds is an integral part of any geography. It is a reflection of people living in the location as well as an influencer of culture in that location. To assess the perception of a person or people of context offered by that location, a soundscape assessment is performed that majorly involve Likert-based questions for pleasantness, annoyance, appropriateness, and so forth. We propose a qualitative method to assess soundscapes from a cultural point of view derived and tweaked from existing methods and tools like the Swedish soundscape quality protocol (SSQP). The method stands as a counterpart of qualitative soundscape assessment approaches like the SSQP, however, it provides richer insights into the perception of the soundscape with its effects, sound characteristics, and cultural meanings. The developed method is also deployed to a field study in Phulenagar, an urban slum of Mumbai. Regions such as these, occupied by people of low socioeconomic stratum have rich sonic interactions because of small residences and proximity of residences. They also offer rich soundscape which is created and affected by sounds generated from various cultural, social, and economic sources and activities. The analyzed results are presented in the form of insights.

   11. Chapter 10. An Overview of Futures Research for Designers

       Deepshikha Dash

       Abstract

       Design impacts the everyday life of people and has the potential to influence their behavior and environment. Hence, a holistic and well-informed approach to designing for the future would benefit the society and its evolution. However, the lack of tools and techniques to help designers engage with the far future has been identified as a gap in the Design process. In order to overcome this, designers need to turn into visionaries and this can only be possible if they enter the field of Futures Research. This paper highlights both the commonality and the disparity of Futures Research with the Design process. In doing so, it aims to explore a complimentary beneficial system that will help not only Designers but also other Futurists.

   12. Chapter 11. Theoretical and Conceptual Discussions Towards Creative Lean Design Management in the Construction Sector

       Vishal Singh

       Abstract

       This paper takes the first steps towards building a theoretical and conceptual approach for creative lean design in the construction sector. The paper argues the need to advance the current lean design management approaches in construction by drawing upon some of the established theoretical and conceptual models in creative engineering design and design creativity. The initial steps towards Creative Lean design methodology are proposed. The paper raises the related open research questions and potential future work, concluding with a brief discussion on the need for a ‘theory of assumptions’. The proposed approach is particularly relevant at a time when there are expectations of disruptive changes in the construction sector. Can the motto ‘Constraints Follow Assumptions’ provide the clarion call for creative design and innovation among the proponents of lean design management in the construction sector?

   13. Chapter 12. A Theoretical Framework for Interactive Visual Narratives (IVN)

       Krishna Kumar Radhakrishnan, Ravi Poovaiah

       Abstract

       Interactive Visual Narrative (IVN) is a field that overlaps narratives, Human–Computer Interaction (HCI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and games. In this paper, we look at a theoretical model that can be used for analysis of Interactive Visual Narratives (IVN). Existing theoretical models look either at a structuralist narrative perspective or a gaming perspective and provide the formal elements required for visual narratives, maps terms to computer games, or distinguishes levels with the intention of interactivity. These models cannot be directly used to investigate IVNs as they do not encompass the narrative as well as interactive paradigms. In this paper, we identify and examine existing narrative models, classify the elements, and analyze how the elements interact with each other to provide a sense of participation. Borrowing primarily from the conceptual model for storytelling and agency proposed by Spierling (Interactive Digital Storytelling: Towards a Hybrid Conceptual Approach, 2005a), the Static Visual Narrative (SVN) model proposed by Krishna Kumar (On Defining Visual Narratives, 2010), and narrative model applied to computer games proposed by Lindley (Story and Narrative Structures in Computer Games, 2005), we arrive at a theoretical framework for interactive visual narratives that has various levels of interactivity. The proposed model will open up a route for further investigation into the nature, behavior, and placement of IVNs.

   14. Chapter 13. Study of Assamese Letterform and Its Structure: An Exploratory Approach

       Abhijit Padun, Amarendra Kumar Das

       Abstract

       Assamese language has its own letterform or script. The evolution of the script from historical inscription to modern machinery driven form experiences many changes. The script has continuously progressed structurally as well as aesthetically to suit for machine reproduction and future demand from its original handmade manuscript phase. This study tries to explore the original letterforms that existed in various historical articles such as rock inscriptions, copper plate inscriptions, coins and Xaansi (or Saanchi) tree bark manuscripts found in the region of Assam originated from different time periods, by adopting an exploratory approach. The study also attempts to compare the historical letterforms with modern letterforms and try to establish distinct differences evolved during the progression period. Further the study attempts to address the scope of designing new typeface for Assamese script with unique identity traced from historical evidences which has not been explored till now.

   15. Chapter 14. Taxonomy of Jewellery Manufacturing Processes According to Root Processes

       Parag K. Vyas

       Abstract

       Indian Jewellery Industry substantially contributes to the economy in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and exports. Creating a piece of jewellery from concept to completed product requires technical competence, skill and knowledge of form. One of the biggest challenges faced in domain is lack of classification and standardization of processes. Hence effective processes cannot be designed and optimized. Besides lacking a scientific and methodical approach, there is a lack of common vocabulary to describe manufacturing processes. Work is tedious and iterative. Lack of standardization hampers transfer of information from design team to artisan as interpretation is different. Taxonomy of commonly used terms in production is essential to synchronize manufacturing. A basic framework as mentioned in ‘Kautilya’ describing four root processes for goldsmithy is adopted for this purpose. Managerial implications are tabulation of diverse processes, simplification of process line—eliminate overlaps, recursive workflow, enhance efficient communication and work distribution thereby reducing error potential.

   16. Chapter 15. Proposal of a Model to Measure Diverse Factors Influencing Value Addition in Jewellery

       Parag K. Vyas

       Abstract

       Value of an article of jewellery is dependent on many factors. These can be classified into two broad categories, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic factors are current market value bullion metal, precious and semi-precious gemstones. This part of the value chain is easy to understand and calculate. Extrinsic factors are largely in form of human efforts and machine work. Artistic work by craftsmen and artisans is highly valued for its individuality. Modern jewellery manufacturing is a combination of machine work with handwork. Machine work is relatively easy to calculate. Human effort in the form of handwork is measured as notional products per unit hour. This one-dimensional measurement does not give a realistic estimate of the cost. For realistic estimations, other factors need to be taken into consideration. This paper proposes a mathematical model for taking these aspects for calculating values of diverse factors individually and collectively.

   17. Chapter 16. Contrasting Divergent and Convergent Thinking by Electroencephalography and Eye Tracking

       Alessandro Laspia, Francesca Montagna, Peter Törlind

       Abstract

       The present study explores the adoption of electroencephalography and eye tracking to assess physiological differences between divergent and convergent thinking. In neuroscientific literature alpha power synchronization in the right parietal lobe has been associated to top-down inhibition of task-irrelevant cognitive processes occurring during divergent thinking, but findings in oculometric studies seem to suggest a bottom-up process operated by active visual-gating. In the present study, 14 male engineering students performed an adaptation of the Alternative Uses task under two experimental conditions. During the task brainwaves and ocular activity were collected using electroencephalography and eye tracking, but results did not reach statistical significance. Improvements in the experimental setting and analysis method to overcome similar problems are presented. Future studies should further delve into the influences on results of experimental settings and of analysis methods to increase comparability among physiological studies.

   18. Chapter 17. Conceptual Intermediate Structures for Interaction Design in Complex Safety-Critical Systems

       Vivek Kant, Mikael Wahlström

       Abstract

       What are generic processes by which theories of cognitive and social sciences provide interaction design input for complex safety-critical systems? In this article, we identify the need for intervening cognitive structures in the form of conceptual-based abstract frameworks that translate the insights from human studies to the design of human technology interaction in safety-critical systems. Using examples of two human systems design frameworks, cognitive work analysis and core task analysis, the aim will be to draw generic implications for these intervening conceptual-based translational structures linking cognitive and social sciences to complex safety-critical interaction design.