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Erschienen in: Energy Efficiency 1/2020

14.12.2019 | Review Article

Retrofitting towards energy-efficient homes in European cold climates: a review

verfasst von: Laurina C. Felius, Fredrik Dessen, Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn

Erschienen in: Energy Efficiency | Ausgabe 1/2020

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Abstract

Existing buildings represent a significant energy saving potential in Europe, and retrofitting the building stock is essential to reach European targets. Retrofitting measures should reduce the energy consumption as well as improve the indoor climate while still being cost-effective. This can be challenging in European cold climates. This paper discusses energy performance requirements and challenges in the retrofitting process. It also presents an overview of the retrofitting status and relevant energy saving retrofitting measures with their potential for residential buildings. Measures to lower the building’s energy demand and electrical energy consumption and measures to control and monitor the energy use are discussed. Some research directions for the future of building energy usage are suggested. The literature indicates that significant energy savings can be achieved from retrofitting the building envelope. Relatively few research papers have been devoted to the energy saving potential of building control systems for existing residential buildings. However, these savings seem low compared to those that can be achieved through energy conservation. The actual savings from retrofitting the envelope, HVAC-systems and control systems are case specific and should be assessed for reference buildings of each housing typology.

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Zurück zum Zitat Jelle, B. P., Gao, T., Sandberg, L. I. C., Tilset, B. G., Grandcolas, M., & Gustavsen, A. (2014). Thermal superinsulation for building applications-from concepts to experimental investigations. International Journal of Structural Analysis and Design, 43–50. IRED – The Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors / SEEK digital library Jelle, B. P., Gao, T., Sandberg, L. I. C., Tilset, B. G., Grandcolas, M., & Gustavsen, A. (2014). Thermal superinsulation for building applications-from concepts to experimental investigations. International Journal of Structural Analysis and Design, 43–50. IRED – The Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors / SEEK digital library
Zurück zum Zitat Joelsson, A., & Gustavsson, L. (2009). District heating and energy efficiency in detached houses of differing size and construction. Applied Energy, 86(2), 126–134. Joelsson, A., & Gustavsson, L. (2009). District heating and energy efficiency in detached houses of differing size and construction. Applied Energy, 86(2), 126–134.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson, P., Adl-Zarrabi, B., & Kalagasidis, A. S. (2016). Evaluation of 5 years’ performance of VIPs in a retrofitted building façade. Energy and Buildings, 130, 488–494. Johansson, P., Adl-Zarrabi, B., & Kalagasidis, A. S. (2016). Evaluation of 5 years’ performance of VIPs in a retrofitted building façade. Energy and Buildings, 130, 488–494.
Zurück zum Zitat Jokisalo, J., Kurnitski, J., Vuolle, M., & Torkki, A. (2003). Performance of balanced ventilation with heat recovery in residential buildings in a cold climate. International Journal of Ventilation, 2(3), 223–236. Jokisalo, J., Kurnitski, J., Vuolle, M., & Torkki, A. (2003). Performance of balanced ventilation with heat recovery in residential buildings in a cold climate. International Journal of Ventilation, 2(3), 223–236.
Zurück zum Zitat Jokisalo, J., Kurnitski, J., Korpi, M., Kalamees, T., & Vinha, J. (2009). Building leakage, infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses. Building and Environment, 44(2), 377–387. Jokisalo, J., Kurnitski, J., Korpi, M., Kalamees, T., & Vinha, J. (2009). Building leakage, infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses. Building and Environment, 44(2), 377–387.
Zurück zum Zitat Jreijiry, D., Husaunndee, A., & Inard, C. (2007). Numerical study of a hybrid ventilation system for single family houses. Solar Energy, 81(2), 227–239. Jreijiry, D., Husaunndee, A., & Inard, C. (2007). Numerical study of a hybrid ventilation system for single family houses. Solar Energy, 81(2), 227–239.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalamees, T., Kuusk, K., Arumägi, E., & Alev, Ü. (2017). Cost-effective energy and indoor climate renovation of Estonian residential buildings. In Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting (pp. 405–454). Elsevier. Kalamees, T., Kuusk, K., Arumägi, E., & Alev, Ü. (2017). Cost-effective energy and indoor climate renovation of Estonian residential buildings. In Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting (pp. 405–454). Elsevier.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalnæs, S. E., & Jelle, B. P. (2015). Phase change materials and products for building applications: a state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities. Energy and Buildings, 94, 150–176. Kalnæs, S. E., & Jelle, B. P. (2015). Phase change materials and products for building applications: a state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities. Energy and Buildings, 94, 150–176.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalogirou, S. A. (2004). Solar thermal collectors and applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30(3), 231–295. Kalogirou, S. A. (2004). Solar thermal collectors and applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30(3), 231–295.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamel, R. S., & Fung, A. S. (2014). Modeling, simulation and feasibility analysis of residential BIPV/T+ ASHP system in cold climate—Canada. Energy and Buildings, 82, 758–770. Kamel, R. S., & Fung, A. S. (2014). Modeling, simulation and feasibility analysis of residential BIPV/T+ ASHP system in cold climate—Canada. Energy and Buildings, 82, 758–770.
Zurück zum Zitat Karatasou, S., Santamouris, M., & Geros, V. (2006). Modeling and predicting building's energy use with artificial neural networks: methods and results. Energy and Buildings, 38(8), 949–958. Karatasou, S., Santamouris, M., & Geros, V. (2006). Modeling and predicting building's energy use with artificial neural networks: methods and results. Energy and Buildings, 38(8), 949–958.
Zurück zum Zitat Karjalainen, S. (2013). Should it be automatic or manual—the occupant's perspective on the design of domestic control systems. Energy and Buildings, 65, 119–126. Karjalainen, S. (2013). Should it be automatic or manual—the occupant's perspective on the design of domestic control systems. Energy and Buildings, 65, 119–126.
Zurück zum Zitat Keshtkar, A., Arzanpour, S., Keshtkar, F., & Ahmadi, P. (2015). Smart residential load reduction via fuzzy logic, wireless sensors, and smart grid incentives. Energy and Buildings, 104, 165–180. Keshtkar, A., Arzanpour, S., Keshtkar, F., & Ahmadi, P. (2015). Smart residential load reduction via fuzzy logic, wireless sensors, and smart grid incentives. Energy and Buildings, 104, 165–180.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolokotsa, D., Tsiavos, D., Stavrakakis, G., Kalaitzakis, K., & Antonidakis, E. (2001). Advanced fuzzy logic controllers design and evaluation for buildings’ occupants thermal–visual comfort and indoor air quality satisfaction. Energy and Buildings, 33(6), 531–543. Kolokotsa, D., Tsiavos, D., Stavrakakis, G., Kalaitzakis, K., & Antonidakis, E. (2001). Advanced fuzzy logic controllers design and evaluation for buildings’ occupants thermal–visual comfort and indoor air quality satisfaction. Energy and Buildings, 33(6), 531–543.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurnitski, J., Kuusk, K., Tark, T., Uutar, A., Kalamees, T., & Pikas, E. (2014). Energy and investment intensity of integrated renovation and 2030 cost optimal savings. Energy and Buildings, 75, 51–59. Kurnitski, J., Kuusk, K., Tark, T., Uutar, A., Kalamees, T., & Pikas, E. (2014). Energy and investment intensity of integrated renovation and 2030 cost optimal savings. Energy and Buildings, 75, 51–59.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuusk, K., & Kalamees, T. (2015). nZEB retrofit of a concrete large panel apartment building. Energy Procedia, 78, 985–990. Kuusk, K., & Kalamees, T. (2015). nZEB retrofit of a concrete large panel apartment building. Energy Procedia, 78, 985–990.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuusk, K., & Kalamees, T. (2016). Retrofit cost-effectiveness: Estonian apartment buildings. Building Research and Information, 44(8), 920–934. Kuusk, K., & Kalamees, T. (2016). Retrofit cost-effectiveness: Estonian apartment buildings. Building Research and Information, 44(8), 920–934.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuusk, K., Kalamees, T., & Maivel, M. (2014). Cost effectiveness of energy performance improvements in Estonian brick apartment buildings. Energy and Buildings, 77, 313–322. Kuusk, K., Kalamees, T., & Maivel, M. (2014). Cost effectiveness of energy performance improvements in Estonian brick apartment buildings. Energy and Buildings, 77, 313–322.
Zurück zum Zitat La Fleur, L., Moshfegh, B., & Rohdin, P. (2017). Measured and predicted energy use and indoor climate before and after a major renovation of an apartment building in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 146, 98–110. La Fleur, L., Moshfegh, B., & Rohdin, P. (2017). Measured and predicted energy use and indoor climate before and after a major renovation of an apartment building in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 146, 98–110.
Zurück zum Zitat La Fleur, L., Rohdin, P., & Moshfegh, B. (2018). Energy use and perceived indoor environment in a Swedish multifamily building before and after major renovation. Sustainability, 10(3), 766. La Fleur, L., Rohdin, P., & Moshfegh, B. (2018). Energy use and perceived indoor environment in a Swedish multifamily building before and after major renovation. Sustainability, 10(3), 766.
Zurück zum Zitat Lang, T., Gloerfeld, E., & Girod, B. (2015). Don’ t just follow the sun–a global assessment of economic performance for residential building photovoltaics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 932–951. Lang, T., Gloerfeld, E., & Girod, B. (2015). Don’ t just follow the sun–a global assessment of economic performance for residential building photovoltaics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 932–951.
Zurück zum Zitat Langmans, J., Klein, R., De Paepe, M., & Roels, S. (2010). Potential of wind barriers to assure airtightness of wood-frame low energy constructions. Energy and Buildings, 42(12), 2376–2385. Langmans, J., Klein, R., De Paepe, M., & Roels, S. (2010). Potential of wind barriers to assure airtightness of wood-frame low energy constructions. Energy and Buildings, 42(12), 2376–2385.
Zurück zum Zitat Langmans, J., Klein, R., & Roels, S. (2012). Hygrothermal risks of using exterior air barrier systems for highly insulated light weight walls: a laboratory investigation. Building and Environment, 56, 192–202. Langmans, J., Klein, R., & Roels, S. (2012). Hygrothermal risks of using exterior air barrier systems for highly insulated light weight walls: a laboratory investigation. Building and Environment, 56, 192–202.
Zurück zum Zitat Laustsen, J. (2008). Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2(8), 477–488. Laustsen, J. (2008). Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2(8), 477–488.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindkvist, C., Karlsson, A., Sørnes, K., & Wyckmans, A. (2014). Barriers and challenges in nZEB projects in Sweden and Norway. Energy Procedia, 58, 199–206. Lindkvist, C., Karlsson, A., Sørnes, K., & Wyckmans, A. (2014). Barriers and challenges in nZEB projects in Sweden and Norway. Energy Procedia, 58, 199–206.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, L., Moshfegh, B., Akander, J., & Cehlin, M. (2014). Comprehensive investigation on energy retrofits in eleven multi-family buildings in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 84, 704–715. Liu, L., Moshfegh, B., Akander, J., & Cehlin, M. (2014). Comprehensive investigation on energy retrofits in eleven multi-family buildings in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 84, 704–715.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, L., Rohdin, P., & Moshfegh, B. (2015). Evaluating indoor environment of a retrofitted multi-family building with improved energy performance in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 102, 32–44. Liu, L., Rohdin, P., & Moshfegh, B. (2015). Evaluating indoor environment of a retrofitted multi-family building with improved energy performance in Sweden. Energy and Buildings, 102, 32–44.
Zurück zum Zitat López-González, L. M., López-Ochoa, L. M., Las-Heras-Casas, J., & García-Lozano, C. (2016). Update of energy performance certificates in the residential sector and scenarios that consider the impact of automation, control and management systems: a case study of La Rioja. Applied Energy, 178, 308–322. López-González, L. M., López-Ochoa, L. M., Las-Heras-Casas, J., & García-Lozano, C. (2016). Update of energy performance certificates in the residential sector and scenarios that consider the impact of automation, control and management systems: a case study of La Rioja. Applied Energy, 178, 308–322.
Zurück zum Zitat Lund, H., Möller, B., Mathiesen, B. V., & Dyrelund, A. J. E. (2010). The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems. Energy, 35(3), 1381–1390. Lund, H., Möller, B., Mathiesen, B. V., & Dyrelund, A. J. E. (2010). The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems. Energy, 35(3), 1381–1390.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D., & Ledo, L. (2012). Existing building retrofits: methodology and state-of-the-art. Energy and Buildings, 55, 889–902. Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D., & Ledo, L. (2012). Existing building retrofits: methodology and state-of-the-art. Energy and Buildings, 55, 889–902.
Zurück zum Zitat Mata, É., & Johnsson, F. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of retrofitting Swedish buildings. In Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting (pp. 343–362). Elsevier. Mata, É., & Johnsson, F. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of retrofitting Swedish buildings. In Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting (pp. 343–362). Elsevier.
Zurück zum Zitat Mata, É., Kalagasidis, A. S., & Johnsson, F. (2013). Energy usage and technical potential for energy saving measures in the Swedish residential building stock. Energy Policy, 55, 404–414. Mata, É., Kalagasidis, A. S., & Johnsson, F. (2013). Energy usage and technical potential for energy saving measures in the Swedish residential building stock. Energy Policy, 55, 404–414.
Zurück zum Zitat Midtgard, O.-M., Sætre, T. O., Yordanov, G., Imenes, A. G., & Nge, C. L. (2010). A qualitative examination of performance and energy yield of photovoltaic modules in southern Norway. Renewable Energy, 35(6), 1266–1274. Midtgard, O.-M., Sætre, T. O., Yordanov, G., Imenes, A. G., & Nge, C. L. (2010). A qualitative examination of performance and energy yield of photovoltaic modules in southern Norway. Renewable Energy, 35(6), 1266–1274.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon, J. W., Jung, S. K., Kim, Y., & Han, S.-H. (2011). Comparative study of artificial intelligence-based building thermal control methods–application of fuzzy, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and artificial neural network. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31(14–15), 2422–2429. Moon, J. W., Jung, S. K., Kim, Y., & Han, S.-H. (2011). Comparative study of artificial intelligence-based building thermal control methods–application of fuzzy, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and artificial neural network. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31(14–15), 2422–2429.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli, M., Rønby, L., Mikkelsen, S. E., Minzari, M. G., Kildemoes, T., & Tommerup, H. M. (2012). Energy retrofitting of a typical old Danish multi-family building to a “nearly-zero” energy building based on experiences from a test apartment. Energy and Buildings, 54, 395–406. Morelli, M., Rønby, L., Mikkelsen, S. E., Minzari, M. G., Kildemoes, T., & Tommerup, H. M. (2012). Energy retrofitting of a typical old Danish multi-family building to a “nearly-zero” energy building based on experiences from a test apartment. Energy and Buildings, 54, 395–406.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukhopadhyaya, P., MacLean, D., Korn, J., Van Reenen, D., & Molleti, S. (2014). Building application and thermal performance of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in Canadian subarctic climate. Energy and Buildings, 85, 672–680. Mukhopadhyaya, P., MacLean, D., Korn, J., Van Reenen, D., & Molleti, S. (2014). Building application and thermal performance of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in Canadian subarctic climate. Energy and Buildings, 85, 672–680.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2017a). Cost-effectiveness of energy performance renovation measures in Finnish brick apartment buildings. Energy and Buildings, 137, 60–75. Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2017a). Cost-effectiveness of energy performance renovation measures in Finnish brick apartment buildings. Energy and Buildings, 137, 60–75.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2017b). Energy performance and environmental impact analysis of cost-optimal renovation solutions of large panel apartment buildings in Finland. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 9–30. Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2017b). Energy performance and environmental impact analysis of cost-optimal renovation solutions of large panel apartment buildings in Finland. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 9–30.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilsson, A., Bergstad, C. J., Thuvander, L., Andersson, D., Andersson, K., & Meiling, P. (2014). Effects of continuous feedback on households’ electricity consumption: potentials and barriers. Applied Energy, 122, 17–23. Nilsson, A., Bergstad, C. J., Thuvander, L., Andersson, D., Andersson, K., & Meiling, P. (2014). Effects of continuous feedback on households’ electricity consumption: potentials and barriers. Applied Energy, 122, 17–23.
Zurück zum Zitat Oldewurtel, F., Parisio, A., Jones, C. N., Gyalistras, D., Gwerder, M., Stauch, V., et al. (2012). Use of model predictive control and weather forecasts for energy efficient building climate control. Energy and Buildings, 45, 15–27. Oldewurtel, F., Parisio, A., Jones, C. N., Gyalistras, D., Gwerder, M., Stauch, V., et al. (2012). Use of model predictive control and weather forecasts for energy efficient building climate control. Energy and Buildings, 45, 15–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouyang, J., & Hokao, K. (2009). Energy-saving potential by improving occupants’ behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City, China. Energy and Buildings, 41(7), 711–720. Ouyang, J., & Hokao, K. (2009). Energy-saving potential by improving occupants’ behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City, China. Energy and Buildings, 41(7), 711–720.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacheco-Torgal, F., Granqvist, C. G., Jelle, B. P., Vanoli, G. P., Bianco, N., & Kurnitski, J. (2017). Cost-effective energy efficient building retrofitting: materials, technologies, optimization and case studies. Woodhead publishing. Pacheco-Torgal, F., Granqvist, C. G., Jelle, B. P., Vanoli, G. P., Bianco, N., & Kurnitski, J. (2017). Cost-effective energy efficient building retrofitting: materials, technologies, optimization and case studies. Woodhead publishing.
Zurück zum Zitat Paiho, S., Seppä, I. P., & Jimenez, C. (2015). An energetic analysis of a multifunctional façade system for energy efficient retrofitting of residential buildings in cold climates of Finland and Russia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 15, 75–85. Paiho, S., Seppä, I. P., & Jimenez, C. (2015). An energetic analysis of a multifunctional façade system for energy efficient retrofitting of residential buildings in cold climates of Finland and Russia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 15, 75–85.
Zurück zum Zitat Panagiotidou, M., & Fuller, R. J. (2013). Progress in ZEBs—a review of definitions, policies and construction activity. Energy Policy, 62, 196–206. Panagiotidou, M., & Fuller, R. J. (2013). Progress in ZEBs—a review of definitions, policies and construction activity. Energy Policy, 62, 196–206.
Zurück zum Zitat Papadopoulos, A. M. (2005). State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments. Energy and Buildings, 37(1), 77–86.MathSciNet Papadopoulos, A. M. (2005). State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments. Energy and Buildings, 37(1), 77–86.MathSciNet
Zurück zum Zitat Parida, B., Iniyan, S., & Goic, R. (2011). A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1625–1636. Parida, B., Iniyan, S., & Goic, R. (2011). A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1625–1636.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasupathy, A., Velraj, R., & Seeniraj, R. (2008). Phase change material-based building architecture for thermal management in residential and commercial establishments. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 39–64. Pasupathy, A., Velraj, R., & Seeniraj, R. (2008). Phase change material-based building architecture for thermal management in residential and commercial establishments. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 39–64.
Zurück zum Zitat Petersdorff, C., Boermans, T., Harnisch, J., Joosen, S., & Wouters, F. (2005). Cost effective climate protection in the building stock of the new EU member states. Beyond the EU Energy performance of Buildings Directive. Germany: ECOFYS. Petersdorff, C., Boermans, T., Harnisch, J., Joosen, S., & Wouters, F. (2005). Cost effective climate protection in the building stock of the new EU member states. Beyond the EU Energy performance of Buildings Directive. Germany: ECOFYS.
Zurück zum Zitat Piette, M. A., Kinney, S. K., Haves, P. J. E., & Buildings. (2001). Analysis of an information monitoring and diagnostic system to improve building operations. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 783–791. Piette, M. A., Kinney, S. K., Haves, P. J. E., & Buildings. (2001). Analysis of an information monitoring and diagnostic system to improve building operations. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 783–791.
Zurück zum Zitat Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, E. C., Ehrler, B., & Sinke, W. C. (2016). Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges. Science, 352(6283), aad4424. Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, E. C., Ehrler, B., & Sinke, W. C. (2016). Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges. Science, 352(6283), aad4424.
Zurück zum Zitat Privara, S., Široký, J., Ferkl, L., & Cigler, J. (2011). Model predictive control of a building heating system: the first experience. Energy and Buildings, 43(2–3), 564–572. Privara, S., Široký, J., Ferkl, L., & Cigler, J. (2011). Model predictive control of a building heating system: the first experience. Energy and Buildings, 43(2–3), 564–572.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabani, M., Madessa, H. B., & Nord, N. (2017). A state-of-art review of retrofit interventions in buildings towards nearly zero energy level. Energy Procedia, 134, 317–326. Rabani, M., Madessa, H. B., & Nord, N. (2017). A state-of-art review of retrofit interventions in buildings towards nearly zero energy level. Energy Procedia, 134, 317–326.
Zurück zum Zitat Rad, F. M., Fung, A. S., & Leong, W. H. (2013). Feasibility of combined solar thermal and ground source heat pump systems in cold climate, Canada. Energy and Buildings, 61, 224–232. Rad, F. M., Fung, A. S., & Leong, W. H. (2013). Feasibility of combined solar thermal and ground source heat pump systems in cold climate, Canada. Energy and Buildings, 61, 224–232.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinisch, C., Kofler, M. J., Iglesias, F., & Kastner, W. (2011). Thinkhome energy efficiency in future smart homes. EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, 2011, 1. Reinisch, C., Kofler, M. J., Iglesias, F., & Kastner, W. (2011). Thinkhome energy efficiency in future smart homes. EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, 2011, 1.
Zurück zum Zitat Risholt, B., Time, B., & Hestnes, A. G. (2013). Sustainability assessment of nearly zero energy renovation of dwellings based on energy, economy and home quality indicators. Energy and Buildings, 60, 217–224. Risholt, B., Time, B., & Hestnes, A. G. (2013). Sustainability assessment of nearly zero energy renovation of dwellings based on energy, economy and home quality indicators. Energy and Buildings, 60, 217–224.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenow, J., Cowart, R., Bayer, E., & Fabbri, M. (2017). Assessing the European Union’s energy efficiency policy: will the winter package deliver on ‘efficiency first’? Energy Research and Social Science, 26, 72–79. Rosenow, J., Cowart, R., Bayer, E., & Fabbri, M. (2017). Assessing the European Union’s energy efficiency policy: will the winter package deliver on ‘efficiency first’? Energy Research and Social Science, 26, 72–79.
Zurück zum Zitat Roth, K. W., Westphalen, D., & Brodrick, J. (2003). Saving energy with building commissioning. ASHRAE Journal, 45(11), 65. Roth, K. W., Westphalen, D., & Brodrick, J. (2003). Saving energy with building commissioning. ASHRAE Journal, 45(11), 65.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruparathna, R., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2016). Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock: a critical review of commercial and institutional buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1032–1045. Ruparathna, R., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2016). Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock: a critical review of commercial and institutional buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1032–1045.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell, M., Sherman, M., & Rudd, A. (2007). Review of residential ventilation technologies. Hvac&R Research, 13(2), 325–348. Russell, M., Sherman, M., & Rudd, A. (2007). Review of residential ventilation technologies. Hvac&R Research, 13(2), 325–348.
Zurück zum Zitat Saber, H. H., Maref, W., Gnanamurugan, G., & Nicholls, M. (2015). Energy retrofit using vacuum insulation panels: an alternative solution for enhancing the thermal performance of wood-frame walls. Journal of Building Physics, 39(1), 35–68. Saber, H. H., Maref, W., Gnanamurugan, G., & Nicholls, M. (2015). Energy retrofit using vacuum insulation panels: an alternative solution for enhancing the thermal performance of wood-frame walls. Journal of Building Physics, 39(1), 35–68.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadineni, S. B., Madala, S., & Boehm, R. F. (2011). Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8), 3617–3631. Sadineni, S. B., Madala, S., & Boehm, R. F. (2011). Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8), 3617–3631.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanseverino, E. R., Zizzo, G., & La Cascia, D. (2013). Economic impact of BACS and TBM systems on residential buildings. In Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), 2013 International Conference on (pp. 591–595). IEEE. Sanseverino, E. R., Zizzo, G., & La Cascia, D. (2013). Economic impact of BACS and TBM systems on residential buildings. In Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), 2013 International Conference on (pp. 591–595). IEEE.
Zurück zum Zitat Sartori, I., Napolitano, A., & Voss, K. (2012). Net zero energy buildings: a consistent definition framework. Energy and Buildings, 48, 220–232. Sartori, I., Napolitano, A., & Voss, K. (2012). Net zero energy buildings: a consistent definition framework. Energy and Buildings, 48, 220–232.
Zurück zum Zitat Seborg, D. E., Mellichamp, D. A., Edgar, T. F., & Doyle III, F. J. (2011). Process dynamics and control. Wiley. Seborg, D. E., Mellichamp, D. A., Edgar, T. F., & Doyle III, F. J. (2011). Process dynamics and control. Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Self, S. J., Reddy, B. V., & Rosen, M. A. (2013). Geothermal heat pump systems: status review and comparison with other heating options. Applied Energy, 101, 341–348. Self, S. J., Reddy, B. V., & Rosen, M. A. (2013). Geothermal heat pump systems: status review and comparison with other heating options. Applied Energy, 101, 341–348.
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Metadaten
Titel
Retrofitting towards energy-efficient homes in European cold climates: a review
verfasst von
Laurina C. Felius
Fredrik Dessen
Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn
Publikationsdatum
14.12.2019
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Energy Efficiency / Ausgabe 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1570-646X
Elektronische ISSN: 1570-6478
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09834-7

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