Role of castor plant phenolics on performance of its two herbivores and their impact on egg parasitoid behaviour

Plants are reported to reconfigure their metabolism and generate secondary metabolites as a defence response towards herbivore attack. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti-nutritive and defensive properties of phenolic compounds that were enhanced in Castor, Ricinus communis L. plant due to herbivore damage. Through HPLC studies it was observed that damage caused by two pests, Achaea janata L. and Spodoptera litura F. on the castor plant resulted in quantitative enhancement of syringic, coumaric, cinnamic and vanillic acids. These phenolic compounds showed considerable impact on insect’s feeding and their toxic nature towards the herbivores was determined by estimating three detoxification mid-gut enzymes, glutathione-s-transferase, carboxyl esterase and β-glucosidase. In the ovipositional and orientation bioassays with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, syringic and coumaric acids had shown good kairomonal activity, thus defining a new role of these chemicals in indirect plant defence. Thus, this study demonstrates a quantitative association between plant phenolic accumulation and the elevated reproductive performance of the herbivore natural enemies, by illustrating the role of plant phenolics in both the direct and indirect induced plant defences.