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2010 | Buch

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Science & Technology on Bio-hylic and Biomass Resources in China: A Roadmap to 2050

herausgegeben von: Xinshi Zhang, Hongwen Huang

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

As one of the eighteen field-specific reports comprising the comprehensive scope of the strategic general report of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, this sub-report addresses long-range planning for developing science and technology in the field of bio-hylic and biomass resources. They each craft a roadmap for their sphere of development to 2050. In their entirety, the general and sub-group reports analyze the evolution and laws governing the development of science and technology, describe the decisive impact of science and technology on the modernization process, predict that the world is on the eve of an impending S&T revolution, and call for China to be fully prepared for this new round of S&T advancement. Based on the detailed study of the demands on S&T innovation in China's modernization, the reports draw a framework for eight basic and strategic systems of socio-economic development with the support of science and technology, work out China's S&T roadmaps for the relevant eight basic and strategic systems in line with China's reality, further detail S&T initiatives of strategic importance to China's modernization, and provide S&T decision-makers with comprehensive consultations for the development of S&T innovation consistent with China's reality. Supported by illustrations and tables of data, the reports provide researchers, government officials and entrepreneurs with guidance concerning research directions, the planning process, and investment.

Founded in 1949, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the nation's highest academic institution in natural sciences. Its major responsibilities are to conduct research in basic and technological sciences, to undertake nationwide integrated surveys on natural resources and ecological environment, to provide the country with scientific data and consultations for government's decision-making, to undertake government-assigned projects with regard to key S&T problems in the process of socio-economic development, to initiate personnel training, and to promote China's high-tech enterprises through its active engagement in these areas.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

1. Abstract

1. Overview

1. Photosynthesis Mechanism and Increasing Photosynthetic Efficiency of Crops and Energy Plants

Abstract

Photosynthesis is the world’s largest-scale process to use solar energy and convert inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds with releasing oxygen. It provides organic substances, energy and oxygen for nearly all life activities. Photosynthesis on earth produces about 220-billion tons of organic compounds each year, which are 10 times of an annual energy consumption of human being. Without photosynthesis of plants, there is no survival and sustainable development of human society. Today, the issues on food, energy and environment are closely linked with plant photosynthesis. For a long time, the photosynthetic mechanism and regulation is one of the core research issues of natural science, as well as a cutting-edge study area of life science. In photosynthetic membrane system, energy transfer efficiency of photosynthesis is very high. The visible light is used to promote the pyrolysis of water under the normal temperature and pressure, producing electronics, protons and oxygen, which are all difficult to achieve by today’s science and technology. So far, the major breakthroughs in study of photosynthesis and related fields have been made, and from which the Nobel Prize has been awarded more than 10 times.

2. Biomass Energy and Energy Plants

Abstract

Energy functions as vital material basis for the development of economy and society. China has become a major energy producer and consumer of energy and the energy demand is still growing. In 2006, China’s total energy consumption reached 2.46 billion ton of standard coal. To increase energy supply, ensure energy security, promote economic and social sustainable development are most important strategic missions in China. In particular, renewable energy is an important type of energy resource in China. It has been playing an important role in meeting energy demand, improving energy structure, reducing environmental pollution and accelerating economic growth.

3. Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial Resources — A Huge Unknown World

Abstract

Microorganisms and microbial communities are the basic constituents of the biosphere. They are also the basis of the Earth’s lives. With 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history, microorganisms can exist in any environment. There are diverse types of microbial metabolism, which can make use of any form of material and energy from inorganic-small molecules to organic polymer compounds. Although with a wide range of distribution, the vast majority of microorganisms have not yet been recognized or developed. It is estimated that the earth contains a total of 10³⁰ microorganisms. The number of the types of microorganisms may amount to 2,000 to 3,000 per gram of soil samples. However, the one that can be cultivated under laboratory conditions only takes up 0.1–1%. At present, only about 5,700 types of microorganisms have been identified. China has abundant microbial resources. Therefore, a thorough investigation and research towards microbial resources’ utilization should be carried out to develop strategy to protect and utilize microbial resources. It is urgent to develop such a basic research scheme, which will help to secure national economy development in a fast and sustainable way and resolve the livelihood issues.

4. Exploration and Sustainable Use of Strategic Biological Resources

Abstract

Biological resources are the renewable resources that human beings can use directly or indirectly, and the material manifestation of biological diversity. Biological resources are the most important primary source of material basis for human living and sustainable development. They are the most significant treasure reserve of Mother Nature to whole human beings as well as strategic resources for a country. With an increasing shortage of non-renewable resources of fossil energy and serious degradation of the ecological environment, the strategic significance of biological resources has become even more prominent. Biological resources embody natural resources of plants, animals, and microorganisms. One of the major challenges facing humanity in the 21^st century is how to resolve the paradox of the increasing demand on biological resources vs. our sustainability in future. The confluence of our knowledge intending to solve this paradox is managed hopefully to quickly develop revolutionary biotechnologies, i.e. exploration of useful genes widely existed in wild biological resources (genes of cold-hardy, drought-tolerance, disease-resistance, fast-growing, and high-yield and high quality) in order to develop new supper varieties to pace up with the fast and continual economic and social development. From the beginning of 21^st century, the bio-science & technology and industrial revolution driven by market demand and international competition have been emerged around the world, which have been aiming at the development of bio-industry, retaining a leading position in bioeconomy and safeguarding national security.

5. The Genome and Gene Resources of Biomass Utilization

Abstract

For life, one of its most important characteristics is the continuity and stability of genetic information passed from generation to generation. Gene is the carrier and functional unit of the genetic information in all known organisms. Genomes are the total collections of genes in the same cell. Thus, gene and genome resources are the foundation of acquiring and utilizing biomass on the molecular level.

6. Biomimetic and Bioinspired Science & Technology

Abstract

In addition to its strategic roles in such fields as energy, environment, gene technologies as described in the proceeding chapters and sections, the biological world also provides mankind with a unique reservoir of intelligent resource which inspires mankind to investigate and mimick biological systems for technology creations and innovations from the perspective of engineering and technology at varying levels including the material, structure, function and information control.

Backmatter

Titel: Science & Technology on Bio-hylic and Biomass Resources in China: A Roadmap to 2050
herausgegeben von: Xinshi Zhang
Hongwen Huang
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-05340-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05339-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05340-5

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