Skip to main content

2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Signal Detection Theory

verfasst von : Kenneth Knoblauch, Laurence T. Maloney

Erschienen in: Modeling Psychophysical Data in R

Verlag: Springer New York

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Signal detection theory (SDT), developed in the 1950s, is a framework of statistical methods used to model how observers classify sensory events [72, 169]. In this chapter we describe commonly used signal detection models and methods for fitting them. A recurring theme in this book is the use of the generalized linear model (GLM) to fit psychophysical data, and here we describe the use of the GLM to fit signal detection data.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
The log of the odds ratio is the default link function, the “logit,” used with a binomial GLM.
 
2
The incident on which this anecdote is based is recounted at greater length in [155].
 
3
Since the matrix of this system of equations is an involution (i.e., it is its own inverse), we do not need to use solve, but doing so so helps us keep track of which set of variables we are computing.
 
4
Note that this assumes that level A, the first level of the factor, corresponds to the signal absent case. See ?relevel for a simple way to reset the first level of a factor variable.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbey, C.K., Eckstein, M.P.: Classification image analysis: estimation and statistical inference for two-alternative forced-choice experiments. J. Vis. 2, 66–78 (2002) Abbey, C.K., Eckstein, M.P.: Classification image analysis: estimation and statistical inference for two-alternative forced-choice experiments. J. Vis. 2, 66–78 (2002)
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahumada, A.J.: Perceptual classification images from vernier acuity masked by noise. Perception 25 ECVP Abstract Suppl. (1996) Ahumada, A.J.: Perceptual classification images from vernier acuity masked by noise. Perception 25 ECVP Abstract Suppl. (1996)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahumada, A.J.: Classification image weights and internal noise level estimation. J. Vis. 2(1), 121–131 (2002) Ahumada, A.J.: Classification image weights and internal noise level estimation. J. Vis. 2(1), 121–131 (2002)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahumada, A.J., Lovell, J.: Stimulus features in signal detection. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1751–1756 (1971) Ahumada, A.J., Lovell, J.: Stimulus features in signal detection. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1751–1756 (1971)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahumada, A.J., Marken, R., Sandusky, A.: Time and frequency analyses of auditory signal detection. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57(2), 385–390 (1975) Ahumada, A.J., Marken, R., Sandusky, A.: Time and frequency analyses of auditory signal detection. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57(2), 385–390 (1975)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Akaike, H.: Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov, B.N., Csàki, F. (eds.) Second International Symposium on Inference Theory, pp. 267–281. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest (1973) Akaike, H.: Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov, B.N., Csàki, F. (eds.) Second International Symposium on Inference Theory, pp. 267–281. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest (1973)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Baayen, R.H., Davidson, D.J., Bates, D.M.: Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. J. Mem. Lang. 59, 390–412 (2008) Baayen, R.H., Davidson, D.J., Bates, D.M.: Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. J. Mem. Lang. 59, 390–412 (2008)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein, S.N.: Sur l’ordre de la meilleure approximation des fonctions continues par les polynômes de degré donné. Mémoires de l’ Académie Royale de Belgique 4, 1–104 (1912) Bernstein, S.N.: Sur l’ordre de la meilleure approximation des fonctions continues par les polynômes de degré donné. Mémoires de l’ Académie Royale de Belgique 4, 1–104 (1912)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bishop, Y.M.M., Fienberg, S.E., Holland, P.W.: Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. MIT, Cambridge (1975)MATH Bishop, Y.M.M., Fienberg, S.E., Holland, P.W.: Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. MIT, Cambridge (1975)MATH
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Block, H.D., Marschak, J.: Random orderings and stochastic theories of responses. In: Olkin, I., Ghurye, S., Hoeffding, W., Madow, W., Mann, H. (eds.) Contributions to Probability and Statistics, pp. 38–45. Stanford University Press, Stanford (1960) Block, H.D., Marschak, J.: Random orderings and stochastic theories of responses. In: Olkin, I., Ghurye, S., Hoeffding, W., Madow, W., Mann, H. (eds.) Contributions to Probability and Statistics, pp. 38–45. Stanford University Press, Stanford (1960)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Boeck, P.D., Wilson, M. (eds.): Explanatory Item Response Models: A Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Approach. Springer, New York (2004)MATH Boeck, P.D., Wilson, M. (eds.): Explanatory Item Response Models: A Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Approach. Springer, New York (2004)MATH
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Boring, E.G.: Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Irvington Publishers, Inc., New York (1942) Boring, E.G.: Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Irvington Publishers, Inc., New York (1942)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouet, R., Knoblauch, K.: Perceptual classification of chromatic modulation. Vis. Neurosci. 21, 283–289 (2004) Bouet, R., Knoblauch, K.: Perceptual classification of chromatic modulation. Vis. Neurosci. 21, 283–289 (2004)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bracewell, R.N.: The Fourier Transform and its Applications, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000) Bracewell, R.N.: The Fourier Transform and its Applications, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bratley, P., Fox, B.L., Schrage, L.E.: A Guide to Simulation. Springer, New York (1983)MATH Bratley, P., Fox, B.L., Schrage, L.E.: A Guide to Simulation. Springer, New York (1983)MATH
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Brindley, G.S.: Two more visual theorems. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 12, 110–112 (1960) Brindley, G.S.: Two more visual theorems. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 12, 110–112 (1960)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Britten, K.H., Shadlen, M.N., Newsome, W.T., Movshon, J.A.: The analysis of visual motion: A comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. J. Neurosci. 12(12), 4745–4765 (1992) Britten, K.H., Shadlen, M.N., Newsome, W.T., Movshon, J.A.: The analysis of visual motion: A comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. J. Neurosci. 12(12), 4745–4765 (1992)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R.: Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer, New York (1998)MATH Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R.: Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer, New York (1998)MATH
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Canty, A., Ripley, B.D.: boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions (2012). R package version 1.3-5 Canty, A., Ripley, B.D.: boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions (2012). R package version 1.3-5
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Carney, T., Tyler, C.W., Watson, A.B., Makous, W., Beutte, B., Chen, C.C., Norcia, A.M., Klein, S.A.: Modelfest: Year one results and plans for future years. In: Rogowitz, B.E., Pappas, T.N. (eds.) Proceedings of SPIE: Human vision and electronic imaging V, vol. 3959, pp. 140–151. SPIE, Bellingham (2000) Carney, T., Tyler, C.W., Watson, A.B., Makous, W., Beutte, B., Chen, C.C., Norcia, A.M., Klein, S.A.: Modelfest: Year one results and plans for future years. In: Rogowitz, B.E., Pappas, T.N. (eds.) Proceedings of SPIE: Human vision and electronic imaging V, vol. 3959, pp. 140–151. SPIE, Bellingham (2000)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Carroll, L.: Through the Looking Glass and Ahat Alice Found There. Macmillan, Bassingstoke (1871) Carroll, L.: Through the Looking Glass and Ahat Alice Found There. Macmillan, Bassingstoke (1871)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Chambers, J.M., Hastie, T.J. (eds.): Statistical Models in S. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (1992)MATH Chambers, J.M., Hastie, T.J. (eds.): Statistical Models in S. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (1992)MATH
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Charrier, C., Maloney, L.T., Cherifi, H., Knoblauch, K.: Maximum likelihood difference scaling of image quality in compression-degraded images. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 3418–3426 (2007) Charrier, C., Maloney, L.T., Cherifi, H., Knoblauch, K.: Maximum likelihood difference scaling of image quality in compression-degraded images. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 3418–3426 (2007)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chauvin, A., Worsley, K., Schyns, P., Arguin, M., Gosselin, F.: Accurate statistical tests for smooth classification images. J. Vis. 5, 659–667 (2005) Chauvin, A., Worsley, K., Schyns, P., Arguin, M., Gosselin, F.: Accurate statistical tests for smooth classification images. J. Vis. 5, 659–667 (2005)
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung, K.L., Aitsahlia, F.: Elementary Probability Theory, 4th edn. Springer, New York (2006) Chung, K.L., Aitsahlia, F.: Elementary Probability Theory, 4th edn. Springer, New York (2006)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, H.H.: The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 12, 355–359 (1973) Clark, H.H.: The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 12, 355–359 (1973)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Cleveland, W.S., Diaconis, P., McGill, R.: Variables on scatterplots look more highly correlated when the scales are increased. Science 216, 1138–1141 (1982) Cleveland, W.S., Diaconis, P., McGill, R.: Variables on scatterplots look more highly correlated when the scales are increased. Science 216, 1138–1141 (1982)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Cleveland, W.S., McGill, R.: Graphical perception: Theory, experimentation and application to the development of graphical methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 79, 531–554 (1984)MathSciNet Cleveland, W.S., McGill, R.: Graphical perception: Theory, experimentation and application to the development of graphical methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 79, 531–554 (1984)MathSciNet
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Cleveland, W.S., McGill, R.: The many faces of a scatterplot. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 79, 807–822 (1984)MathSciNet Cleveland, W.S., McGill, R.: The many faces of a scatterplot. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 79, 807–822 (1984)MathSciNet
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Conway, J., Eddelbuettel, D., Nishiyama, T., Prayaga, S.K., Tiffin, N.: RPostgreSQL: R interface to the PostgreSQL database system (2010). R package version 0.1-7. http://www.postgresql.org. Accessed date on 2nd August 2012 Conway, J., Eddelbuettel, D., Nishiyama, T., Prayaga, S.K., Tiffin, N.: RPostgreSQL: R interface to the PostgreSQL database system (2010). R package version 0.1-7. http://​www.​postgresql.​org. Accessed date on 2nd August 2012
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook, R.D., Weisberg, S.: Residuals and Influence in Regression. Chapman and Hall, London (1982)MATH Cook, R.D., Weisberg, S.: Residuals and Influence in Regression. Chapman and Hall, London (1982)MATH
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornsweet, T.: Visual Perception. Academic, New York (1970) Cornsweet, T.: Visual Perception. Academic, New York (1970)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Crozier, W.J.: On the visibility of radiation at the human fovea. J. Gen. Physiol. 34, 87–136 (1950) Crozier, W.J.: On the visibility of radiation at the human fovea. J. Gen. Physiol. 34, 87–136 (1950)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Crozier, W.J., Wolf, E.: Theory and measurement of visual mechanisms. IV. On flicker with subdivided fields. J. Gen. Physiol. 27, 401–432 (1944) Crozier, W.J., Wolf, E.: Theory and measurement of visual mechanisms. IV. On flicker with subdivided fields. J. Gen. Physiol. 27, 401–432 (1944)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Dakin, S.C., Bex, P.J.: Natural image statistics mediate brightness filling in. Proc. Biol. Sci. 1531, 2341–2348 (2003) Dakin, S.C., Bex, P.J.: Natural image statistics mediate brightness filling in. Proc. Biol. Sci. 1531, 2341–2348 (2003)
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Dartnall, H.J.A., Bowmaker, J.K., Mollon, J.D.: Microspectrophotometry of human photoreceptors. In: Mollon, J.D., Sharpe, L.T. (eds.) Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics, pp. 69–80. Academic, London (1983) Dartnall, H.J.A., Bowmaker, J.K., Mollon, J.D.: Microspectrophotometry of human photoreceptors. In: Mollon, J.D., Sharpe, L.T. (eds.) Colour Vision: Physiology and Psychophysics, pp. 69–80. Academic, London (1983)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Debreu, G.: Topological methods in cardinal utility theory. In: Arrow, K.J., Karlin, S., Suppes, P. (eds.) Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences, pp. 16–26. Stanford University Press, Stanford (1960) Debreu, G.: Topological methods in cardinal utility theory. In: Arrow, K.J., Karlin, S., Suppes, P. (eds.) Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences, pp. 16–26. Stanford University Press, Stanford (1960)
48.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCarlo, L.T.: Signal detection theory and generalized linear models. Psychol. Meth. 3, 186–205 (1998) DeCarlo, L.T.: Signal detection theory and generalized linear models. Psychol. Meth. 3, 186–205 (1998)
49.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCarlo, L.T.: On the statistical and theoretical basis of signal detection theory and extensions: Unequal variance, random coefficient and mixture models. J. Math. Psychol. 54, 304–313 (2010)MathSciNetMATH DeCarlo, L.T.: On the statistical and theoretical basis of signal detection theory and extensions: Unequal variance, random coefficient and mixture models. J. Math. Psychol. 54, 304–313 (2010)MathSciNetMATH
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Devinck, F.: Les traitements visuels chez l’homme : stratégies de classification de la forme. Ph.D. thesis, Université Lyon 2 (2003) Devinck, F.: Les traitements visuels chez l’homme : stratégies de classification de la forme. Ph.D. thesis, Université Lyon 2 (2003)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Devroye, L.: Non-uniform Random Variate Generation. Springer, New York (1986)MATH Devroye, L.: Non-uniform Random Variate Generation. Springer, New York (1986)MATH
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Dobson, A.J.: An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1990)MATH Dobson, A.J.: An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1990)MATH
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards, A.W.F.: Likelihood, expanded edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1992) Edwards, A.W.F.: Likelihood, expanded edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1992)
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Efron, B., Tibshirani, R.J.: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman Hall, New York (1993)MATH Efron, B., Tibshirani, R.J.: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman Hall, New York (1993)MATH
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Emrith, K., Chantler, M.J., Green, P.R., Maloney, L.T., Clarke, A.D.F.: Measuring perceived differences in surface texture due to changes in higher order statistics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 27(5), 1232–1244 (2010) Emrith, K., Chantler, M.J., Green, P.R., Maloney, L.T., Clarke, A.D.F.: Measuring perceived differences in surface texture due to changes in higher order statistics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 27(5), 1232–1244 (2010)
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Falmagne, J.C.: Elements of Psychophysical Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1985) Falmagne, J.C.: Elements of Psychophysical Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1985)
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Faraway, J.J.: Extending Linear Models with R: Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2006)MATH Faraway, J.J.: Extending Linear Models with R: Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2006)MATH
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Fechner, G.T.: Elemente der Psychophysik. Druck und Verlag von Breitkopfs, Leipzig (1860) Fechner, G.T.: Elemente der Psychophysik. Druck und Verlag von Breitkopfs, Leipzig (1860)
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Finney, D.J.: Probit Analysis, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1971)MATH Finney, D.J.: Probit Analysis, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1971)MATH
61.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher, R.A.: The design of experiments. In: Bennett, J.H. (ed.) Statistical Methods, Experimental Design and Scientific Inference, 9th edn. Macmillan, New York (1971) Fisher, R.A.: The design of experiments. In: Bennett, J.H. (ed.) Statistical Methods, Experimental Design and Scientific Inference, 9th edn. Macmillan, New York (1971)
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleming, R.W., Jäkel, F., Maloney, L.T.: Visual perception of thick transparent materials. Psychol. Sci. 22, 812–820 (2011) Fleming, R.W., Jäkel, F., Maloney, L.T.: Visual perception of thick transparent materials. Psychol. Sci. 22, 812–820 (2011)
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster, D.H., Bischof, W.F.: Bootstrap estimates of the statistical accuracy of thresholds obtained from psychometric functions. Spatial Vis. 11(1), 135–139 (1997) Foster, D.H., Bischof, W.F.: Bootstrap estimates of the statistical accuracy of thresholds obtained from psychometric functions. Spatial Vis. 11(1), 135–139 (1997)
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster, D.H., Żychaluk, K.: Nonparametric estimates of biological transducer functions. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 24, 49–58 (2007) Foster, D.H., Żychaluk, K.: Nonparametric estimates of biological transducer functions. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 24, 49–58 (2007)
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Fründ, I., Haenel, N.V., Wichmann, F.A.: Inference for psychometric functions in the presence of nonstationary behavior. J. Vis. 11(6), 1–19 (2011) Fründ, I., Haenel, N.V., Wichmann, F.A.: Inference for psychometric functions in the presence of nonstationary behavior. J. Vis. 11(6), 1–19 (2011)
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gescheider., G.A.: Psychophysical scaling. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 39, 169–200 (1988) Gescheider., G.A.: Psychophysical scaling. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 39, 169–200 (1988)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Glass, L.: Moiré effect from random dots. Nature 223, 578–580 (1969) Glass, L.: Moiré effect from random dots. Nature 223, 578–580 (1969)
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Gold, J.M., Murray, R.F., Bennett, P.J., Sekular, A.B.: Deriving behavioural receptive fields for visually completed contours. Curr. Biol. 10, 663–666 (2000) Gold, J.M., Murray, R.F., Bennett, P.J., Sekular, A.B.: Deriving behavioural receptive fields for visually completed contours. Curr. Biol. 10, 663–666 (2000)
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Green, D.M., Swets, J.A.: Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington (1966/1974) Green, D.M., Swets, J.A.: Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington (1966/1974)
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Guilford, J.P.: Psychometric Methods, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1954) Guilford, J.P.: Psychometric Methods, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1954)
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen, T., Gegenfurtner, K.R.: Classification images for chromatic signal detection. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2081–2089 (2005) Hansen, T., Gegenfurtner, K.R.: Classification images for chromatic signal detection. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2081–2089 (2005)
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R.: Generalized Additive Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1990)MATH Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R.: Generalized Additive Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1990)MATH
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauck, W.W. Jr, Donner, A.: Wald’s test as applied to hypotheses in logit analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 72, 851–853 (1977)MathSciNetMATH Hauck, W.W. Jr, Donner, A.: Wald’s test as applied to hypotheses in logit analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 72, 851–853 (1977)MathSciNetMATH
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Pirenne, M.H.: Energy, quanta and vision. J. Gen. Physiol. 25, 819–840 (1942) Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Pirenne, M.H.: Energy, quanta and vision. J. Gen. Physiol. 25, 819–840 (1942)
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho, Y.X., Landy, M.S., Maloney, L.T.: Conjoint measurement of gloss and surface texture. Psychol. Sci. 19, 196–204 (2008) Ho, Y.X., Landy, M.S., Maloney, L.T.: Conjoint measurement of gloss and surface texture. Psychol. Sci. 19, 196–204 (2008)
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, N.L., Kemp, A.W., Kotz, S.: Univariate Discrete Distributions. Wiley, New York (2005)MATH Johnson, N.L., Kemp, A.W., Kotz, S.: Univariate Discrete Distributions. Wiley, New York (2005)MATH
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Balakrishnan, N.: Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 1. Wiley, New York (1994)MATH Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Balakrishnan, N.: Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 1. Wiley, New York (1994)MATH
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Balakrishnan, N.: Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 2. Wiley, New York (1995)MATH Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S., Balakrishnan, N.: Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 2. Wiley, New York (1995)MATH
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Keppel, G.: Design & Analysis: A Researcher’s Handbook, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1982) Keppel, G.: Design & Analysis: A Researcher’s Handbook, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1982)
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Kienzle, W., Franz, M.O., Scholkopf, B., Wichmann, F.A.: Center-surround patterns emerge as optimal predictors for human saccade targets. J. Vis. 9, 1–15 (2009) Kienzle, W., Franz, M.O., Scholkopf, B., Wichmann, F.A.: Center-surround patterns emerge as optimal predictors for human saccade targets. J. Vis. 9, 1–15 (2009)
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Kienzle, W., Wichmann, F.A., Schölkopf, B., Franz, M.O.: A nonparametric approach to bottom-up visual saliency. In: Saul, L.K., Weiss, Y., Bottou, L. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference, pp. 689–696. MIT, Cambridge (2007) Kienzle, W., Wichmann, F.A., Schölkopf, B., Franz, M.O.: A nonparametric approach to bottom-up visual saliency. In: Saul, L.K., Weiss, Y., Bottou, L. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference, pp. 689–696. MIT, Cambridge (2007)
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Kingdom, F.A.A., Prins, N.: Psychophysics: A Practical Introduction. Academic, New York (2009) Kingdom, F.A.A., Prins, N.: Psychophysics: A Practical Introduction. Academic, New York (2009)
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein, S.A.: Measuring, estimating, and understanding the psychometric function: A commentary. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1421–1455 (2001) Klein, S.A.: Measuring, estimating, and understanding the psychometric function: A commentary. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1421–1455 (2001)
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Knoblauch, K., Maloney, L.T.: Estimating classification images with generalized linear and additive models. J. Vis. 8, 1–19 (2008) Knoblauch, K., Maloney, L.T.: Estimating classification images with generalized linear and additive models. J. Vis. 8, 1–19 (2008)
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Knoblauch, K., Vital-Durand, F., Barbur, J.: Variation of chromatic sensitivity across the life span. Vis. Res. 41, 23–36 (2001) Knoblauch, K., Vital-Durand, F., Barbur, J.: Variation of chromatic sensitivity across the life span. Vis. Res. 41, 23–36 (2001)
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programming: Seminumerical Programming, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley, New York (1997) Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programming: Seminumerical Programming, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley, New York (1997)
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Komárek, A., Lesaffre, E.: Generalized linear mixed model with a penalized gaussian mixture as a random-effects distribution. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 52(7), 3441–3458 (2008)MATH Komárek, A., Lesaffre, E.: Generalized linear mixed model with a penalized gaussian mixture as a random-effects distribution. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 52(7), 3441–3458 (2008)MATH
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Kontsevich, L.L., Tyler, C.W.: What makes Mona Lisa smile? Vis. Res. 44, 1493–1498 (2004) Kontsevich, L.L., Tyler, C.W.: What makes Mona Lisa smile? Vis. Res. 44, 1493–1498 (2004)
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Krantz, D.H., Luce, R.D., Suppes, P., Tversky, A.: Foundations of Measurement (Vol. 1): Additive and Polynomial Representations. Academic, New York (1971) Krantz, D.H., Luce, R.D., Suppes, P., Tversky, A.: Foundations of Measurement (Vol. 1): Additive and Polynomial Representations. Academic, New York (1971)
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Lazar, N.A.: The Statistical Analysis of Functional MRI Data. Springer, New York (2008)MATH Lazar, N.A.: The Statistical Analysis of Functional MRI Data. Springer, New York (2008)MATH
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Legge, G.E., Gu, Y.C., Luebker, A.: Efficiency of graphical perception. Percept. Psychophys. 46, 365–374 (1989) Legge, G.E., Gu, Y.C., Luebker, A.: Efficiency of graphical perception. Percept. Psychophys. 46, 365–374 (1989)
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Lehmann, E.L., Casella, G.: Theory of Point Estimation, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (1998)MATH Lehmann, E.L., Casella, G.: Theory of Point Estimation, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (1998)MATH
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemon, J: Plotrix: A package in the red light district of R. R-News 6(4), 8–12 (2010) Lemon, J: Plotrix: A package in the red light district of R. R-News 6(4), 8–12 (2010)
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Levi, D.M., Klein, S.A.: Classification images for detection and position discrimination in the fovea and parafovea. J. Vis. 2(1), 46–65 (2002) Levi, D.M., Klein, S.A.: Classification images for detection and position discrimination in the fovea and parafovea. J. Vis. 2(1), 46–65 (2002)
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, Y., Baron, J.: Behavioral Research Data Analysis in R, 1st edn. Springer, New York (2011) Li, Y., Baron, J.: Behavioral Research Data Analysis in R, 1st edn. Springer, New York (2011)
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindsey, D., Brown, A.: Color naming and the phototoxic effects of sunlight on the eye. Psychol. Sci. 13, 506–512 (2002) Lindsey, D., Brown, A.: Color naming and the phototoxic effects of sunlight on the eye. Psychol. Sci. 13, 506–512 (2002)
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindsey, D.T., Brown, A.M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A.N., Kuzmova, Y.I., Wolfe, J.M.: Color channels, not color appearance or color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1208–1214 (2010) Lindsey, D.T., Brown, A.M., Reijnen, E., Rich, A.N., Kuzmova, Y.I., Wolfe, J.M.: Color channels, not color appearance or color categories, guide visual search for desaturated color targets. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1208–1214 (2010)
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Link, S.W.: The Wave Theory of Difference and Similarity. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1992) Link, S.W.: The Wave Theory of Difference and Similarity. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1992)
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Luce, R.D., Green, D.M.: Parallel psychometric functions from a set of independent detectors. Psychol. Rev. 82, 483–486 (1975) Luce, R.D., Green, D.M.: Parallel psychometric functions from a set of independent detectors. Psychol. Rev. 82, 483–486 (1975)
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Luce, R.D., Tukey, J.W.: Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new scale type of fundamental measurement. J. Math. Psychol. 32, 466–473 (1964) Luce, R.D., Tukey, J.W.: Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new scale type of fundamental measurement. J. Math. Psychol. 32, 466–473 (1964)
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Macke, J.H., Wichmann, F.A.: Estimating predictive stimulus features from psychophysical data: The decision image technique applied to human faces. J. Vis. 10 (2010) Macke, J.H., Wichmann, F.A.: Estimating predictive stimulus features from psychophysical data: The decision image technique applied to human faces. J. Vis. 10 (2010)
119.
Zurück zum Zitat MacLeod, D.: Visual sensitivity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 29, 613–645 (1978) MacLeod, D.: Visual sensitivity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 29, 613–645 (1978)
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Macmillan, N.A., Creelman, C.D.: Detection Theory: A User’s Guide, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York (2005) Macmillan, N.A., Creelman, C.D.: Detection Theory: A User’s Guide, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York (2005)
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Maloney, L.T.: Confidence intervals for the parameters of psychometric functions. Percept. Psychophys. 47(2), 127–134 (1990) Maloney, L.T.: Confidence intervals for the parameters of psychometric functions. Percept. Psychophys. 47(2), 127–134 (1990)
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Mamassian, P., Goutcher, R.: Temporal dynamics in bistable perception. J. Vis. 5, 361–375 (2005) Mamassian, P., Goutcher, R.: Temporal dynamics in bistable perception. J. Vis. 5, 361–375 (2005)
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Mangini, M.C., Biederman, I.: Making the ineffable explicit: Estimating the information employed for face classifications. Cognit. Sci. 28, 209–226 (2004) Mangini, M.C., Biederman, I.: Making the ineffable explicit: Estimating the information employed for face classifications. Cognit. Sci. 28, 209–226 (2004)
127.
Zurück zum Zitat McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A.: Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1989)MATH McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A.: Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall, London (1989)MATH
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Mineault, P.J., Barthelme, S., Pack, C.C.: Improved classification images with sparse priors in a smooth basis. J. Vis. 9, 1–24 (2009) Mineault, P.J., Barthelme, S., Pack, C.C.: Improved classification images with sparse priors in a smooth basis. J. Vis. 9, 1–24 (2009)
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Mood, A., Graybill, F.A., Boes., D.C.: Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1974) Mood, A., Graybill, F.A., Boes., D.C.: Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1974)
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray, R.F.: Classification images: A review. J. Vis. 11, 1–25 (2011) Murray, R.F.: Classification images: A review. J. Vis. 11, 1–25 (2011)
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray, R.F., Bennett, P.J., Sekuler, A.B.: Optimal methods for calculating classification images: Weighted sums. J. Vis. 2(1), 79–104 (2002) Murray, R.F., Bennett, P.J., Sekuler, A.B.: Optimal methods for calculating classification images: Weighted sums. J. Vis. 2(1), 79–104 (2002)
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Murrel, P.: Introduction to Data Technologies. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2009) Murrel, P.: Introduction to Data Technologies. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2009)
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Nandy, A.S., Tjan, B.S.: The nature of letter crowding as revealed by first- and second-order classification images. J. Vis. 7(2), 5.1–26 (2007) Nandy, A.S., Tjan, B.S.: The nature of letter crowding as revealed by first- and second-order classification images. J. Vis. 7(2), 5.1–26 (2007)
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Neri, P.: How inherently noisy is human sensory processing? Psychonomic Bull. Rev. 17, 802–808 (2010) Neri, P.: How inherently noisy is human sensory processing? Psychonomic Bull. Rev. 17, 802–808 (2010)
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Neri, P., Heeger, D.J.: Spatiotemporal mechanisms for detecting and identifying image features in human vision. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 812–816 (2002) Neri, P., Heeger, D.J.: Spatiotemporal mechanisms for detecting and identifying image features in human vision. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 812–816 (2002)
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Neri, P., Parker, A.J., Blakemore, C.: Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation. Nature 401, 695–698 (1999) Neri, P., Parker, A.J., Blakemore, C.: Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation. Nature 401, 695–698 (1999)
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Newsome, W.T., Britten, K.H., Movshon, J.A.: Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision. Nature 341(6237), 52–54 (1989) Newsome, W.T., Britten, K.H., Movshon, J.A.: Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision. Nature 341(6237), 52–54 (1989)
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Obein, G., Knoblauch, K., Viénot, F.: Difference scaling of gloss: Nonlinearity, binocularity, and constancy. J. Vis. 4(9), 711–720 (2004) Obein, G., Knoblauch, K., Viénot, F.: Difference scaling of gloss: Nonlinearity, binocularity, and constancy. J. Vis. 4(9), 711–720 (2004)
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Peirce, J.W.: The potential importance of saturating and supersaturating contrast response functions in visual cortex. J. Vis. 7, 13 (2007) Peirce, J.W.: The potential importance of saturating and supersaturating contrast response functions in visual cortex. J. Vis. 7, 13 (2007)
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinheiro, J., Bates, D.: Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York (2000)MATH Pinheiro, J., Bates, D.: Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York (2000)MATH
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., the R Development Core Team: nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models (2012). R package version 3.1-104 Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., the R Development Core Team: nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models (2012). R package version 3.1-104
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., Flannery, B.P.: Numerical Recipes, 3rd ed.: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007) Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., Flannery, B.P.: Numerical Recipes, 3rd ed.: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007)
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Quick, R.: A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection. Kybernetik 16, 65–67 (1974) Quick, R.: A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection. Kybernetik 16, 65–67 (1974)
146.
Zurück zum Zitat R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2011). ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed date on 2nd August 2012 R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2011). ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://​www.​R-project.​org/​. Accessed date on 2nd August 2012
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Rensink, R.A., Baldridge, G.: The perception of correlation in scatterplots. Comput. Graph. Forum 29, 1203–1210 (2010) Rensink, R.A., Baldridge, G.: The perception of correlation in scatterplots. Comput. Graph. Forum 29, 1203–1210 (2010)
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes, G., Maloney, L.T., Turner, J., Ewing, L.: Adaptive face coding and discrimination around the average face. Vis. Res. 47, 974–989 (2007) Rhodes, G., Maloney, L.T., Turner, J., Ewing, L.: Adaptive face coding and discrimination around the average face. Vis. Res. 47, 974–989 (2007)
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Ripley, B.D.: Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)MATH Ripley, B.D.: Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)MATH
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts, F.S.: Measurement Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985) Roberts, F.S.: Measurement Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, M.G., Cohen, A.L.: Using graphical models to infer multiple visual classification features. J. Vis. 9(3), 23.1–24 (2009) Ross, M.G., Cohen, A.L.: Using graphical models to infer multiple visual classification features. J. Vis. 9(3), 23.1–24 (2009)
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, S.M.: A First Course in Probability Theory, 8th edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (2009) Ross, S.M.: A First Course in Probability Theory, 8th edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (2009)
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Rouder, J.N., Lu, J., Sun, D., Speckman, P., Morey, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M.: Signal detection models with random participant and item effects. Psychometrika 72, 621–642 (2007)MathSciNetMATH Rouder, J.N., Lu, J., Sun, D., Speckman, P., Morey, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M.: Signal detection models with random participant and item effects. Psychometrika 72, 621–642 (2007)MathSciNetMATH
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Salsberg, D.: The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. W. H. Freeman, New York (2001) Salsberg, D.: The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. W. H. Freeman, New York (2001)
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider, B.: Individual loudness functions determined from direct comparisons of loudness intervals. Percept. Psychophys. 28, 493–503 (1980) Schneider, B.: Individual loudness functions determined from direct comparisons of loudness intervals. Percept. Psychophys. 28, 493–503 (1980)
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider, B.: A technique for the nonmetric analysis of paired comparisons of psychological intervals. Psychometrika 45, 357–372 (1980) Schneider, B.: A technique for the nonmetric analysis of paired comparisons of psychological intervals. Psychometrika 45, 357–372 (1980)
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider, B., Parker, S., Stein, D.: The measurement of loudness using direct comparisons of sensory intervals. J. Math. Psychol. 11, 259–273 (1974) Schneider, B., Parker, S., Stein, D.: The measurement of loudness using direct comparisons of sensory intervals. J. Math. Psychol. 11, 259–273 (1974)
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Solomon, J.A.: Noise reveals visual mechanisms of detection and discrimination. J. Vis. 2(1), 105–120 (2002) Solomon, J.A.: Noise reveals visual mechanisms of detection and discrimination. J. Vis. 2(1), 105–120 (2002)
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Spector, P.: Data Manipulation with R. Springer, New York (2008)MATH Spector, P.: Data Manipulation with R. Springer, New York (2008)MATH
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, S.S.: On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103, 677–680 (1946)MATH Stevens, S.S.: On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103, 677–680 (1946)MATH
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, S.S.: On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev. 64, 153–181 (1957) Stevens, S.S.: On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev. 64, 153–181 (1957)
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Strasburger, H.: Converting between measures of slope of the psychometric function. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1348–1355 (2001) Strasburger, H.: Converting between measures of slope of the psychometric function. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1348–1355 (2001)
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun, H., Lee, B., Baraas, R.: Systematic misestimation in a vernier task arising from contrast mismatch. Vis. Neurosci. 25, 365–370 (2008) Sun, H., Lee, B., Baraas, R.: Systematic misestimation in a vernier task arising from contrast mismatch. Vis. Neurosci. 25, 365–370 (2008)
168.
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanner, W.P., Swets, J.A.: A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychol. Rev. 61, 401–409 (1954) Tanner, W.P., Swets, J.A.: A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychol. Rev. 61, 401–409 (1954)
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Teller, D.Y.: The forced-choice preferential looking procedure: A psychophysical technique for use with human infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 2, 135–153 (1979) Teller, D.Y.: The forced-choice preferential looking procedure: A psychophysical technique for use with human infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 2, 135–153 (1979)
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Thibault, D., Brosseau-Lachaine, O., Faubert, J., Vital-Durand, F.: Maturation of the sensitivity for luminance and contrast modulated patterns during development of normal and pathological human children. Vis. Res. 47, 1561–1569 (2007) Thibault, D., Brosseau-Lachaine, O., Faubert, J., Vital-Durand, F.: Maturation of the sensitivity for luminance and contrast modulated patterns during development of normal and pathological human children. Vis. Res. 47, 1561–1569 (2007)
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas, J.P., Knoblauch, K.: Frequency and phase contributions to the detection of temporal luminance modulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22(10), 2257–2261 (2005) Thomas, J.P., Knoblauch, K.: Frequency and phase contributions to the detection of temporal luminance modulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22(10), 2257–2261 (2005)
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Thurstone, L.L.: A law of comparative judgement. Psychol. Rev. 34, 273–286 (1927) Thurstone, L.L.: A law of comparative judgement. Psychol. Rev. 34, 273–286 (1927)
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Tolhurst, D.J., Movshon, J.A., Dean, A.F.: The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex. Vis. Res. 23(8), 775–785 (1983) Tolhurst, D.J., Movshon, J.A., Dean, A.F.: The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex. Vis. Res. 23(8), 775–785 (1983)
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Treutwein, B., Strasburger, H.: Fitting the psychometric function. Percept. Psychophys. 61(1), 87–106 (1999) Treutwein, B., Strasburger, H.: Fitting the psychometric function. Percept. Psychophys. 61(1), 87–106 (1999)
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Urban, F.M.: The method of constant stimuli and its generalizations. Psychol. Rev. 17, 229–259 (1910) Urban, F.M.: The method of constant stimuli and its generalizations. Psychol. Rev. 17, 229–259 (1910)
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Victor, J.: Analyzing receptive fields, classification images and functional images: Challenges with opportunities for synergy. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1651–1656 (2005) Victor, J.: Analyzing receptive fields, classification images and functional images: Challenges with opportunities for synergy. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1651–1656 (2005)
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson, A.: The spatial standard observer: A human vision model for display inspection. In: 353 SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37, pp. 1312–1315 (2006) Watson, A.: The spatial standard observer: A human vision model for display inspection. In: 353 SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37, pp. 1312–1315 (2006)
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson, A.B., Ahumada, A.J.: A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast. J. Vis. 5, 717–740 (2005) Watson, A.B., Ahumada, A.J.: A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast. J. Vis. 5, 717–740 (2005)
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson, A.B., Pelli, D.G.: QUEST: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Percept. Psychophys. 33, 113–120 (1983) Watson, A.B., Pelli, D.G.: QUEST: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Percept. Psychophys. 33, 113–120 (1983)
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson, G.A.: Approximation Theory and Numerical Methods. Wiley, New York (1980)MATH Watson, G.A.: Approximation Theory and Numerical Methods. Wiley, New York (1980)MATH
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Westheimer, G.: The spatial grain of the perifoveal visual field. Vis. Res. 22(1), 157–162 (1982) Westheimer, G.: The spatial grain of the perifoveal visual field. Vis. Res. 22(1), 157–162 (1982)
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Wichmann, F.A., Graf, A.B.A., Simoncelli, E.P., Bülthoff, H.H., Schölkopf, B.: Machine learning applied to perception: Decision-images for gender classification. In: Saul, L.K., Weiss, Y., Bottou, L. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17, pp. 1489–1496. MIT, Cambridge (2005) Wichmann, F.A., Graf, A.B.A., Simoncelli, E.P., Bülthoff, H.H., Schölkopf, B.: Machine learning applied to perception: Decision-images for gender classification. In: Saul, L.K., Weiss, Y., Bottou, L. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17, pp. 1489–1496. MIT, Cambridge (2005)
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Wichmann, F.A., Hill, N.J.: The psychometric function: I. fitting, sampling and goodness of fit. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1293–1313 (2001) Wichmann, F.A., Hill, N.J.: The psychometric function: I. fitting, sampling and goodness of fit. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1293–1313 (2001)
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Wickens, T.D.: Elementary Signal Detection Theory. Oxford University Press, New York (2002) Wickens, T.D.: Elementary Signal Detection Theory. Oxford University Press, New York (2002)
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkinson, G.N., Rogers, C.E.: Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance. Appl. Stat. 22, 392–399 (1973) Wilkinson, G.N., Rogers, C.E.: Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance. Appl. Stat. 22, 392–399 (1973)
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkinson, L.: The Grammar of Graphics. Springer, New York (2005)MATH Wilkinson, L.: The Grammar of Graphics. Springer, New York (2005)MATH
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilks, S.S.: The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses. Ann. Math. Stat. 9, 60–62 (1938)MATH Wilks, S.S.: The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses. Ann. Math. Stat. 9, 60–62 (1938)MATH
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams, J., Ramaswamy, D., Oulhaj, A.: 10 Hz flicker improves recognition memory in older people. BMC Neurosci. 7, 21 (2006) Williams, J., Ramaswamy, D., Oulhaj, A.: 10 Hz flicker improves recognition memory in older people. BMC Neurosci. 7, 21 (2006)
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Winer, B.J.: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1971) Winer, B.J.: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1971)
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Winship, C., Mare, R.D.: Regression models with ordinal variables. Am. Soc. Rev. 49, 512–525 (1984) Winship, C., Mare, R.D.: Regression models with ordinal variables. Am. Soc. Rev. 49, 512–525 (1984)
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood, S.N.: Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2006)MATH Wood, S.N.: Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2006)MATH
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Xie, Y., Griffin, L.D.: A ‘portholes’ experiment for probing perception of small patches of natural images. Perception 36, 315 (2007) Xie, Y., Griffin, L.D.: A ‘portholes’ experiment for probing perception of small patches of natural images. Perception 36, 315 (2007)
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang, J.N., Szeverenyi, N.M., Ts’o, D.: Neural resources associated with perceptual judgment across sensory modalities. Cerebr. Cortex 18, 38–45 (2008) Yang, J.N., Szeverenyi, N.M., Ts’o, D.: Neural resources associated with perceptual judgment across sensory modalities. Cerebr. Cortex 18, 38–45 (2008)
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeshurun, Y., Carrasco, M., Maloney, L.T.: Bias and sensitivity in two-interval forced choice procedures: Tests of the difference model. Vis. Res. 48, 1837–1851 (2008) Yeshurun, Y., Carrasco, M., Maloney, L.T.: Bias and sensitivity in two-interval forced choice procedures: Tests of the difference model. Vis. Res. 48, 1837–1851 (2008)
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Yovel, Y., Franz, M.O., Stilz, P., Schnitzler, H.U.: Plant classification from bat-like echolocation signals. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, e1000032 (2008)MathSciNet Yovel, Y., Franz, M.O., Stilz, P., Schnitzler, H.U.: Plant classification from bat-like echolocation signals. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, e1000032 (2008)MathSciNet
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Yssaad-Fesselier, R., Knoblauch, K.: Modeling psychometric functions in R. Behav. Res. Meth. Instrum. Comp. 38, 28–41 (2006) Yssaad-Fesselier, R., Knoblauch, K.: Modeling psychometric functions in R. Behav. Res. Meth. Instrum. Comp. 38, 28–41 (2006)
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhaoping, L., Jingling, L.: Filling-in and suppression of visual perception from context: A Bayesian account of perceptual biases by contextual influences. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, e14 (2008) Zhaoping, L., Jingling, L.: Filling-in and suppression of visual perception from context: A Bayesian account of perceptual biases by contextual influences. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, e14 (2008)
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Zucchini, W.: An introduction to model selection. J. Math. Psychol. 44, 41–61 (2000)MATH Zucchini, W.: An introduction to model selection. J. Math. Psychol. 44, 41–61 (2000)MATH
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Zuur, A., Ieno, E.N., Walker, N., Saveiliev, A.A., Smith, G.M.: Mixed Effects Lodels and Extensions in Ecology with R. Springer, New York (2009) Zuur, A., Ieno, E.N., Walker, N., Saveiliev, A.A., Smith, G.M.: Mixed Effects Lodels and Extensions in Ecology with R. Springer, New York (2009)
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Żychaluk, K., Foster, D.H.: Model-free estimation of the psychometric function. Attention Percept. Psychophys. 71, 1414–1425 (2009) Żychaluk, K., Foster, D.H.: Model-free estimation of the psychometric function. Attention Percept. Psychophys. 71, 1414–1425 (2009)
Metadaten
Titel
Signal Detection Theory
verfasst von
Kenneth Knoblauch
Laurence T. Maloney
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4475-6_3