nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting

verfasst von : Robson R. Guimaraes, Josue M. Gonçalves, Olle Björneholm, C. Moyses Araujo, Arnaldo Naves de Brito, Koiti Araki

Erschienen in: Methods for Electrocatalysis

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The amount of energy that has being required to keep the well-being of our society is increasing continuously imposing an urgent need for renewable and less pollutant alternative energy sources to fossil fuels, whose consumption in internal combustion engines and electric power plants are responsible for unprecedented atmospheric pollution, particularly concentrated in large cities. Another consequence seems to be the general increase of temperature of the planet leading to climate changes and catastrophic extreme events. Thus, the possibility of reserves depletion and global environmental issues associated with its use are prompting the search for clean renewable energy sources, as well as the development of efficient and more robust energy storage systems. The most promising one for such a purpose is based on the splitting of water in a photosynthetic system to store the energy of Sun as hydrogen and oxygen. In order to realize such a technology, new more efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction based on single-atom catalysts, especially designed to exploit the maximum potentiality of the elements, are being developed, fueled by increasingly powerful theoretical modelling and characterization tools, thus paving broad roads towards a bright and sustainable society. The main advancements for preparation and characterization of such novel strategic materials are considered in this account. Furthermore, atomic scale modelling based on density functional theory is also discussed in the context of the unique electronic structure that leads to superior catalytic activity, highlighting its potential to advance this important scientific field.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalysis

Nächstes Kapitel Electrocatalysis: Application of Nanocomposite Materials

You B, Sun YJ (2018) Innovative strategies for electrocatalytic water splitting. Acc Chem Res 51(7):1571–1580

Zhu YP, Guo CX, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ (2017) Surface and interface engineering of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for efficient energy conversion processes. Acc Chem Res 50(4):915–923CrossRef

Miles MH, Thomason MA (1976) Periodic variations of overvoltages for water electrolysis in acid solutions from cyclic voltammetric studies. J Electrochem Soc 123(10):1459–1461CrossRef

Jiao Y, Zheng Y, Jaroniec MT, Qiao SZ (2015) Design of electrocatalysts for oxygen- and hydrogen-involving energy conversion reactions. Chem Soc Rev 44(8):2060–2086CrossRef

Carmo M, Fritz DL, Mergel J, Stolten D (2013) A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38(12):4901–4934CrossRef

Frydendal R, Paoli EA, Knudsen BP, Wickman B, Malacrida P, Stephens IEL, Chorkendorff I (2014) Benchmarking the stability of oxygen evolution reaction catalysts: the importance of monitoring mass losses. ChemElectroChem 1(12):2075–2081CrossRef

Galizzioli D, Tantardini F, Trasatti S (1974) Ruthenium dioxide: a new electrode material. I. Behaviour in acid solutions of inert electrolytes. J Appl Electrochem 4(1):57–67

Kötz R, Stucki S, Scherson D, Kolb DM (1984) In-situ identification of RuO4 as the corrosion product during oxygen evolution on ruthenium in acid media. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 172(1):211–219CrossRef

Mamaca N, Mayousse E, Arrii-Clacens S, Napporn TW, Servat K, Guillet N, Kokoh KB (2012) Electrochemical activity of ruthenium and iridium based catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. Appl Catal B 111–112:376–380CrossRef

10.

Li G, Li S, Ge J, Liu C, Xing W (2017) Discontinuously covered IrO₂–RuO₂@Ru electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction: how high activity and long-term durability can be simultaneously realized in the synergistic and hybrid nano-structure. J Mater Chem A 5(33):17221–17229CrossRef

11.

Kötz R, Stucki S (1986) Stabilization of RuO₂ by IrO₂ for anodic oxygen evolution in acid media. Electrochim Acta 31(10):1311–1316CrossRef

12.

Audichon T, Mayousse E, Morisset S, Morais C, Comminges C, Napporn TW, Kokoh KB (2014) Electroactivity of RuO₂–IrO₂ mixed nanocatalysts toward the oxygen evolution reaction in a water electrolyzer supplied by a solar profile. Int J Hydrogen Energy 39(30):16785–16796CrossRef

13.

Zou X, Zhang Y (2015) Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 44(15):5148–5180CrossRef

14.

Anantharaj S, Ede SR, Sakthikumar K, Karthick K, Mishra S, Kundu S (2016) Recent trends and perspectives in electrochemical water splitting with an emphasis on sulfide, selenide, and phosphide catalysts of Fe Co, and Ni: a review. ACS Catal 6(12):8069–8097CrossRef

15.

McCrory CCL, Jung S, Peters JC, Jaramillo TF (2013) Benchmarking heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. J Am Chem Soc 135(45):16977–16987CrossRef

16.

Merrill MD, Dougherty RC (2008) Metal oxide catalysts for the evolution of O₂ from H₂O. J Phys Chem C 112(10):3655–3666CrossRef

17.

Gorlin Y, Jaramillo TF (2010) A bifunctional nonprecious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction and water oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 132(39):13612–13614CrossRef

18.

Chen S, Duan J, Jaroniec M, Qiao S-Z (2014) Nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped carbon hydrogel film as a substrate-free electrode for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Mater 26(18):2925–2930CrossRef

19.

Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Li LH, Xing T, Chen Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2014) Toward design of synergistically active carbon-based catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Nano 8(5):5290–5296CrossRef

20.

Cui W, Liu Q, Cheng N, Asiri AM, Sun X (2014) Activated carbon nanotubes: a highly-active metal-free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem Commun 50(66):9340–9342CrossRef

21.

Zhao Y, Nakamura R, Kamiya K, Nakanishi S, Hashimoto K (2013) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials as non-metal electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Nat Commun 4:2390CrossRef

22.

Zhuo JQ, Wang TY, Zhang G, Liu L, Gan LB, Li MX (2013) Salts of C-60(OH)(8) electrodeposited onto a glassy carbon electrode: surprising catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew Chem-Int Ed 52(41):10867–10870CrossRef

23.

Tian GL, Zhao MQ, Yu DS, Kong XY, Huang JQ, Zhang Q, Wei F (2014) Nitrogen-doped graphene/carbon nanotube hybrids: in situ formation on bifunctional catalysts and their superior electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution/reduction reaction. Small 10(11):2251–2259

24.

Fu Q, Saltsburg H, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M (2003) Active nonmetallic Au and Pt species on ceria-based water-gas shift catalysts. Science 301(5635):935–938CrossRef

25.

Qiao B, Wang A, Yang X, Allard LF, Jiang Z, Cui Y, Liu J, Li J, Zhang T (2011) Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt₁/FeO_x. Nat Chem 3:634CrossRef

26.

Guimaraes RR, Parussulo ALA, Toma HE, Araki K (2013) New tunable ruthenium complex dyes for TiO₂ solar cells. Inorg Chim Acta 404:23–28CrossRef

27.

Yang XF, Wang AQ, Qiao BT, Li J, Liu JY, Zhang T (2013) Single-atom catalysts: a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis. Acc Chem Res 46(8):1740–1748CrossRef

28.

Ebadi M, Marchiori C, Mindemark J, Brandell D, Araujo CM (2019) Assessing structure and stability of polymer/lithium-metal interfaces from first-principles calculations. J Mater Chem A 7(14):8394–8404CrossRef

29.

Damas G, Marchiori CFN, Araujo CM (2018) On the design of donor acceptor conjugated polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction: first-principles theory-based assessment. J Phys Chem C 122(47):26876–26888CrossRef

30.

Ertem MZ, Konezny SJ, Araujo CM, Batista VS (2013) Functional role of pyridinium during aqueous electrochemical reduction of CO₂ on Pt(111). J Phys Chem Lett 4(5):745–748CrossRef

31.

Ebadi M, Nasser A, Carboni M, Younesi R, Marchiori CFN, Brandell D, Araujo CM (2019) Insights into the Li-metal/organic carbonate interfacial chemistry by combined first-principles theory and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Phys Chem C 123(1):347–355CrossRef

32.

Nørskov JK, Bligaard T, Rossmeisl J, Christensen CH (2009) Towards the computational design of solid catalysts. Nat Chem 1:37CrossRef

33.

Hohenberg P, Kohn W (1964) Inhomogeneous electron gas. Phys Rev B 136(3B):B864

34.

Kohn W, Sham LJ (1965) Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects. Phys Rev 140(4A):1133CrossRef

35.

Becke AD (1988) Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic-behavior. Phys Rev A 38(6):3098–3100CrossRef

36.

Perdew JP, Wang Y (1992) Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation-energy. Phys Rev B 45(23):13244–13249CrossRef

37.

Perdew JP, Burke K, Ernzerhof M (1996) Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys Rev Lett 77(18):3865–3868CrossRef

38.

Tao JM, Perdew JP, Staroverov VN, Scuseria GE (2003) Climbing the density functional ladder: nonempirical meta-generalized gradient approximation designed for molecules and solids. Phys Rev Lett 91(14)

39.

Blochl PE (1994) Projector augmented-wave method. Phys Rev B 50(24):17953–17979CrossRef

40.

Kresse G, Hafner J (1993) Abinitio molecular-dynamics for liquid-metals. Phys Rev B 47(1):558–561CrossRef

41.

Vanderbilt D (1990) Soft self-consistent pseudopotentials in a generalized eigenvalue formalism. Phys Rev B 41(11):7892–7895CrossRef

42.

Cottenier S (2004) Density functional theory and the family of (L)APW-method a step-by-step introduction. Belgium

43.

Martin RM (2004) Electronic structure: basic theory and practical methods. Cambridge University Press

44.

Patel AM, Ringe S, Siahrostami S, Bajdich M, Norskov JK, Kulkarni AR (2018) Theoretical approaches to describing the oxygen reduction reaction activity of single-atom catalysts. J Phys Chem C 122(51):29307–29318CrossRef

45.

George SM (2010) Atomic layer deposition: an overview. Chem Rev 110(1):111–131CrossRef

46.

Cheng N, Stambula S, Wang D, Banis MN, Liu J, Riese A, Xiao B, Li R, Sham T-K, Liu L-M et al (2016) Platinum single-atom and cluster catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 7:13638CrossRef

47.

Sun S, Zhang G, Gauquelin N, Chen N, Zhou J, Yang S, Chen W, Meng X, Geng D, Banis MN et al (2013) Single-atom catalysis using Pt/graphene achieved through atomic layer deposition. Sci Rep 3:1775CrossRef

48.

Stambula S, Gauquelin N, Bugnet M, Gorantla S, Turner S, Sun S, Liu J, Zhang G, Sun X, Botton GA (2014) Chemical structure of nitrogen-doped graphene with single platinum atoms and atomic clusters as a platform for the PEMFC electrode. J Phys Chem C 118(8):3890–3900CrossRef

49.

Deng J, Li H, Xiao J, Tu Y, Deng D, Yang H, Tian H, Li J, Ren P, Bao X (2015) Triggering the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of the inert two-dimensional MoS₂ surface via single-atom metal doping. Energy Environ Sci 8(5):1594–1601CrossRef

50.

Tavakkoli M, Holmberg N, Kronberg R, Jiang H, Sainio J, Kauppinen EI, Kallio T, Laasonen K (2017) Electrochemical activation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with pseudo-atomic-scale platinum for the hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Catal 7(5):3121–3130CrossRef

51.

Li J-C, Wei Z, Liu D, Du D, Lin Y, Shao M (2019) Dispersive single-atom metals anchored on functionalized nanocarbons for electrochemical reactions. Top Curr Chem 377(1):4CrossRef

52.

Chen W, Pei J, He C-T, Wan J, Ren H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Dong J, Tian S, Cheong W-C et al (2017) Rational design of single molybdenum atoms anchored on N-doped carbon for effective hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(50):16086–16090CrossRef

53.

Martensson N, Eriksson M (2018) The saga of MAX IV, the first multi-bend achromat synchrotron light source. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect A 907:97–104CrossRef

54.

Bogan MJ, Benner WH, Boutet S, Rohner U, Frank M, Barty A, Seibert MM, Maia F, Marchesini S, Bajt S et al (2008) Single particle X-ray diffractive imaging. Nano Lett 8(1):310–316CrossRef

55.

Hufner S (2003) Photoelectron spectroscopy—principles and applications. Springer, TokyoCrossRef

56.

Masuda T (2018) Various spectroelectrochemical cells for in situ observation of electrochemical processes at solid–liquid interfaces. Top Catal 61(20):2103–2113CrossRef

57.

Salmeron M (2018) From surfaces to interfaces: ambient pressure XPS and beyond. Top Catal 61(20):2044–2051CrossRef

58.

Kolmakov A, Gregoratti L, Kiskinova M, Günther S (2016) Recent approaches for bridging the pressure gap in photoelectron microspectroscopy. Top Catal 59(5):448–468CrossRef

59.

Starr DE, Liu Z, Havecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Bluhm H (2013) Investigation of solid/vapor interfaces using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 42(13):5833–5857CrossRef

60.

Stoerzinger KA, Hong WT, Crumlin EJ, Bluhm H, Shao-Horn Y (2015) Insights into electrochemical reactions from ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 48(11):2976–2983CrossRef

61.

Axnanda S, Crumlin EJ, Mao BH, Rani S, Chang R, Karlsson PG, Edwards MOM, Lundqvist M, Moberg R, Ross P et al (2015) Using “tender” X-ray ambient pressure X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a direct probe of solid-liquid interface. Sci Rep 5

62.

Faubel M, Steiner B, Toennies JP (1997) Photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid water, some alcohols, and pure nonane in free micro jets. J Chem Phys 106(22):9013–9031CrossRef

63.

Winter B, Weber R, Widdra W, Dittmar M, Faubel M, Hertel IV (2004) Full valence band photoemission from liquid water using EUV synchrotron radiation. J Phys Chem A 108(14):2625–2632CrossRef

64.

Winter B, Faubel M (2006) Photoemission from liquid aqueous solutions. Chem Rev 106(4):1176–1211CrossRef

65.

Jungwirth P, Winter B (2008) Ions at aqueous interfaces: from water surface to hydrated proteins. Annu Rev Phys Chem 59(1):343–366CrossRef

66.

Ottosson N, Wernersson E, Söderström J, Pokapanich W, Kaufmann S, Svensson S, Persson I, Öhrwall G, Björneholm O (2011) The protonation state of small carboxylic acids at the water surface from photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(26):12261–12267CrossRef

67.

Ottosson N, Børve KJ, Spångberg D, Bergersen H, Sæthre LJ, Faubel M, Pokapanich W, Öhrwall G, Björneholm O, Winter B (2011) On the origins of core–electron chemical shifts of small biomolecules in aqueous solution: insights from photoemission and ab initio calculations of glycineaq. J Am Chem Soc 133(9):3120–3130CrossRef

68.

Ottosson N, Ohrwall G, Bjorneholm O (2012) Ultrafast charge delocalization dynamics in aqueous electrolytes: new insights from Auger electron spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 543:1–11CrossRef

69.

Artiglia L, Edebeli J, Orlando F, Chen S, Lee M-T, Corral Arroyo P, Gilgen A, Bartels-Rausch T, Kleibert A, Vazdar M et al (2017) A surface-stabilized ozonide triggers bromide oxidation at the aqueous solution-vapour interface. Nat Commun 8(1):700CrossRef

70.

Ekholm V, Caleman C, Bjärnhall Prytz N, Walz M-M, Werner J, Öhrwall G, Rubensson J-E, Björneholm O (2018) Strong enrichment of atmospherically relevant organic ions at the aqueous interface: the role of ion pairing and cooperative effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 20(42):27185–27191CrossRef

71.

Xiong W, Hickstein DD, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Ellis JL, Palm BB, Keister KE, Ding C, Miaja-Avila L, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL et al (2013) Photoelectron spectroscopy of CdSe nanocrystals in the gas phase: a direct measure of the evanescent electron wave function of quantum dots. Nano Lett 13(6):2924–2930CrossRef

72.

Milosavljevic AR, Bozanic DK, Sadhu S, Vukmirovic N, Dojcilovic R, Sapkota P, Huang WX, Bozek J, Nicolas C, Nahon L et al (2018) Electronic properties of free-standing surfactant-capped lead halide perovskite nanocrystals isolated in Vacuo. J Phys Chem Lett 9(13):3604

73.

Bak S-M, Shadike Z, Lin R, Yu X, Yang X-Q (2018) In situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques for lithium-ion battery research. NPG Asia Mater 10(7):563–580CrossRef

74.

Liu X, Yang W, Liu Z (2014) Recent progress on synchrotron-based in-situ soft X-ray spectroscopy for energy materials. Adv Mater 26(46):7710–7729CrossRef

75.

Young NA (2014) The application of synchrotron radiation and in particular X-ray absorption spectroscopy to matrix isolated species. Coord Chem Rev 277–278:224–274CrossRef

76.

Dong C-L, Vayssieres L (2018) In situ/operando X-ray spectroscopies for advanced investigation of energy materials. Chem A Eur J 24(69):18356–18373

77.

Li X, Wang H-Y, Yang H, Cai W, Liu S, Liu B (2018) In situ/operando characterization techniques to probe the electrochemical reactions for energy conversion. Small Methods 2(6):1700395CrossRef

78.

Lukashuk L, Foettinger K (2018) In situ and operando spectroscopy: a powerful approach towards understanding catalysts. Johns Matthey Technol Rev 62(3):316–331CrossRef

79.

González-Flores D, Klingan K, Chernev P, Loos S, Mohammadi MR, Pasquini C, Kubella P, Zaharieva I, Smith RDL, Dau H (2018) Nickel-iron catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation – redox synergism investigated by in situ X-ray spectroscopy with millisecond time resolution. Sustain Energy Fuels 2(9):1986–1994CrossRef

80.

Zhu C, Fu S, Shi Q, Du D, Lin Y (2017) Single-atom electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(45):13944–13960CrossRef

81.

Fei H, Dong J, Arellano-Jiménez MJ, Ye G, Dong Kim N, Samuel ELG, Peng Z, Zhu Z, Qin F, Bao J et al (2015) Atomic cobalt on nitrogen-doped graphene for hydrogen generation. Nat Commun 6:8668CrossRef

82.

Zhang Q-H, Xiao D-D, Gu L (2016) Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy for complex transition metal oxides. Chin Phys B 25(6):066803CrossRef

83.

Jaramillo TF, Jørgensen KP, Bonde J, Nielsen JH, Horch S, Chorkendorff I (2007) Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H₂ evolution from MoS₂ nanocatalysts. Science 317(5834):100–102CrossRef

84.

Hinnemann B, Moses PG, Bonde J, Jørgensen KP, Nielsen JH, Horch S, Chorkendorff I, Nørskov JK (2005) Biomimetic hydrogen evolution: MoS₂ nanoparticles as catalyst for hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc 127(15):5308–5309CrossRef

85.

Zeng X, Shui J, Liu X, Liu Q, Li Y, Shang J, Zheng L, Yu R (2018) Single-atom to single-atom grafting of Pt₁ onto Fe–N4 Center: Pt₁@Fe–N–C multifunctional electrocatalyst with significantly enhanced properties. Adv Energy Mater 8(1):1701345CrossRef

86.

Chao T, Luo X, Chen W, Jiang B, Ge J, Lin Y, Wu G, Wang X, Hu Y, Zhuang Z et al (2017) Atomically dispersed copper-platinum dual sites alloyed with palladium nanorings catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(50):16047–16051CrossRef

87.

Liang H-W, Brüller S, Dong R, Zhang J, Feng X, Müllen K (2015) Molecular metal–N_x centres in porous carbon for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 6:7992CrossRef

88.

Qiu H-J, Ito Y, Cong W, Tan Y, Liu P, Hirata A, Fujita T, Tang Z, Chen M (2015) Nanoporous graphene with single-atom nickel dopants: an efficient and stable catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen production. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(47):14031–14035CrossRef

89.

Fan L, Liu PF, Yan X, Gu L, Yang ZZ, Yang HG, Qiu S, Yao X (2016) Atomically isolated nickel species anchored on graphitized carbon for efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Nat Commun 7:10667CrossRef

90.

Zhang H, An P, Zhou W, Guan BY, Zhang P, Dong J, Lou XW (2018) Dynamic traction of lattice-confined platinum atoms into mesoporous carbon matrix for hydrogen evolution reaction. Sci Adv 4(1)

91.

Rossmeisl J, Logadottir A, Nørskov JK (2005) Electrolysis of water on (oxidized) metal surfaces. Chem Phys 319(1):178–184CrossRef

92.

Fei H, Dong J, Feng Y, Allen CS, Wan C, Volosskiy B, Li M, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Sun H et al (2018) General synthesis and definitive structural identification of MN₄C₄ single-atom catalysts with tunable electrocatalytic activities. Nat Catal 1(1):63–72CrossRef

93.

Hong WT, Risch M, Stoerzinger KA, Grimaud A, Suntivich J, Shao-Horn Y (2015) Toward the rational design of non-precious transition metal oxides for oxygen electrocatalysis. Energy Environ Sci 8(5):1404–1427CrossRef

94.

Liu D, Ding S, Wu C, Gan W, Wang C, Cao D, Rehman Z, Sang Y, Chen S, Zheng X et al (2018) Synergistic effect of an atomically dual-metal doped catalyst for highly efficient oxygen evolution. J Mater Chem A 6(16):6840–6846

95.

Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Zhu Y, Cai Q, Vasileff A, Li LH, Han Y, Chen Y, Qiao S-Z (2017) Molecule-level g-C₃N₄ coordinated transition metals as a new class of electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode reactions. J Am Chem Soc 139(9):3336–3339CrossRef

96.

Wang J, Ge X, Liu Z, Thia L, Yan Y, Xiao W, Wang X (2017) Heterogeneous electrocatalyst with molecular cobalt ions serving as the center of active sites. J Am Chem Soc 139(5):1878–1884CrossRef

97.

Yang L, Shi L, Wang D, Lv Y, Cao D (2018) Single-atom cobalt electrocatalysts for foldable solid-state Zn-air battery. Nano Energy 50:691–698CrossRef

98.

Meng F, Zhong H, Bao D, Yan J, Zhang X (2016) In situ coupling of strung Co₄N and intertwined N–C fibers toward free-standing bifunctional cathode for robust, efficient, and flexible Zn–air batteries. J Am Chem Soc 138(32):10226–10231CrossRef

99.

Tao L, Lin C-Y, Dou S, Feng S, Chen D, Liu D, Huo J, Xia Z, Wang S (2017) Creating coordinatively unsaturated metal sites in metal-organic-frameworks as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction: Insights into the active centers. Nano Energy 41:417–425CrossRef

100.

Ding Y, Klyushin A, Huang X, Jones T, Teschner D, Girgsdies F, Rodenas T, Schlögl R, Heumann S (2018) Cobalt-bridged ionic liquid polymer on a carbon nanotube for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction activity. Angew Chem Int Ed 57(13):3514–3518CrossRef

101.

Gonçalves JM, Matias TA, Toledo KCF, Araki K (2019) Electrocatalytic materials design for oxygen evolution reaction. In: Advances in inorganic chemistry. Academic Press

102.

Zhang Y, Wu C, Jiang H, Lin Y, Liu H, He Q, Chen S, Duan T, Song L (2018) Atomic iridium incorporated in cobalt hydroxide for efficient oxygen evolution catalysis in neutral electrolyte. Adv Mater 30(18):1707522CrossRef

103.

Zhang J, Liu J, Xi L, Yu Y, Chen N, Sun S, Wang W, Lange KM, Zhang B (2018) Single-atom Au/NiFe layered double hydroxide electrocatalyst: probing the origin of activity for oxygen evolution reaction. J Am Chem Soc 140(11):3876–3879CrossRef

104.

Chen P, Zhou T, Xing L, Xu K, Tong Y, Xie H, Zhang L, Yan W, Chu W, Wu C et al (2017) Atomically dispersed iron-nitrogen species as electrocatalysts for bifunctional oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(2):610–614CrossRef

105.

Lin C, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Xie S, Li Y-F, Li X, Jiang Z, Liu Z-P (2018) Accelerated active phase transformation of NiO powered by Pt single atoms for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. Chem Sci 9(33):6803–6812CrossRef

106.

Ohn S, Kim SY, Mun SK, Oh J, Sa YJ, Park S, Joo SH, Kwon SJ, Park S (2017) Molecularly dispersed nickel-containing species on the carbon nitride network as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Carbon 124:180–187CrossRef

Titel: Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
verfasst von: Robson R. Guimaraes
Josue M. Gonçalves
Olle Björneholm
C. Moyses Araujo
Arnaldo Naves de Brito
Koiti Araki
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Methods for Electrocatalysis
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27160-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-27161-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_3