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2023 | Buch

Smart Technologies for Power and Green Energy

Proceedings of STPGE 2022

herausgegeben von: Rudra Narayan Dash, Akshay Kumar Rathore, Vinod Khadkikar, Ranjeeta Patel, Manoj Debnath

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

The book is a collection of best selected research papers presented at International Conference on Smart Technology for Power and Green Energy (STPGE 2022), organized by School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India, during February 12 – 13, 2022. The book discusses recent developments and contemporary research in power electronics and energy.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Non-traditional Algorithms for Offshore Engineering Systems

Brushlike Direct Current Motors (BLDCM) are the most extensively used machine in a wide range of oceanic applications such as operation of offshore wind turbines, including robotics, food technology, and aviation. PID controllers exceed other linear controllers in terms of performance. This controller is typically utilized for controlling the motor’s speed. In computing, the traditional approach for adjusting PID parameters is indirect. In this paper, two non-traditional algorithms such as genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization are proposed for tuning PID parameters in order to control the speed of BLDC motor. With the goal of constructing a speed regulation controller, these algorithms were applied and assessed on a second-order plant model of a BLDC motor. The GA- and PSO-based control algorithms were implemented using MATLAB-Simulink interfaces. For each technique, the resulting system performance was compared.

Sreeja Somarajan, R. Manikandan, Rathinasamy Sakthivel
A Critical Analysis of Control Approach for DSTATCOM

With the emergence of the smart grid, the need for a reliable and pure power supply to the customer arises. The problem of power quality of the power system has to be addressed at the distribution side itself, so that the remaining power grid remains clean. In this work, a critical analysis of the recent control algorithms proposed for extenuation of power quality problems at the distribution side will be analysed. The maximum Versoria criteria and affine projection sign-based control algorithms will be analysed thoroughly. The algorithm is adaptive and can work for reference current generation through estimation of reactive and active power of load current. The results of the algorithms will be compared in MATLAB/SIMULINK for various aspects.

Anshul Kumar Mishra, Archana Sharma, Aseem Chandel
Matrix Magic Shifting to Extract Maximum Power Under Partial Shading Conditions

In PV array, Mismatch losses and power losses are the critical issues created under partial shading conditions. It can be effectively minimized by applying PV array reconfiguration. This paper compares two newly proposed physical reconfiguration methods, Novel shade Dispersion (NSD) and Matrix Magic Shifting (MMS) with conventional configurations (CC). The performance has been evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink environment under six partial conditions. P–V curve, I-V curve, Global maximum power point (GMPP), mismatch loss (ML), fill factor (FF) and efficiency are the parameters used for performance evaluation.

Vinaya Chandrakant Chavan, Suresh Mikkili
Simulation Result Analysis of a Proposed Cross Connected Switch Capacitor Multi Level Inverter Topology

The MLI is developed by combining cross-switched MLI (main circuit) with switched-capacitor MLI (auxiliary circuit). For different combinations of input DC voltage sources, the proposed inverter is analyzed and the general equations of different quantities have been found. As the switched-capacitor circuit is interconnected with the cross-switched MLI, it reduces the number of power supplies, switching devices, and further boosted the input voltage. A detailed comparison study has been presented. Half-height (HH) Pulse width modulation scheme has been chosen as the switching scheme in order to reduce the switching loss of the multi level inverter.

Lipika Nanda, Chitralekha Jena, Babita Panda, Arjyadhara Pradhan, Rudra Narayan Dash
Smart Grid Communication and Information Technologies: A Review

As a result of the old-style electric grid's inability to handle the extensive incorporation of renewable energy resources and distributed renewable energy resources into the electric grid. In the twenty-first century, smart grid technology has entered the picture. Because smart grids operate on two-way communication, communication and information technology are critical to the smart grid's effective operation. The advanced version of the smart grid structure is presented in this article. Furthermore, this article discusses existing and advanced communication and information technology. Finally, the manuscript discusses future research advancements in communication and the most crucial information technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, fog and edge computing, and blockchain in the smart grid. So, the smart grid can manage the massive integration of renewable energy resources while providing customers with efficient, sustainable, and reliable power.

Debasis Kumar Patel, Hillol Phukan, Swapna Mansani, Jiwanjot Singh, S. Sreejith, Arup Kumar Goswami, Ranjeeta Patel
A Framework for Glaucoma Diagnosis Prediction Using Retinal Thickness Using Machine Learning

The project mainly focuses to detect a Glaucoma percentage in a person’s eye. Glaucoma is an eye disease which is mainly responsible for vision impairment. So it is necessary to detect the presence of Glaucoma in the early stages. If detected in the early stage we can control our intra ocular pressure by adopting lifestyle changes and by using some other medications. The lifestyle changes may include exercising regularly and reducing stress. Hence the early detection of Glaucoma can help people from losing their vision. A machine learning model has been proposed which tells the Glaucoma percentage of the eye. In this we are giving a fundus image as the input to the model and it tells the Glaucoma percentage. This Glaucoma percentage can be detected using two things that are optic cup and optic disk. To measure the Glaucoma percentage it is necessary to find the optic cup ratio to optic disk ratio. Generally health eye optic cup ratio to optic disk ratio is less than 0.5. In Glaucoma eye the optic cup ratio to optic disk ratio is greater than 0.5. By using this concept we are going to develop the model.

Balajee Maram, Jitendra Sahukari, Tandra Lokesh
Contingency Analysis: A Tool to Improve Power System Security

Contingency analysis is a mathematical method for predicting equipment failure or a specific line's failure and taking corrective action before the system enters an unstable state. Insertion or removal of one or more elements in an electrical network could be one of the contingencies. As a result of these adjustments, the power system is no longer in the safe operating range. Corrective action should be taken as soon as possible; otherwise, the system may enter an unstable region. Contingency ranking selection is an effective method of providing a power system safety assessment. This article summarizes the research work in the field of contingency analysis and how to find various performance indicators and classify them according to their severity. A small system consisting of 14 buses has been tested for various emergencies. After solving the emergency, it was found that the number of violations was reduced and most of the parameters were within reach to ensure the safe operation of the electrical system.

Ravindu Patel, Akhilesh Nimje, Shanker Godwal, Sarika Kanojia
LFC of a Deregulated Power System Using Opposition Based Novel Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Based Fraction Order Cascade Controller

Several changes have occurred in the electrical power system during the previous decade, owing to continually growing load demand, quick diminution of fossil fuels, rapid industrialization, and newly implemented electrical-deregulation policies. Several reviews of literature on the topic of Load Frequency regulation (LFC), which copes with varied and modern controller techniques for the effective functioning of the power system, have been produced in the last few years. This research article discusses the Novel utilization of opposition-based Airhmetic Optimization Algorithm (OAOA) for twin areas, multiple-source of linked power system considering Thermal and Hydro in one zone and Thermal and Gas in another zone. For a practical approach, non-linear constraints such as boiler agitation (BD) effects, Time-delay, and generation-rate-constraint (GRC) have been included for each unit. A Novel cascade combination of 2-Degree-of Freedom PI controller (2DOF-PI) and Fraction order Proportional-derivative controller considering filter (FOPDN) is used as a proposed controller in the scheme. The gain parameters of the (2DOF-PI) with FOPDN controller have been improved by the opposition-based Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (OAOA). Later, the supremacy of the suggested algorithm is verified among the other well-known meta-heuristic approaches like particle-swarm-optimization (PSO), Wild-horse-optimization (WHO), and Artificial-bee-colony (ABC) by evaluating under the same test conditions. To ensure the efficiency of the prospective work the progressive response of the suggested controller to load interuption is correlated to the schematics of current controllers.

Mrinal Ranjan, Ravi Shankar
Study of Renewable Energy Resources Distribution and Its Challenges in Case of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has an energy generating capacity of up to 60GW. This energy can be generated from different Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The country is still experiencing an energy crisis as a result of insufficient existing power systems in terms of reliability and flexibility, high investment costs, financial constraints, population dispersion in rural areas, high electricity demand in urban areas, government energy production and distribution policies, and so on. The existing supply system in the country has the following components: Hydropower (87%), Wind (7%), and Biomass (6%). In the future, based on current trends, the cost of RES components may further decrease and the efficiency would improve due to new emerging technologies in power electronics. The main challenge of renewable energy power systems is the stability problem with frequency and voltage, due to intermittent properties of resources such as solar and wind. In this paper, different RES are discussed in detail along with the challenges involved. The resources selected for discussion are based on their availability in a country. The power contribution is likewise solely hydropower-based and needs to give attention to other resources to increase the system reliability and efficiency.

Negasa Muleta, Altaf Q. H. Badar
Shunt Active Power Filter Integrated Hybrid Energy System for Harmonics Mitigation Under Different Load Perturbation

The harmonics level of a hybrid power system based on solar PV (SPV) and wind system is measured using a shunt active power filter (SAPF) in this study. For reference current generation, the SAPF uses a modified synchronous reference frame technology, an adaptive hysteresis current controller scheme, and a traditional proportional and integral-based voltage regulator. Under various loading conditions, the suggested SAPF performs remarkably well in suppressing harmonics. The suggested model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink, and the results show that it outperforms previous methods in terms of harmonic mitigation and dc-link voltage stability. The SAPF can minimize harmonics of the source current from 26.74% to 1.52% and reduces the ripples from the dc-link capacitor voltage from 22 to 8 V under steady-state condition, respectively, based on the numerical comparison of findings.

Sarita Samal, Smarak Pani, Byamakesh Nayak, Babita Panda, Alivarani Mohapatra, Prasanta Kumar Barik
A Fault Discrimination Scheme for Transmission Systems Using Positive Sequence Complex Power

The intent of this work is to develop a fault discrimination scheme between internal and external faults for transmission systems (TS). Positive sequence (PS) voltage and current data have been utilized to compute complex power. A fault threshold (FT) has been defined using the complex power of the two ends of a transmission line (TL). A threshold has been established to properly identify the nature of the fault (internal/external). Diversified simulations have been performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Outcomes of simulation results confirm that this scheme is robust and can be applied for practical engineering applications.

Md. Shabaaz Hussain Siddique, Biswapriya Chatterjee
Impedance Matching of Photovoltaic System Using DC-DC Converter

Selection of proper converter topology for photovoltaic-based application is one of the major design challenges faced by power electronics design professional. Impedance matching is one of the necessary and sufficient conditions which transfer power from photovoltaic source to load. Impedance matching achieved by the right DC-DC converter topology improves the utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic system. This paper studies the principle of impedance matching in photovoltaic system using different classical DC-DC converter topologies and finds the right converter topology which transfers maximum power from photovoltaic source to load.

Madhusmita Mohanty, Satya Prakash, Subhransu Padhee
PQ Analysis of T-VSI and ICT-VSI with Their Impacts on 3-P 3-W Utility System

This paper establishes inductor coupled T-type voltage source inverter (ICT-VSI) supported distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for enhancement of power quality (PQ). The ICT-VSI utilized a inductor network in between the two section of T-type voltage source inverter (T-VSI); for three-phase three-wire (3-P 3-W) electrical utility system, it is established as a power conditioner. The new topology produces a balanced voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) with good quality and low total harmonic distortion (THD) source currents, which improves the power quality (PQ) in 3-P 3-W traditional electrical utility system. The comparative evaluations of T-VSI with ICT-VSI are presented in the literature and the strength and effectiveness of the ICT-VSI is verified by simulations using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Finally, justified the advantages of the ICT-VSI on the base of PQ issues considering the standard value of IEEE-2030-7-2017 & IEC-61000-1 grid code.

Mrutyunjaya Mangaraj, Rohan Vijay Thakur, Sanjoy Kumar Mishra, Jogeswara Sabat, Anil Kumar Patra
Dual Image-Based High Quality Digital Image Watermarking

Digital image watermarking techniques are suitable for integrity authentication, watermark security, and copyright protection. Further, the number of embedding bits and the process of watermarking also play a crucial role in deciding the effectiveness of any watermarking process. In this regard, to achieve better security without producing noticeable artifacts in the watermarked image, this paper proposes a dual image-based watermarking technique using an exclusive-or (XOR) operation. The proposed technique utilizes a modified least significant bit (LSB) substitution strategy in the host image (HI) pixel to substitute the watermark bits with a maximum of ±1 modification to each pixel. Each HI pixel embeds two watermark bits by producing two different watermarked pixels each. The proposed technique has better watermark bit embedding capacity, higher perceptual transparency, and security.

V. Srinadh, Balajee Maram, T. Daniya
Role of Controller Zeroes in Stabilizing an Unstable System

A controller is an integral component in any process. An unstable system can be paired with a PID controller in a closed-loop feedback configuration to obtain a desired response. Insertion of a controller results in adding a pole at origin and two zeroes into the transfer function at a location determined by the tuning strategy employed. If placed suitably, the zeroes of the controller can pull the root locus starting at an unstable pole and terminating at a stable zero towards the stable left half. This paper presents the suitability of a tuning technique not only from the response of the output but also by graphical depiction of the change in the pole-zero patterns caused by the tuning technique. The system chosen for the demonstration is an open-loop unstable Maglev system which is gaining prominence in green and environment-friendly transportation and the tuning techniques chosen are Zeigler–Nichols and pole placement techniques.

Shradha Kishore
Intelligent Optimization Techniques for Controlling Load Frequency of Interconnected Multiple Source Power Systems Including Renewable Energy Sources

Controlling the system frequency under load variation of multiple source power systems (MSPS), including renewable energy sources (RES), is a very difficult task for power system engineers. The LFC acts as a dynamic role in evaluating the performance of a MSPS. The system's complexity has been exacerbated by the use of several power generation sources, including RES. The paper presents a performance investigation of a two-area system that includes RES. Hydro, thermal, wind, and diesel power stations have been modeled and used in the test system. The algorithms set the constraints of a PID controller to provide controlling load frequency in an automatic manner of MSPS with RES. Intelligent optimization techniques are used to fine-tune the controller's parameters with constraints. The ITAE is used as an objective function. The PID Controller kept the deviation of frequency and tie-line power of the MSPS within acceptable limits. A two-area power system comprising of different energy sources was designed using the Simulink tool of MATLAB.

Bijaya Kumar Mohapatra, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi
Random Forest Regression-Based Fault Location Scheme for Transmission Lines

The location of the fault is a very important issue with electric power systems, as it allows the system to be isolated as soon as possible, and to be recovered as quickly as probable. This allows electric equipment to function without an overload and ensures that buyers are satisfied. This paper proposes a random forest (RF) and Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO)-based fault location scheme tested using an IEEE 14-bus system. The Teager energy of both voltage and current signals of pre- and post-fault signals has been evaluated and given as an input to the RF regressor modules. For different types of faults, four regressor models were developed. Testing of the proposed scheme under a variety of fault conditions has demonstrated the ability of the scheme to accurately determine the fault site. This fault location scheme retains its accuracy even if there are changes in fault characteristics such as fault initiation angle and fault resistance. Another advantage of this scheme is its ability to determine the location of high impedance faults (HIF) accurately. The absolute error in fault location estimation is well within 1 km for most of the test cases.

Maanvi Bhatnagar, Anamika Yadav, Aleena Swetapadma
Islanding Detection in Distributed Generation System Using MLPNN and ELPID Methods

Renewable energy generation techniques have received a lot of attention and development in recent years. As a key source of renewable energy, distributed generation (DG) is effective. These contrasting assets are able to combine as a hybrid energy system with a micro-grid, delivering electric power with the option of cooling or heating. The biggest issue with this type of DG is islanding. When DG deliveries power to loads once severing from the grid, islanding occurs. For islanding detection of distributed generation, the Eradicate Liability Passive Islanding Detection (ELPID) methodologies of Point of Common Coupling (PCC), Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF), and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) are utilized in this study.

Sushree Shataroopa Mohapatra, Manoj Kumar Maharana, Abhilash Pradhan, P. K. Panigrahi, R. C. Prusty
Simulation and Analysis of Medium-Voltage Low-Speed Cyclo-Converter Synchronous Motor Drive and Issues with on-Load Speed Trimming

Medium-voltage cyclo-converter drives are commonly used for low-speed salient pole synchronous motors in mines. Cyclo-converters give very reliable, efficient and simple solution because they use rugged thyristor devices. Generally, the mines are located at remote locations and the availability factor is very important to minimize Business Interruption loss. However, a cyclo-converter drive has the drawback of generation of sub-harmonics and inter-harmonics along with high-order harmonics. These harmonics are harmful to transformers and weak supply networks and may cause saturation and instabilities. The sub-harmonic frequencies are a function of output frequency and change with output frequency. To mitigate these frequencies, huge passive filters are employed. If the output frequency is fixed, the filter designs are relatively simple but with the variable frequency it becomes complicated. For operational requirements in a mill, on-load output frequency trimming is required. This creates additional problems in terms of MVA sizing of equipment and the requirement of additional filter banks. This paper simulates the fixing and trimming of operating speed of medium-voltage cyclo-converter driven, low-speed, salient pole synchronous motor and brings out issues related to equipment sizing, harmonic mitigation, etc.

Ashok K. Wankhede, Archana Sharma, B. G. Fernandes
Optimal Sudoku Static Reconfiguration Technique for Power Enhancement of PV Array Under Partial Shading Conditions

From the beginning of electrical energy generation, maximum amount of energy is generated from fossil fuel. Demerits of fossil fuel is, it creates greenhouse gases. Fossil fuel is not available in all the parts of earth. It has to import and export. The cost of energy depends on global market. Solar energy available in large amount, and free of cost. This solar energy extraction depends on environmental condition. Partial shading effect on power generation. In TCT model Partial shading causes the current to reduce and hence the output power. Sudoku and Optimal sudoku techniques cause this demerit to eliminate. It helps in power enhancement as compared to TCT arrangement under shading condition. Also due to shading condition there is a greater number of power peaks. Using Sudoku and optimal sudoku techniques, the multiple power peaks are also to be reduced.

Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla, Suresh Mikkili, Kanjune Akshay Bapurao
Power Enhancement of Total-Cross-Tied Configured PV Array During Dynamic Irradiance Change Using Metaheuristic Algorithm-Based MPPT Controllers

Partial shading condition (PSC) is the major threat to the building-integrated PV systems as they are sorely affected in terms of drastic reduction in PV output power and efficacy. To enhance the maximum power production capability and efficacy, the PV system needs a robust maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller capable of tracking global maximum power peak (GMP) under PSCs. Many conventional algorithms, i.e., incremental conductance (Inc) , perturb and observe (P&O), etc., are reported in literature, but they are failed to track GMP and also create significant power oscillations in steady state during PSCs. Hence, this paper proposes metaheuristic algorithms-based TCT-configured PV MPPT system. In this, metaheuristic algorithms such as artificial bee colony (ABC), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques are applied to TCT-configured PV array to operate at GMP under four dynamic PSCs. All the metaheuristic algorithm-based MPPT methods are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink platform and their performances are compared with each other and also with conventional P&O and Inc techniques with respect to achieved GMP, tracking speed/convergence time, efficiency, and oscillations at GMP. The presented simulation results confirm that PSO algorithm outperforms other methods by achieving the highest GMP, efficiency, less convergence time, and reduced oscillations around GMP.

Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla, Suresh Mikkili
Analysis and Controlling of Distribution Transformer Parameter using AVR Microcontroller IoT System

Distribution transformers are among the foremost important equipment in power network. As the massive number of transformers distributed over a wide range in power electric systems, the information acquisition and condition monitoring are the crucial issue. Distribution transformers can not be operated at 100% efficiency in non rated condition, as the load is user dependent and it is not possible to control the user load. The main focus of this research work is the monitoring and controlling of distribution transformer using Internet of Things (IoT). If the transformer gets affected due to any of the reason that is voltage, current, temperature or humidity, it can be monitored and the necessary requisites can be provided to the distribution transformer within the appropriate time. The monitoring and controlling of temperature, humidity, voltage and current of distribution transformer is performed based on the AVR micro-controller ATMEGA 328P. After interfacing the specified components such as AVR microcontroller, sensors, Wi-Fi module and relay the proposed application programming in embedded-C is implemented in AVR microcontroller ATMEGA 328P. The sensing of relay with continuous reading of temperature, humidity, voltage, current values and same has been displaced on the LCD(16 × 2) screen and sending all the data of transformer to the web-server of ThingSpeak in real time using a Wi-Fi module commonly known as ESP 8266.

Aditya Virat, Apurva Ashish, Ranjeeta Patel, Rudra Narayan Dash
A Comparison of PSO, GA and FA-Based PID Controller for Load Frequency Control of Two-Area Hybrid Power System

This paper presents a comparative study between three different optimization techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Firefly Algorithm (FA) for tuning the parameters of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in load frequency control (LFC) of a two-area hybrid power system. In this paper, Power systems are composed of renewable and non-renewable sources along with battery energy storage (BES) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) as energy storage systems. The integral time absolute error (ITAE) was selected as the objective function. Additionally, the controllers are likewise regulated to confirm that the tie-line power and frequency of the hybrid power system are inside the adequate limits. Comparison of the optimization technique is done on the basis of settling time, objective function and convergence characteristics, and their results illustrate the best performance of the proposed method PSO.

Ajay Kumar, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Sriparna Roy Ghatak, Soubhagya Ranjan Prusty
Enhancement of Power System Stability and Damping Oscillation in a Multi-Machine System Using SSSC

These days the power framework is vigorously stacked, because of the steady interest for power which causes shakiness. There might be lacking and successful energy. This paper discloses the appropriate method for making up for the productive and successful power and decreases the motions in the multi-machine framework with four machines and six transport devices. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) can be contemplated as the main remuneration for the series utilized by the FACT family in transmission frameworks. This paper has examined the mistake of three stages. Reenactment is accomplished in the MATLAB/SIMULINK programming program in four cases: test the gadget without mistake, with issue, with the SSSC without control, and SSSC with Power Oscillation Damper (POD). The recreation result shows that without SSSC, the framework becomes temperamental during blunders. While the SSSC is feeling the squeeze inside the organization, the framework will settle. Inside the case, while the SSSC has a POD, then, at that point, the framework boundaries will be significantly more vigorous in a quicker way than without a regulator. So with POD, the entire machine execution is significantly refined and the power framework motions are delivered rapidly.

Badri Narayan Behera, Kamalesh Chandra Rout, Rudra Narayan Dash
Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA)-Driven Optimal PID-FOI Controller for Load Frequency Control of Two-Area Multi-Source Power System

This work presents the control concept for dealing with the load frequency control problem of hybrid multi-source power system under different system operating conditions. For diversity, different energy sources are considered in both areas. In area 1, the thermal power plant is used along with hydro and wind power plants. Similarly in area 2, diesel-based plant is considered along with hydro and thermal power plants. Because of the superior convergence characteristic, tuning of different controller’s parameters is optimally tuned with the newly developed Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA). Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and proposed PID-Fractional Order Integral (PID-FOI) controller are used for minimizing Area Control Error (ACE) along with frequency variation and tie-line power deviation. Parameters of both the controllers have been optimally tuned with the SSA optimization technique. Integral Time multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE) performance index is used as the objective function for tuning the controller’s parameters with the SSA optimization technique. The performance of both the controllers tuned with the SSA technique is compared at various system operating conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed SSA-driven PID-FOI controller has been evidenced at different operational shifts in the system.

Geetanjali Dei, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Binod Kumar Sahu
Parameter Estimation of Photovoltaic Module Using Sine Cosine Algorithm

The increasing demand for electrical energy has made it inevitable to bring forth an environment-friendly energy resource which has to be robust as well as economic. Solar energy fulfils these criteria significantly, and to cultivate such energy, a reliable photovoltaic (PV) model is required. But most of the typical PV system undergoes a low energy conversion ratio because of improper choice of PV parameters. To build a proficient PV model, the estimation of precise and accurate parameters is mandatory. This paper portrays the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) for the estimation of photovoltaic (PV) module parameters. Unknown parameters of the PV model of a single diode PV module are estimated under the standard test condition (STC). PV parameter estimation using SCA has shown a significant minimum value of the fitness function hence maximizing the convergence. A comparative study has been done between SCA and other existing popular techniques named as the nonlinear least square (NLS) method and the modified Newton–Raphson (N-R) method. From the power–voltage (P-V) and current–voltage (I-V) characteristics, it’s found that the SCA model matches more accurately with the datasheet values.

Alivarani Mohapatra, Chidurala Saiprakash, Byamakesh Nayak, Sarita Samal, Usharani Raut
Parametric Design and Analysis of Ferrite PMaSynRM for EV Application

Increasing demand of electric traction motors and the limited availability of rare-earth elements have accelerated the research for new motor design topologies. Ferrite permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (ferrite PMaSynRM) can prove to be a viable solution. This paper discusses a new parametric model for designing the rotor of ferrite PMaSynRM. The proposed motor is optimized for FreedomCar 2020 specifications. Finite element method is used to analyse the average torque, torque ripple and stress in the proposed design. The proposed motor is evaluated over complete torque-speed profile. Further, use of asymmetric flux barrier and odd slots per pole pair is proposed to reduce the torque ripple and improve efficiency.

Subhendu Mishra, B. K. Nayak, B. G. Fernandes
Comparative Analysis of Different Signal Processing Schemes for Islanding Detection in Microgrid

In this paper, islanding detection in a microgrid scenario is analyzed by using the signal processing techniques such as the S-transform method (ST), Sparse S-transform (SST), variational mode decomposition method (VMD) and total variation filtering method (TVF). To get a clear picture of the comparison, all the detection schemes are evaluated in the standard 13-bus distribution system. In this paper, the PCC voltage of a three-phase system is utilized for further signal processing and subsequent feature selection procedure. The extracted voltage is also called as modal voltage. Various monitoring parameters have been considered to check the effectiveness of the selected threshold and subsequent islanding detection. Further, the detailed overview of above-mentioned methods has been thoroughly discussed.

Prajna Parimita Mishra, Chandrashekhar Narayan Bhende, Akshaya Kumar Pati
Gamma Band: A Bio-Marker to Detect Epileptic Seizures

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is made up of several frequency bands that describe human behaviours such as emotion, attention, sleep state, and so on. It is necessary to do categorization on the basis of distinct EEG segments in order to detect epileptic seizures. Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is used to analyze the performance of the gamma band in an EEG signal. It also compares various classification approaches and shows that some classification algorithms attain very high accuracy. The analysis was carried out in stages, including STFT, gamma frequency band extraction, statistical feature extraction, and at last classification is performed using an ANN classifier. This work uses STFT to extract statistical properties from collected two-dimensional data and classify epilepsy in the high-frequency region. The proposed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier got 91.3% accuracy rate.

Sunanda Das, Mohammad Jabirullah, Neda Afreen, Amarana Prabhakara Rao, K. V. S. H. Gayatri Sarman
Experimental Validation and Performance Analysis of a DER-Supported DVSI-Based DSTATCOM in Three-Phase Three-Wire Distribution System

This paper demonstrates the control and operation of dual voltage source inverter (DVSI)-based distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in a three-phase three-wire distribution system. In this paper, a neural network-based control algorithm known as the Sparse Least Mean Square (SLMS) technique is employed to enhance the power quality (PQ) of the system. The proposed topology is built using a two-level two-voltage source inverter (VSI), where one inverter is marked as VSI-1 supported by distributed energy resource (DER) DC link. The other one is represented as VSI-2 supplied by self-supported capacitor DC link. The proposed system automatically senses the DER power generation and performs multi-operation such as PQ as well as optimal active power flow. The observations of the DVSI and VSI are carried out using an FPGA SPARTAN-6 controller-based experimental setup where the solutions are taken into consideration of the permissible standard grid code.

Mrutyunjaya Mangaraj, Jogeswara Sabat
Hardware Testing of the Effect of MPPT on the Performance of Photovoltaic Panels

Solar energy finds its application mainly in the form of thermal energy and electrical energy. Solar concentrator systems use thermal energy whereas electrical energy is obtained from solar photovoltaics. In comparison to the conventional method of using fossil fuels for electricity generation, photovoltaic is a clean and efficient way of generating electricity. Studies show that the conversion efficiency of PV modules decreases due to several factors like the presence of dust, insufficient irradiance and various other weather conditions. The system performs better only if the point of operation is always the maximum point under all environmental factors. MPPT trackers are used to track the knee point and help in load matching in order to ensure efficient utilization of the PV module. In this paper, MATLAB/Simulation of a PV system is done connected with a Boost converter and MPPT controller. The system is compared with Perturb and Observance Controller and the direct method found that efficiency increases by using maximum power point tracking. The efficiency of the PV system by using an MPPT controller is found to be 95% under standard operating conditions by using simulation and by testing with hardware, it was found to be 98% under maximum irradiance conditions.

Arjyadhara Pradhan, Soubhagya Ranjan Prusty, Lipika Nanda, Babita Panda, Chitralekha Jena, Rudra Narayan Dash
Demand-Side Load Management Using Grey Wolf Optimization

Demand-Side Management (DSM) is one of the methods that tries to understand customer behaviour and put it into a strategy that maintains network stability. Recently, a large number of load scheduling algorithms were developed by various experts, however these methods were not providing accurate results because of their high complexity and utilization of static datasets. To overcome these issues, an improved load scheduling method is proposed in this paper, in which loads are optimized by using the meta-heuristic Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. In addition to this, a real-time dataset is used that is collected from the Chandigarh Region. The information about the total demand felt and met initially is extracted from the available dataset. In addition to this, the minimum hour of electricity that must be provided to the six sectors (AP, PAT, RDS, MGJG, urban and industrial) is also defined. The loads are optimized by the proposed GWO model and later on its performance is evaluated in the MATLAB software. The performance outcomes were delineated by observing the total demand felt by the providers for the month of May, June and July and the total demand met by the proposed scheme. The results proved the efficiency of the proposed GWO model as it was able to provide electricity to every sector as per the demand.

Ashok Muthria, Lini Mathew
Modeling and Tracking of Underground Cable Fault Using Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, the genetic algorithm has been implemented to track the fault signals generated in an underground cable. In addition, GA has also been implemented for estimating the parameters such as amplitude, phase, and frequency of the fault signals. Several faults have been simulated to study the consistency of genetic algorithm for tracking the signals. The robustness of the algorithm has been validated by tracking a fault signal with additive white Gaussian noise. It reveals that GA performs better and can reliably estimate the fault signal in a noisy environment.

Sanhita Mishra, Subhadeep Roy, Sarat Chandra Swain, Aurobinda Routray
Obstacle Avoidance for a Swarm of AUVs

This paper uses the bioinformatics-inspired technique for guiding a team of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) towards the desired destination. Here, each AUV estimates the position of the neighbour AUVs while moving towards the destination. The proposed multi-AUV system constitutes a leader AUV and three follower AUVs. A distributed path consensus (DPC) is proposed that determines the distance constraint to ensure the neighbouring agent AUVs maintain a predefined distance between each other and are able to avoid static obstacles while moving towards the respective destinations. It is observed from MATLAB simulation that the co-operative motion control of multiple AUVs along the desired paths and obstacle avoidance is successively achieved. The proposed method solves coordination problems among multiple AUVs and increases the coverage of underwater missions like oceanographic surveys.

Sarada Prasanna Sahoo, Bikramaditya Das, Bibhuti Bhusan Pati, Rudra Narayan Dash
An Estimation-Based Sliding Mode Control Structure for High-Performance Control of Induction Motor

This paper uses a sliding mode controller (SMC)-based vector control estimation for induction motor-based squirrel cage type. The performance of the entire system is subjected to a step change in speed and torque in order to observe the variation of different parameters. From the simulated results, the proposed SMC-based vector control strategy enhances the performance of the induction motor system. The entire system is modeled and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink platform.

Swagat Pati, Abhijeet Choudhury, Janmajaya Gantayat
Performance Analysis of a Nine Switch Converter During Partial Disconnection in an Isolated Multi-Source Generation System

In this paper, an isolated multi-source generation system is considered. The multi-source system consists of a 22 kW constant power-source self-excited induction generator, 7.5 kW WECS-based doubly fed induction generator and an 18 kW PV system equipped with BESS. This multi-source generation system consists of a nine switch converter that acts as an interface between these energy sources. The major focus of this work is to focus on the uninterruptible power supply to the load when multiple energy sources have been disconnected. Two different types of control algorithms have been designed, i.e. DFIG side control and real-reactive power compensation control algorithm. This control structure works efficiently to fulfill the load demand irrespective of source disconnection. The entire system is modeled and formulated using MATLAB 2018a.

Abhijeet Choudhury, Swagat Pati, Renu Sharma, Sanjeeb Kumar Kar, Bruti Kumar Behera
Sliding Mode Control-Oriented Electric Spring for SEIG-Based Micro-Grid

Alternative power production is an ongoing research area both for power industries and researcher that developed interest in renewable energy sources (RESs) from more than two decades. But the integration of RES to power system leads to voltage fluctuation, which is well known to the operators as an unpredictable natural behavior of RES. In the recent past, an emerging technology known as ‘Electric Spring’ (ES) has been developed to resolve voltage stabilization problem especially in distributed network. In this paper, a novel ‘in-phase control approach’ for ES with sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed for a wind-driven self-excited induction generator (SEIG) centric standalone system. The suggested approach is validated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under load change condition, and it is found that the approach is proven to be effective for voltage restoration across critical load. In addition, active and reactive power exchange has been studied.

Soumya Mohanty, Swagat Pati, Sanjeeb Kumar Kar, Janmajaya Gantayat
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Smart Technologies for Power and Green Energy
herausgegeben von
Rudra Narayan Dash
Akshay Kumar Rathore
Vinod Khadkikar
Ranjeeta Patel
Manoj Debnath
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-19-2764-5
Print ISBN
978-981-19-2763-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2764-5