Skip to main content

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Smart Urban Forestry: Is It the Future?

verfasst von : Stephan Pauleit, Natalie Gulsrud, Susanne Raum, Hannes Taubenböck, Tobias Leichtle, Sabrina Erlwein, Thomas Rötzer, Mohammad Rahman, Astrid Moser-Reischl

Erschienen in: Informed Urban Environments

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The urban forest, i.e. the stock of urban trees, is a major component of urban green spaces. It can make significant contributions to urban sustainability and climate change adaptation. Urban forest governance and management play a key role in the extent to which these contributions are realized for good. This chapter presents a selection of promising new technologies in support of urban forestry. Techniques and applications are introduced in the domains of remote sensing, modeling and citizen science. These technology-driven developments offer new potentials for ‘smart’ urban forestry but may also create new risks of a shift towards techno-managerialism as opposed to more open and democratic processes.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Alonzo M, Bookhagen B, Roberts DA (2014) Urban tree species mapping using hyperspectral and lidar data fusion. Remote Sens Environ 148:70–83CrossRef Alonzo M, Bookhagen B, Roberts DA (2014) Urban tree species mapping using hyperspectral and lidar data fusion. Remote Sens Environ 148:70–83CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bai X, Dawson RJ, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Delgado GC, Salisu Barau A, Dhakal S, Dodman D, Leonardsen L, Masson-Delmotte V, Roberts DC, Schultz S (2018) Six research priorities for cities and climate change. Nature 555(7694):23–25CrossRef Bai X, Dawson RJ, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Delgado GC, Salisu Barau A, Dhakal S, Dodman D, Leonardsen L, Masson-Delmotte V, Roberts DC, Schultz S (2018) Six research priorities for cities and climate change. Nature 555(7694):23–25CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bancks N, North EA, Johnson GR (2018) An analysis of agreement between volunteer-and researcher-collected urban tree inventory data. Arboric Urban for 44(2):73–86 Bancks N, North EA, Johnson GR (2018) An analysis of agreement between volunteer-and researcher-collected urban tree inventory data. Arboric Urban for 44(2):73–86
Zurück zum Zitat Bayer D, Reischl A, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H (2018) Structural response of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and small leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) to varying urban environments analyzed by terrestrial laser scanning: Implications for ecological functions and services. Urban for Urban Green 35:129–138CrossRef Bayer D, Reischl A, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H (2018) Structural response of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and small leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) to varying urban environments analyzed by terrestrial laser scanning: Implications for ecological functions and services. Urban for Urban Green 35:129–138CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Branson S, Wegner JD, Hall D, Lang N, Schindler K, Perona P (2018) From Google Maps to a fine-grained catalog of street trees. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 135:13–30CrossRef Branson S, Wegner JD, Hall D, Lang N, Schindler K, Perona P (2018) From Google Maps to a fine-grained catalog of street trees. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 135:13–30CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Church RL, Murray AT, Barber KH (2000) Forest planning at tactical level. Ann Oper Res 95:3–18CrossRef Church RL, Murray AT, Barber KH (2000) Forest planning at tactical level. Ann Oper Res 95:3–18CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Deng J, Huang Y, Chen B, Tong C, Liu P, Wang H, Hong Y (2019) A methodology to monitor urban expansion and green space change using a time series of multi-sensor SPOT and sentinel-2A images. Remote Sens 11:1230CrossRef Deng J, Huang Y, Chen B, Tong C, Liu P, Wang H, Hong Y (2019) A methodology to monitor urban expansion and green space change using a time series of multi-sensor SPOT and sentinel-2A images. Remote Sens 11:1230CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dobbs C, Martinez-Harms MJ, Kendal D (2017) Ecosystem services. In: Ferrini F, Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch CC, Fini A (eds) Routledge handbook of urban forestry. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, pp 51–64 Dobbs C, Martinez-Harms MJ, Kendal D (2017) Ecosystem services. In: Ferrini F, Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch CC, Fini A (eds) Routledge handbook of urban forestry. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, pp 51–64
Zurück zum Zitat Feltynowski M, Kronenberg J, Bergier T, Kabisch N, Łaszkiewicz E, Strohbach MW (2018) Challenges of urban green space management in the face of using inadequate data. Urban for Urban Green 31:56–66CrossRef Feltynowski M, Kronenberg J, Bergier T, Kabisch N, Łaszkiewicz E, Strohbach MW (2018) Challenges of urban green space management in the face of using inadequate data. Urban for Urban Green 31:56–66CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gulsrud NM, Raymond CM, Rutt RL, Olafsson AS, Plieninger T, Sandberg M, Beery TH, Jönsson KI (2018a) ‘Rage against the machine’? The opportunities and risks concerning the automation of urban green infrastructure. Landsc Urban Plan 180:85–92CrossRef Gulsrud NM, Raymond CM, Rutt RL, Olafsson AS, Plieninger T, Sandberg M, Beery TH, Jönsson KI (2018a) ‘Rage against the machine’? The opportunities and risks concerning the automation of urban green infrastructure. Landsc Urban Plan 180:85–92CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hand KL, Doick KJ (2018) i-Tree Eco as a tool to inform urban forestry in GB: a literature review of its current application within urban forestry policy and management context. Forest Research, Farnham Hand KL, Doick KJ (2018) i-Tree Eco as a tool to inform urban forestry in GB: a literature review of its current application within urban forestry policy and management context. Forest Research, Farnham
Zurück zum Zitat Konijnendijk CC (2012) Innovations in urban forest governance in Europe. In: Johnston M, Percival G (eds) Trees, people and the built environment. Proceedings of the urban trees research conference 13–14 April 2011. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, pp 141–147 Konijnendijk CC (2012) Innovations in urban forest governance in Europe. In: Johnston M, Percival G (eds) Trees, people and the built environment. Proceedings of the urban trees research conference 13–14 April 2011. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, pp 141–147
Zurück zum Zitat Li D, Ke Y, Gong H, Li X (2015) Object-based urban tree species classification using bi-temporal WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 images. Remote Sens 7(12):16917–16937CrossRef Li D, Ke Y, Gong H, Li X (2015) Object-based urban tree species classification using bi-temporal WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 images. Remote Sens 7(12):16917–16937CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Chen WY, Sanesi G, Lafortezza R (2019) Remote sensing in urban forestry: recent applications and future directions. Remote Sens 11(10):1144CrossRef Li X, Chen WY, Sanesi G, Lafortezza R (2019) Remote sensing in urban forestry: recent applications and future directions. Remote Sens 11(10):1144CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Leichtle T, Zehner M, Kühnl M, Martin K, Taubenböck H (2021) Urban trees—detection, delineation, quantification, and characterization based on VHR remote sensing. In: Proceedings of the real CORP, real CORP 2021, 07.-10.09.2021, Vienna, Austria Leichtle T, Zehner M, Kühnl M, Martin K, Taubenböck H (2021) Urban trees—detection, delineation, quantification, and characterization based on VHR remote sensing. In: Proceedings of the real CORP, real CORP 2021, 07.-10.09.2021, Vienna, Austria
Zurück zum Zitat Liu L, Coops NC, Aven NW, Pang Y (2017) Mapping urban tree species using integrated airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing data. Remote Sens Environ 200:170–182CrossRef Liu L, Coops NC, Aven NW, Pang Y (2017) Mapping urban tree species using integrated airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing data. Remote Sens Environ 200:170–182CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lumnitz S, Devisscher T, Mayaud JR, Radic V, Coops NC, Griess VC (2021) Mapping trees along urban street networks with deep learning and street-level imagery. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 175:144–157CrossRef Lumnitz S, Devisscher T, Mayaud JR, Radic V, Coops NC, Griess VC (2021) Mapping trees along urban street networks with deep learning and street-level imagery. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 175:144–157CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Luo H, Khoshelham K, Chen C, He H (2021) Individual tree extraction from urban mobile laser scanning point clouds using deep pointwise direction embedding. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 175:326–339CrossRef Luo H, Khoshelham K, Chen C, He H (2021) Individual tree extraction from urban mobile laser scanning point clouds using deep pointwise direction embedding. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 175:326–339CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Markolf SA, Chester MV, Eisenberg DA, Iwaniec DM, Davidson CI, Zimmerman R et al (2018) Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock-in and enhance resilience. Earth’s Future 6:1638–1659. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000926CrossRef Markolf SA, Chester MV, Eisenberg DA, Iwaniec DM, Davidson CI, Zimmerman R et al (2018) Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock-in and enhance resilience. Earth’s Future 6:1638–1659. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2018EF000926CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McPhearson T, Pickett STA, Grimm NB, Niemelä J, Alberti M, Elmqvist T, Weber C, Haase D, Breuste J, Qureshi S (2016) Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. Bioscience 66(3):198–221CrossRef McPhearson T, Pickett STA, Grimm NB, Niemelä J, Alberti M, Elmqvist T, Weber C, Haase D, Breuste J, Qureshi S (2016) Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. Bioscience 66(3):198–221CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nesbitt L, Hotte N, Barron S, Cowan J, Sheppard SRJ (2017) The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: a review and suggestions for future research. Urban for Urban Green 25:103–111CrossRef Nesbitt L, Hotte N, Barron S, Cowan J, Sheppard SRJ (2017) The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: a review and suggestions for future research. Urban for Urban Green 25:103–111CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen AB, Östberg J, Delshammar T (2014) Review of urban tree inventory methods used to collect data at single-tree level. Arboric Urban for 40(2):96–111 Nielsen AB, Östberg J, Delshammar T (2014) Review of urban tree inventory methods used to collect data at single-tree level. Arboric Urban for 40(2):96–111
Zurück zum Zitat Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC, Hoehn RE, Walton JT, Bond J (2008) A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboric Urban for 36:347–358CrossRef Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC, Hoehn RE, Walton JT, Bond J (2008) A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboric Urban for 36:347–358CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nowak DJ, Greenfield (2012) Tree and impervious cover change in U.S. cities. Urban for Urban Green 11:21–30 Nowak DJ, Greenfield (2012) Tree and impervious cover change in U.S. cities. Urban for Urban Green 11:21–30
Zurück zum Zitat Okujeni A, van der Linden S, Suess S, Hostert P (2017) Ensemble learning from synthetically mixed training data for quantifying urban land cover with support vector regression. IEEE J Select Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 10(4):1640–1650CrossRef Okujeni A, van der Linden S, Suess S, Hostert P (2017) Ensemble learning from synthetically mixed training data for quantifying urban land cover with support vector regression. IEEE J Select Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 10(4):1640–1650CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pauleit S, Jones N, Nyhuus S, Pirnat J, Salbitano F (2005) Urban forest resources in European cities. In: Konijnendijk CC, Nilsson K, Randrup TB, Schipperijn J (eds) Urban forests and trees in Europe—a reference book. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 49–79CrossRef Pauleit S, Jones N, Nyhuus S, Pirnat J, Salbitano F (2005) Urban forest resources in European cities. In: Konijnendijk CC, Nilsson K, Randrup TB, Schipperijn J (eds) Urban forests and trees in Europe—a reference book. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 49–79CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman MA, Stratopoulos LMF, Moser-Reischl A, Zölch T, Häberle K-H, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H, Pauleit S (2020) Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: a meta-analysis. Build Environ 170:106606. Rahman MA, Stratopoulos LMF, Moser-Reischl A, Zölch T, Häberle K-H, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H, Pauleit S (2020) Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: a meta-analysis. Build Environ 170:106606.
Zurück zum Zitat Randrup T, Konijnendijk C, Dobbertin MK, Prüller R (2005) The concept of urban forestry in Europe. In: Konijnendijk CC, Nilsson K, Randrup TB, Schipperijn J (eds) Urban forests and trees in Europe—a reference book. Springer-Verlag, pp 9–21 Randrup T, Konijnendijk C, Dobbertin MK, Prüller R (2005) The concept of urban forestry in Europe. In: Konijnendijk CC, Nilsson K, Randrup TB, Schipperijn J (eds) Urban forests and trees in Europe—a reference book. Springer-Verlag, pp 9–21
Zurück zum Zitat Roman RA, Scharenbroch BC, Östberg JPA, Mueller LS, Henning JG, Koeser AK, Sanders JR, Betza DR, Jordan RC (2017) Data quality in citizen science urban tree inventories. Urban for Urban Green 22:124–135CrossRef Roman RA, Scharenbroch BC, Östberg JPA, Mueller LS, Henning JG, Koeser AK, Sanders JR, Betza DR, Jordan RC (2017) Data quality in citizen science urban tree inventories. Urban for Urban Green 22:124–135CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rötzer T, Moser-Reischl A, Rahman MA, Grote R, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2020) Modelling urban tree growth and ecosystem services: review and perspectives. In: Cánovas FM, Lüttge U, Risueño MC, Pretzsch H (eds) Progress in botany, vol 82. Springer, Cham, pp 405–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/124_2020_46 Rötzer T, Moser-Reischl A, Rahman MA, Grote R, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2020) Modelling urban tree growth and ecosystem services: review and perspectives. In: Cánovas FM, Lüttge U, Risueño MC, Pretzsch H (eds) Progress in botany, vol 82. Springer, Cham, pp 405–464. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​124_​2020_​46
Zurück zum Zitat Rötzer T, Reischl A, Rahman M (2021) Stadtbäume im Klimawandel – Wachstum, Umweltleistungen und Perspektiven. Center for Urban Ecology and Climate change Adaptation (Ed). Available online at: https://www.zsk.tum Rötzer T, Reischl A, Rahman M (2021) Stadtbäume im Klimawandel – Wachstum, Umweltleistungen und Perspektiven. Center for Urban Ecology and Climate change Adaptation (Ed). Available online at: https://​www.​zsk.​tum
Zurück zum Zitat Rötzer T, Rahman MA, Moser-Reischl A, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2019) Process based simulation of tree growth and ecosystem services of urban trees under present and future climate conditions. Sci Total Environ 676:651–664CrossRef Rötzer T, Rahman MA, Moser-Reischl A, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2019) Process based simulation of tree growth and ecosystem services of urban trees under present and future climate conditions. Sci Total Environ 676:651–664CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rutt RL, Gulsrud NM (2016) Green justice in the city: a new agenda for urban green space research in Europe. Urban for Urban Green 19:123–127CrossRef Rutt RL, Gulsrud NM (2016) Green justice in the city: a new agenda for urban green space research in Europe. Urban for Urban Green 19:123–127CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Safaie AH, Rastiveis H, Shams A, Sarasua WA, Li J (2021) Automated street tree inventory using mobile LiDAR point clouds based on Hough transform and active contours. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 174:19–34CrossRef Safaie AH, Rastiveis H, Shams A, Sarasua WA, Li J (2021) Automated street tree inventory using mobile LiDAR point clouds based on Hough transform and active contours. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 174:19–34CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schug F, Frantz D, Okujeni A, van der Linden S, Hostert P (2020) Mapping urban-rural gradients of settlements and vegetation at national scale using Sentinel-2 spectral-temporal metrics and regression-based unmixing with synthetic training data. Remote Sens Environ 246:111810 Schug F, Frantz D, Okujeni A, van der Linden S, Hostert P (2020) Mapping urban-rural gradients of settlements and vegetation at national scale using Sentinel-2 spectral-temporal metrics and regression-based unmixing with synthetic training data. Remote Sens Environ 246:111810
Zurück zum Zitat Seiferling I, Naik N, Ratti C, Proulx R (2017) Green streets—quantifying and mapping urban trees with street-level imagery and computer vision. Landsc Urban Plan 165:93–101CrossRef Seiferling I, Naik N, Ratti C, Proulx R (2017) Green streets—quantifying and mapping urban trees with street-level imagery and computer vision. Landsc Urban Plan 165:93–101CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shojanoori R, Shafri HZM (2016) Review on the use of remote sensing for urban forest monitoring. Arboric Urban for 42(6):400–417 Shojanoori R, Shafri HZM (2016) Review on the use of remote sensing for urban forest monitoring. Arboric Urban for 42(6):400–417
Zurück zum Zitat Taubenböck H, Esch T, Wurm M, Roth A, Dech S (2010) Object-based feature extraction using high spatial resolution satellite data of urban areas. J Spat Sci 55(1):117–133CrossRef Taubenböck H, Esch T, Wurm M, Roth A, Dech S (2010) Object-based feature extraction using high spatial resolution satellite data of urban areas. J Spat Sci 55(1):117–133CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Taubenböck H, Reiter M, Dosch F, Leichtle T, Weigand M, Wurm M (2021) Which city is the greenest? A multi-dimensional deconstruction of city rankings. Comput Environ Urban Syst 89:101687 Taubenböck H, Reiter M, Dosch F, Leichtle T, Weigand M, Wurm M (2021) Which city is the greenest? A multi-dimensional deconstruction of city rankings. Comput Environ Urban Syst 89:101687
Zurück zum Zitat Tigges J, Lakes T, Hostert P (2013) Urban vegetation classification: benefits of multitemporal RapidEye satellite data. Remote Sens Environ 136:66–75CrossRef Tigges J, Lakes T, Hostert P (2013) Urban vegetation classification: benefits of multitemporal RapidEye satellite data. Remote Sens Environ 136:66–75CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat van der Jagt APN, Lawrence A (2019) Local government and urban forest governance: insights from Scotland. Scand J for Res 34(1):53–66CrossRef van der Jagt APN, Lawrence A (2019) Local government and urban forest governance: insights from Scotland. Scand J for Res 34(1):53–66CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace L, Sun QC, Hally B, Hillman S, Both A, Hurley J, Saldias DSM (2021) Linking urban tree inventories to remote sensing data for individual tree mapping. Urban For Urban Green 61:127106 Wallace L, Sun QC, Hally B, Hillman S, Both A, Hurley J, Saldias DSM (2021) Linking urban tree inventories to remote sensing data for individual tree mapping. Urban For Urban Green 61:127106
Zurück zum Zitat Weigand M, Staab J, Wurm M, Taubenböck H (2020) Spatial and semantic effects of LUCAS samples on fully automated land use/land cover classification in high-resolution Sentinel-2 data. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 88:102065 Weigand M, Staab J, Wurm M, Taubenböck H (2020) Spatial and semantic effects of LUCAS samples on fully automated land use/land cover classification in high-resolution Sentinel-2 data. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 88:102065
Zurück zum Zitat Willis KJ, Petrokofsky G (2017) The natural capital of city trees. Science 28:374–376CrossRef Willis KJ, Petrokofsky G (2017) The natural capital of city trees. Science 28:374–376CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wirtz Z, Hagerman S, Hauer RJ, Konijnendijk CC (2021) What makes urban forest governance successful?—A study among Canadian experts. Urban For Urban Green 58:126901 Wirtz Z, Hagerman S, Hauer RJ, Konijnendijk CC (2021) What makes urban forest governance successful?—A study among Canadian experts. Urban For Urban Green 58:126901
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang K, Hu B (2012) Individual urban tree species classification using very high spatial resolution airborne multi-spectral imagery using longitudinal profiles. Remote Sens 4:1741–1757CrossRef Zhang K, Hu B (2012) Individual urban tree species classification using very high spatial resolution airborne multi-spectral imagery using longitudinal profiles. Remote Sens 4:1741–1757CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhen Z, Quackenbush LJ, Zhang L (2016) Trends in automatic individual tree crown detection and delineation—evolution of LiDAR data. Remote Sens 8:333CrossRef Zhen Z, Quackenbush LJ, Zhang L (2016) Trends in automatic individual tree crown detection and delineation—evolution of LiDAR data. Remote Sens 8:333CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Smart Urban Forestry: Is It the Future?
verfasst von
Stephan Pauleit
Natalie Gulsrud
Susanne Raum
Hannes Taubenböck
Tobias Leichtle
Sabrina Erlwein
Thomas Rötzer
Mohammad Rahman
Astrid Moser-Reischl
Copyright-Jahr
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03803-7_10