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2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Social Reform Collaborations and Gendered Academization: Three Swedish Social Science Couples at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

verfasst von : Dr. Per Wisselgren, Ph.D.

Erschienen in: For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences

Verlag: Springer Basel

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Abstract

“The chapter focuses on three social science couples in Sweden at the turn of the twentieth century, of which the men are all well-known as pioneers of academic economics and sociology: Knut Wicksell, Gustaf Steffen, and Gustav Cassel. Far less known in the history of the social sciences are their wives: Anna Wicksell, Oscara Steffen, and Johanna Cassel. Hence, the basic questions posed in this context are if and, if so, how they contributed to their husbands’ careers? By doing so, the essay emphasizes, on the one hand, the “private,” gender-relational and routinized everyday practices of scientific knowledge production and, on the other hand, its wider historical, social and cultural contexts. The main argument developed is that such a perspective highlights the cognitive role of the contemporary social reform movement as an arena, which offered collaborative spaces for male as well as female initiatives important to the academization of social science. But it is also shown that the movement at the same time was a social and cultural context where traditional gender values and practices were both reproduced and reconstructed.”

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Vorheriges Kapitel A Model Collaborative Couple in Genetics: Anna Rachel Whiting and Phineas Westcott Whiting’s Study of Sex Determination in Habrobracon

Nächstes Kapitel Social Science Couples in Britain at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Gender Divisions in Work and Marriage

For studies on the importance of the social reform movements for the rise of social science, see e.g. Maurine Greenwald and Margo Anderson, eds., Pittsburgh Surveyed: Social Science and Social Reform in the Early Twentieth Century (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996); Eileen Yeo, The Contest for Social Science: Relations and Representations of Gender and Class (London: Rivers Oram, 1996); Lawrence Goldman, Science, Reform and Politics in Victorian Britain: the Social Science Association, 1857–1886 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Janet R. Horne, A Social Laboratory for Modern France: the Musée Social and the Rise of the Welfare State (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002); Alice O’Connor, Social Science for What?: Philanthropy and the Social Question in a World Turned Rightside Up (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007).

For a comparative study of the two social reform-oriented organizations Verein für Sozialpolitik and Fabian Society that discusses the importance of the different national institutional contexts, see Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Ronan Van Rossem, “The Verein für Sozialpolitik and the Fabian Society: A Study in the Sociology of Policy-Relevant Knowledge,” in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds., States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 117–162.

See Rebekah Higgitt and Charles W. J. Withers, “Science and Sociability: Women as Audience at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831–1901,” Isis 99 (2008), 23, on the role of the BAAS meetings’ “as a space for courtship or even as a marriage market.”

The mentioned definition of “social science couples” – as couples where both partners shared a commitment for the social questions and where at least one of them was directly involved in the emerging social sciences – is consciously broad and adjusted to this specific context, primarily for methodological reasons, that is, in order not to exclude and disqualify actors in beforehand which indirectly contributed to the production of social science knowledge in this early formative phase. Whether the couples collaborated or not, and if so how and to which extent, is consequently not a criteria for qualifying as a “social science couples,” according to this definition, but an empirical question. For a discussion of different types of spousal collaboration in the sciences, see e.g. Helena M. Pycior, Nancy G. Slack, and Pnina G. Abir-Am, “Introduction,” in Helena M. Pycior, Nancy G. Slack, and Pnina G. Abir-Am, eds., Creative Couples in the Sciences (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1996), p. 8. “Social science” refers in this context to academic social science. Other social science couples in the contemporary social reform movement in Sweden are G. H. von Koch and Carola Sahl; Ernst Beckman and Louise Woods Beckman; Anton Nyström and Louise Hamilton; Eli F. Heckscher and Ebba Westberg. See Annika Berg, Christina Florin and Per Wisselgren, eds., Par i vetenskap och politik: Intellektuella äktenskap i moderniteten (Umeå: Boréa Bokförlag, 2011), p. 371, note 6.

Eileen Yeo, Contest for Social Science (ref. 1), p. 211; Eileen Yeo, “Feminizing the Citizen: British Sociology’s Sleight of Hand,” in Barbara L. Marshall and Anne Witz, eds., Engendering the Social: Feminist Encounters with Soiological Theory (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2004); and Eileen Yeo, “Social Science Couples in Britain at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Gender Divisions in Work and Marriage,” this volume. See also Alan M. McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles: The Bosanquets versus the Webbs: A Study in British Social Policy, 1890–1929 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987).

See Susan Hoecker-Drysdale, “Sociologists in the Vineyard: The Careers of Helen MacGill Hughes and Everett Cherrington Hughes,” in Pycior, Slack, and Abir-Am, Creative Couples (ref. 4), pp. 220–231; Mary Jo Deegan, “The Human Drama Behind the Study of People as Potato Bugs: The Curious Marriage of Robert E. Park and Clara Cahill Park,” Journal of Classical Sociology 6 (2006), pp. 101–122; Theresa Wobbe and Claudia Honegger, eds., Frauen in der Soziologie: Neun Portraits (München: Beck, 1998).

Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1982), p. xvi; see Helene Silverberg, “Introduction: Toward a Gendered Social Science History,” in Helene Silverberg, ed., Gender and American Social Science: The Formative Years (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 3–32.

Although Swedish universities were opened for women students from 1870, the first woman to obtain a doctoral degree in the social sciences was Margit Cassel (afterwards Wohlin, 1897–1994) – also the daughter of Gustav and Johanna Cassel – who received her title from Stockholm University College in 1925. It would take another two decades before Gerd Enequist (1903–1989) became the first female social science professor when she was appointed the chair in cultural and economic geography at Uppsala University in 1949. The economist Karin Kock received the professorial title 2 years earlier but she was mainly active outside the academic sphere. See Tord Rönnholm, Kunskapens kvinnor: Sekelskiftets studentskor i mötet med den manliga universitetsvärlden (Umeå: Umeå University, 1999); Hanna Markusson Winkvist, Som isolerade öar: De lagerkransade kvinnorna och akademin under 1900-talets första hälft (Eslöv: B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, 2003); Kirsti Niskanen, Karriär i männens värld: Nationalekonomen och feministen Karin Kock (Stockholm: SNS förlag, 2007).

Pnina G. Abir-Am, “Series Foreword,” in Pycior, Slack, and Abir-Am, Creative Couples (ref. 4), p. x, and Pycior, Slack, and Abir-Am, “Introduction” (ref. 4), p. 8.

Some other social science professors of the “breakthrough” generation are Pontus Fahlbeck, Rudolf Kjellén, Gustav Sundbärg, Otto Nordenskjöld, Eli Heckscher, Gösta Bagge and Nils Wohlin. See e.g. Oskar Pettersson, Politisk vetenskap och vetenskaplig politik: Studier i svensk statsvetenskap kring 1900 (Uppsala: Department of history of science and ideas, 2003); Ylva Hasselberg, Industrisamhällets förkunnare: Eli Heckscher, Arthur Montgomery, Bertil Boëthius och svensk ekonomisk historia 1920–1950 (Hedemora/Möklinta: Gidlund, 2007); David Östlund, “Makarna Heckscher: Växelverkan, bildning, sak och person,” in Berg, Florin and Wisselgren, eds., Par i vetenskap och politik (ref. 4), chapter 6.

Per Wisselgren, Samhällets kartläggare: Lorénska stiftelsen, den sociala frågan och samhällsvetenskapens formering 1830–1920 (Stockholm/Stehag: B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, 2000), p. 210.

Gustaf F. Steffen, Sociala studier: Försök till belysning af nutidens samhällsutveckling. Första häftet: I. Den modärna samhällsomdaningen (Stockholm: Geber, 1905).

K. Wicksell to A. Wicksell, January 15, 1915. Quoted from Torsten Gårdlund, The Life of Knut Wicksell, translated from the Swedish by Nancy Adler (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1958), p. 264.

Gustav Cassel, I förnuftets tjänst: En ekonomisk självbiografi 1–2 (Stockholm: Bokförlaget Natur och Kultur, 1940–41), pp. 14, 18, 48.

See e.g. Jennifer Platt, “‘Acting as a Switchboard’: Mrs. Ethel Sturges Dummer’s Role in Sociology,” The American Sociologist, 23 (1992), pp. 23–36; Yeo, Contest for Social Science (ref. 1); Silverberg, Gender and American Social Science (ref. 7); Wobbe and Honegger, Frauen in der Soziologie (ref. 6); Sanja Magdalenic, Gendering the Sociology Profession: Sweden, Britain and the U.S. (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2004).

“Collaboration” will not be restricted to the narrow and strictly job-focused meaning, for at least two reasons which relate to the perspective applied in this context, firstly, since I will not regard the professional and the private as separate spheres but contrarily make a point of their intertwinedness, secondly since I will argue that it is important not to anachronistically overemphasize the boundary between social science and social reform. From these two arguments follows that e.g. an article in a social reform journal, a public lecture on population and marriage issues and a membership in a reform-oriented association are to be regarded not as external in relation to academic social science but as closely related activites, and that the caring of children, type-writing, editing, secretarial duties and moral support, all could be seen as parts of strategies for how to create everyday routines in order to achieve balance between family and work. See Pycior, Slack, and Abir-Am, “Introduction” (ref. 4), p. 8.

Regarding the wider historical, social and cultural contexts, see e.g. Yeo, Contest for Social Science (ref. 1) and R.W. Connell, “Why Is Classical Theory Classical?,” The American Journal of Sociology 102 (1997), 1511–1557. Regarding the relational perspective, see e.g. Raewyn Connell, Gender in World Perspective, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009), p. 10; R.W. Connell and James W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept,” Gender and Society 10 (2005), 848; Yvonne Svanström, and Kjell Östberg, eds., Än män då? Kön och feminism i Sverige under 150 år (Stockholm: Atlas, 2004), p. 10; Christina Florin, Kvinnor får röst: Kön, känslor och politisk kultur i kvinnornas rösträttsrörelse (Stockholm: Atlas, 2006), pp. 170–213. Regarding the shaping and reproduction of gender as a “routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interactions,” see Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, “Doing gender,” Gender & Society 1 (1987), 125–151, and for a development of the same theoretical perspective into a more explicitly gender-relational and couples-focused perspective, see Björn Halleröd, Capitolina Díaz and Janet Stocks, “Doing Gender While Doing Couple: Concluding Remarks,” in Janet Stocks, Capitolina Díaz-Martínez and Björn Halleröd, eds., Modern Couples Sharing Money, Sharing Life (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 143–155.

See Thomas F. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Wolf Lepenies, Between Literature and Science: The Rise of Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850, rev. ed., (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 13. See Florin, Kvinnor får röst (ref. 17), p. 173.

Londa Schiebinger, Has Feminism Changed Science? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1999), p. 93 (emphasis in original).

See Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorina Outram, “Introduction,” in Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorina Outram, eds., Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987), p. 4; Pycior, Slack, and Abir-Am, “Introduction” (ref. 4), p. 4; Sven Widmalm, Det öppna laboratoriet: Uppsalafysiken och dess nätverk 1853–1910 (Stockholm: Atlantis, 2001), pp. 320–321.

The standard account is Torsten Gårdlund’s biography, The Life of Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), originally published in Swedish under the title: Knut Wicksell: Rebell i det nya riket (Stockholm: Bonnier, 1956), also available in a newer facsimile edition under the same title by SNS Förlag, 1990. For new editions of his writings, see Knut Wicksell, Stridsskrifter och samhällsekonomiska analyser, i urval och med en introduktion av Richard Swedberg (Stockholm: City Univ. Press, 1998), and Knut Wicksell, Att uppfostra det svenska folket: Knut Wicksells opublicerade manuskript, samlade och redigerade av Lars Jonung, Torun Hedlund-Nyström, Christina Jonung (Stockholm: SNS förl., 2001).

See e.g. Tore Frängsmyr, Svensk idéhistoria: Bildning och vetenskap under tusen år. D. 2, 1809–2000 (Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2000), pp. 143–147. Regarding Wicksell’s civil courage, see Rickard Swedberg, “Civil Courage (Zivilcourage): The Case of Knut Wicksell,” Theory and Society 28 (1999), 501–528.

Liv Wicksell Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell: En kvinna före sin tid (Malmö: Liber Förlag, 1985). See also Florin, Kvinnor får röst (ref. 17), pp. 53–83. There are also a few studies that have focused and commented on the Wicksells as a couple, see Christina Florin, “Män som strategi: Rösträttskvinnornas informella vägar till det politiska medborgarskapet,” in Svanström and Östberg, eds., Än män då?, pp. 53–83; Lars Jonung, “Inledning” in Wicksell, Att uppfostra det svenska folket (ref. 22), p. 15; Christina Jonung’s review of Nordqvist’s biography, in Ekonomisk Debatt 7/86, pp. 583–586; Christina Jonung and Inga Persson, “Anna and Knut,” in Christina Jonung and Inga Persson, eds., Economics of the Family and Family Policies: A Selection of Papers from the 15th Arne Ryde Symposium on Economics of Gender and the Family (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 3–9.

For a contemporary report from the meeting, see “Det nordiska kvinnosaksmötet i Köpenhamn den 14, 15 och 16 juli 1888,” Framåt, 17–18/1888, pp. 204–211, and 19–20/1888, pp. 225–226.

Quoted from Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 9. See Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), pp. 122–123.

See Kari Melby, Anu Pylkkänen, Bente Rosenbeck and Christina Carlsson Wetterberg, Inte ett ord om kärlek: Äktenskap och politik i Norden ca 1850–1930 (Göteborg: Makadam, 2006), p. 194; see Berg, Florin and Wisselgren, Par i vetenskap och politik (ref. 4), pp. 25–26.

Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), pp. 102–128.

Quoted from Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 149. See Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 115.

See Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 191.

Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 117; Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), pp. 124 and 227–8.

Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 125–126. The article was published in the new Norwegian journal Samtiden.

Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 355.

A. Wicksell to H. Öhrvall, quoted from Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 117.

Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 165.

See e.g. the correspondence between Anna Wicksell and the Steffens: A. Wicksell to G. Steffen, June 18, 1899; October 27, 1899; and December 18, 1899, Gothenburg University Library (hereafter: GUB), file H47:12.

A. Wicksell to K. Wicksell in the fall 1896, quoted from Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 168.

Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 111.

Anna Bugge Wicksell, Fredsrörelsen: En framställning af de modärna sträfvandena att ersätta krig med skiljedom (Stockholm: Bonnier, 1893). See Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), pp. 127–132; C. Jonung in Ekonomisk Debatt (ref. 24), p. 584; Nordqvist, Anna Bugge Wicksell (ref. 24), p. 117.

Florin, Kvinnor får röst (ref. 17), p. 80; Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), p. 325.

L. Jonung, “Inledning” (ref. 24), p. 15; C. Jonung in Ekonomisk Debatt (ref. 24), p. 584; Jonung and Persson, “Anna and Knut” (ref. 24), pp. 3–9.

C. Jonung in Ekonomisk Debatt (ref. 24), p. 585. See L. Jonung, “Inledning” (ref. 24), p. 15, and Gårdlund, Knut Wicksell (ref. 13), pp. 265–6, 328.

C. Jonung in Ekonomisk Debatt (ref. 24), p. 585.

See ref. 13.

At least not today. In his own time, however, Steffen was held in international respect by his contemporaries. See Harry Elmer Barnes and Howard Becker, Social Thought from Lore to Science (1938; New York: Dover, 3rd ed., 1961), pp. 947–948, were Steffen was treated most extensively of the 30 different Swedes mentioned. On the reception of Steffen, see Anna Larsson and Per Wisselgren, “The Historiography of Swedish Sociology and the Bounding of Disciplinary Identity,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 42 (2006), 159–176.

Åke Lilliestam, Gustaf Steffen: Samhällsteoretiker och idépolitiker (Göteborg: Akademiförlaget-Gumperts, 1960); Henrik Klackenberg, Studier i Steffens sociologi med särskild hänsyn till Bergsons filosofi, unpublished fil. licentiat-paper in Practical Philosophy (Lund: Lund University, 1931); Ingalill Eriksson, “Den svenska sociologins dolda historia – fallet Gustaf Steffen,” Sociologisk Forskning 3/1994, pp. 44–56; Per Wisselgren, “Sociologin som inte blev av?: Gustaf Steffen och tidig svensk socialvetenskap,” Sociologisk Forskning 2–3 (1997), pp. 75–116; Wisselgren, Samhällets kartläggare (ref. 11), chs. 2, 8 and the epilogue; Larsson and Wisselgren, “The Historiography of Swedish Sociology” (ref. 45), pp. 159–176.

Lilliestam, Gustaf Steffen (ref. 46), pp. 35–36.

Regarding Blanche von Sydow’s engagements in the local welfare societies, see the members of the boards, listed by Brand- och Lifföräkrings-Aktiebolaget SVEA, 1899 and 1907, respectively: http://www.stockholmskallan.se/php/fupload/SMF/SSMB_0023983_1899_42.pdf and http://www.stockholmskallan.se/php/fupload/SMF/SD/SSMB_0023983_1907_59.pdf (accessed June 3, 2009).

Lilliestam, Gustaf Steffen (ref. 46), p. 35. Regarding the secret engagement, se O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, June 3, 1883, GUB H47: 161A.

The correspondence includes c. 150 letters or c. 1,000 pages in both directions, GUB H47:161. I have browsed the whole correspondence, and looked for passages that illuminate the role of Oscara. Although the knowledge about Gustaf Steffen, his ideas and social contacts is relatively well-researched (see ref. 46), there is still not much known about Oscara, the person who stood closest to him. This short essay is just a small contribution; there are definitely much more to be said about her, and much more to be analyzed in this rich correspondence.

See Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, “Doing Gender” (ref. 17), and Halleröd, Díaz and Stocks, “Doing Gender While Doing Couple” (ref. 17). Although Halleröd et al. emphasizes the importance of the accomplished everyday routines for the shaping and reproduction of gender, I would like to argue that it is both possible and plausible to interpret this correspondence in terms of a “doing gender, doing couple” approach, by making a point out of the frequence of the letters, that they together have the character of an almost daily conversation, anchored in and reflecting their practical everyday experiences, but also due to the fact that this odd, living-far-apart-situation, in combination with the very soon-to be-united-character of their situation, actually gives us reason to speak in terms of an unusual clear example of that kind of practical and explicit negotiations, which Halleröd, Díaz and Stocks admit takes place, not very often, but in situations when crucial decisions have to be made in order to maintain the couple, as when people give up careers, change jobs, or move from one city to another. The very situation for the Steffens was exactly that kind of situation, which makes it reasonable to speak in terms of doing couple by way of negotiation.

G. Steffen to G. E. Klemming, December 20, 1885, National Library of Sweden (KB), Ep K3.

Ibid.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, October 12, 1886 and November 27, 1886, GUB H47:161B.

Reformdrägten: En bok för qvinnor af qvinnor, Öfv. från eng. af O. v. S., med 2:ne inledande uppsatser af H. Winge och C. Wallis (Stockholm: Looström and K., 1885). Regarding Oscaras education, see O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, January 10, 1887, GUB H47:161A, and G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, February 5, 1886, GUB H47:161.

O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, May 8, 1886, GUB H47:161A, and G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, May 13, 1886, GUB H47:161B.

Gunnel Hazelius-Berg, “Dräktreformer under 1800-talet,” Fataburen: Nordiska museets och Skansens årsbok 1949 (Stockholm: Nordiska museet, 1949), pp. 139–140; Gurli Linder, Sällskapsliv i Stockholm under 1880- och 1890-talen: Några minnesbilder (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1918), pp. 144–149.

Curt Wallis, “Något om qvinnodrägten från social synpunkt,” Reformdrägten (Stockholm: Looström and K., 1885), pp. xii–xiii.

Hazelius-Berg, “Dräktreformer” (ref. 57), p. 139.

Patricia A. Cunningham, Reforming Women’s Fashion, 1850–1920: Politics, Health, and Art (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), p. 100.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, May 13, 1886, GUB H47:161B, and O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, June 5, 1886, GUB H47:161B.

Regarding Gustaf Steffen’s project with Strindberg, see A. Strindberg to G. Steffen, August 4, 8, 10 and 24, 1886, GUB H47:10. Regarding Oscara’s involvements, see G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, February, 5 and 25, March 22, and July 2, 1886, GUB H47:161B, and G. Steffen to G. E. Klemming, February 12, 1886, KB Ep K3:11.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, May 13, 1886, GUB H47:161B, and O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, June 15, 1886, H47:161A.

See e.g. Gustaf F. Steffen, “Kvinnofrågan och sedlighet,” Framåt, 21–24/1888, and Gustaf F. Steffen, “Kvinnans nya sociala funktioner,” in Steffen, Sociala studier (ref. 12), pp. 49–57.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, May 13 and 27, 1886, GUB H47:161B.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, June 9, 1886, GUB H47:161.

G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, June 9 and July 2, 1886, GUB H47:161.

O. von Sydow to G. Steffen June 15, 1886, GUB H47:161.

O. von Sydow to G. Steffen, November 5, 1887, GUB H47:161.

The correspondence between Gustaf and Oscara from the period 1892–1911 is archived in the collection GUB H1966:34. This collection is considerably more limited, and primarily consists of letters from Gustaf to Oscara, sent during his trips abroad.

British Library of Political and Economic Science (BLPES), Fabian Society Archive C/55/2 Printed lists of members 1890–1906. In 1891 the number of members was less than 500, of which 1/5 were women, at least half of them together with their husbands. In the local Hampstead-group, which assembled 14 members, four were women, including the Secretary miss Brook. Regarding Steffens contacts with Kropotkin, see letter from Petr Kropotkin to Oscara Steffen 20 November 1911, GUB H47:13; and Johan Lindström Saxon, En tidningsmans minnen (Stockholm: Nutiden, 1918), p. 16, which includes a paragraph on a visit to Kropotkin together with Steffen.

O. to K. and A. Wicksell, October 22, 1899, Lund University Library (LUB), the Wicksell collection, vol. 35.

See e.g. O. to K. and A. Wicksell, October 3, 1898, November 25, 1898, and October 22, 1899, LUB Wicksell’s collection, Vol. 35.

Knut Wicksell-Hjalmar Öhrvall 17 September 1887, LUB.

Wisselgren, Samhällets kartläggare (ref. 11), p. 220.

A. Wicksell to G. Steffen, December 18–19, 1899, GUB H47:12.

O. von Sydow to K. and A. Wicksell, March 3, 1898, November 25, 1898, and October 22, 1899, LUB Wicksells samling, Vol. 35.

G. Steffen to K. Wicksell, June 30, 1900, LUB Wicksell’s collection, Vol. 35 (emphasis in original).

Widmalm, Det öppna laboratoriet (ref. 21), pp. 320–321. See Ann B. Shteir, “Botany in the Breakfast Room: Women and Early Nineteenth-Century British Plant Study,” in Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorina Outram, eds., Uneasy careers (ref. 21), pp. 31–43, for another striking example of the family-centered character of nineteenth century botanical research.

Lilliestam, Gustaf Steffen (ref. 46), pp. 87ff.

Interview Mona-Lisa Hedén, November 24, 1990.

Ref. 12.

See Benny Carlson, Staten som monster: Gustav Cassels och Eli F Heckschers syn på statens roll och tillväxt (Lund: Ekonomisk-historiska fören., 1988), available in English: The State as a Monster: Gustav Cassel and Eli Heckscher on the Role and Growth of the State (Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America, 1994); Lars Magnusson, “Gustav Cassel, popularizer and enigmatic Walrasian,” in Bo Sandelin, ed., The History of Swedish Economic Thought (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 122–40; Bertil Ohlin’s entry to Svensk Biografiskt Lexikon, bd 7 (Stockholm: Bonniers, 1927); Gunnar Myrdal, “Gustav Casel: Porträtt till hundraårsminnet av hans födelse,” Svenska Dagbladet, October 20, 1966; Cassel, I förnuftets tjänst (ref. 14); Ingrid Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel: En livsskildring (Stockholm: Natur och Kultur, 1948).

The most extensive portrait of Johanna Cassel is offered by Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), pp. 90–113. See also Ingrid Giöbel-Lilja’s autobiography, Att gå i gräsen: Kvinna i 1900-talet (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1979), pp. 131–199. In Gustav’s own memoirs in two volumes, I förnuftets tjänst (ref. 14), the absence of Johanna is striking. She is mentioned a few times, e.g. together with the children Margit and Arne regarding their move to Berlin in 1898 and in relation to his visit at Krapotkin in London in the summer 1902, pp. 14, 18 and 49. At the National Library of Sweden (KB), where Gustav Cassel’s scientific papers are archived, the records of Johanna are few, too. In a later accession, no. 1974/50, the daughter Margit has typewritten several letters from Johanna to Margit and the oldest son Arne and compiled a 90-pages compendium. However, these letters cover only the period 1911–1936 and are edited.

See e.g. Sven E. O. Hort, Social policy and welfare state in Sweden (Lund: Arkiv, 1993), p. 64; Lennart Lundquist, Fattigvårdsfolket: Ett nätverk i den sociala frågan 1900–1920 (Lund: Lund Univ. Press, 1997), p. 90; Agnes Wirén, G. H. von Koch: Banbrytare i svensk socialvård (Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren, 1980), p. 110; Kajsa Ohrlander, I barnens och nationens intresse: Socialliberal reformpolitik 1903–1930 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1992), pp. 55–59. About Gustav Cassel’s work with Socialpolitik, see Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 160.

Gustav Cassel, “Social bildning,” in G.H. von Koch, ed., Social handbok (Stockholm: Aktiebolaget Ljus, 1908), pp. 1–3, and G.H. von Koch, “Social arbete,” in von Koch, Social handbok, pp. 3–7.

Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 101.

Johanna Cassel, “Whitlockska samskolan,” in Ebba Heckscher, Några drag ur den svenska flickskolans historia, under fleres medverkan samlade (Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, 1914), pp. 106–110. Thanks to David Östlund for recommending this book!

Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 90.

Regarding the engagement, see J. Cassel to A. Cassel, November 10, 1920, KB Acc. 1974/50. Regarding their marriage, see Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 107.

Margit Cassel, “Personuppgifter om familjen Cassel” in KB Acc. 1974/50. Regarding the children, see Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), pp. 125, 129, 174 and 184.

Ibid., pp. 186, 122–123 and 338.

Wisselgren, Samhällets kartläggare (ref. 11), pp. 222–224.

See e.g. letters from J. Cassel to E. Holmlund, June 9 and July 31, 1899, February 8 and November 8, 1901, in the private archive of the family, where Johanna tells Eugenie how she is writing memory notes, taking dictation and constructing tables for Gustav. At two occasions she even wrote popular articles for a Swedish newspaper – in his name. See J. Cassel to E. Holmlund, November 20 and 26, December 7, 1900. I am most grateful to Mats and Olof Åkerlund for giving me access to these letters. The articles were published in Göteborgs Handelstidning, November 9 and December 5, 1900.

Johanna Cassel, “Stockholms sömmerskor,” Social tidskrift 1903, pp. 162–165.

Johanna Cassel, “Samhällets utvecklingslinier: Furst Krapotkins sociala reformtankar,” Social tidskrift 1904, pp. 194–201, 235–239, 271–277, 295–300.

Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 165.

Cassel, I förnuftets tjänst (ref. 14), p. 49.

Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), p. 166 (emphasis in original).

100

Ibid., p. 165.

101

See J. Cassel to M. and L. Cassel, February 1, March 5 and September 13, 1921, KB acc. 1974/50.

102

See Giöbel-Lilja, Gustav Cassel (ref. 83), pp. 202, 176, 335–338.

103

Ibid., pp. 110–111.

104

E. Heckscher to G. Myrdal, April 23, 1945, KB L67:75:1. Thanks to David Östlund for showing me this letter.

105

See Östlund, “Makarna Heckscher” (ref. 4), chapter 6. See Ylva Hasselberg, Industrisamhällets förkunnare: Eli Heckscher, Arthur Montgomery, Bertil Boëthius och svensk ekonomisk historia 1920–1950 (Hedemora/Möklinta: Gidlund, 2007), 53.

106

See note 76.

107

See Ron Eyerman & Andrew Jamison, Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), pp. 55–59.

108

See West and Zimmerman, “Doing Gender” (ref. 17), pp. 126–127, 129.

109

Linder, Sällskapsliv i Stockholm (ref. 57), pp. 25–26.

110

Ibid., pp. 14–15.

111

Ibid., p. 66.

112

Wirén, G. H. von Koch (ref. 85), p. 116.

113

Marika Hedin, Ett liberalt dilemma: Ernst Beckman, Emilia Broomé, G H von Koch och den sociala frågan 1880–1930 (Eslöv: Symposion, 2002), pp. 163–199.

114

Wirén, G. H. von Koch (ref. 85), pp. 232–234.

115

Halleröd, Díaz and Stocks, “Doing Gender While Doing Couple” (ref. 17), pp. 143–155.

116

See Whitney Chadwick and Isabelle de Courtivron, eds., Significant Others: Creativity and Intimate Partnership (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993), pp. 7–9, who make a point of the apparent diversity, complexity and fluid character of different models of partnership.

117

Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein, Women’s Two Roles: Home and Work (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956).

118

Quoted from G. Steffen to O. von Sydow, May 13, 1886, GUB H47:161B.

119

Ronny Ambjörnsson and Sverker Sörlin, eds., Obemärkta: Det dagliga livets idéer (Stockholm: Carlsson, 1995).

Titel: Social Reform Collaborations and Gendered Academization: Three Swedish Social Science Couples at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
verfasst von: Dr. Per Wisselgren, Ph.D.
Verlag: Springer Basel
Buch: For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-0285-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-0348-0286-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0286-4_8

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