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Introductory Chapter: An Interweaving to Be Formalized, the Biosphere Faced with the Relationship Between the Human and the Non-human Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

15. Socio-ecological Coviability Confronted with the Neoliberal System: The Peace Parks Experience (Southern Africa)

verfasst von : Nadia Belaidi

Erschienen in: Coviability of Social and Ecological Systems: Reconnecting Mankind to the Biosphere in an Era of Global Change

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In southern Africa, peace parks are being developed with the objective of preserving biodiversity, promoting socio-economic development and strengthening a culture of peace. The design of these transfrontier-protected areas offers an ideal configuration to restore the social link. In effect, these spaces tend to reconstruct ecological, cultural and social ties, therefore laying the foundations for a social valorization mechanism for the Human/Society/Nature bond that could create living/working rules able to ensure coviability. Our case study concerns the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier conservation area, the largest transfrontier protected area in the world (about 287,132 km2). As others peace parks in that zone, the case studied knows a neoliberal drift through international tourism, which leads to a denaturation of the initial scheme. These transformations question both the hold of the capitalist system on all spheres of human activity and its capacity to recover and digest innovations.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Social-ecological Coviability of the Protected Marine Areas in Brazil: Contradictions in the Co-management of Protected Marine Areas of Brazil to Policies for the Coviability of Social and Ecological Systems
Nächstes Kapitel Coviability in the Governance of Pastoral Systems, Permanence and Change. How Does the Governance of Pastoral Systems Appeal to the Coviability Concept?
Fußnoten
1
“Peace parks are about co-existence between humans and nature, about promoting regional peace and stability, conserving biodiversity and stimulating job creation by developing nature conservation as a land-use option”, Peace Parks – TFCAs, http://​www.​peaceparks.​org
 
2
The concept of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) was developed in 1998 and 1999 on the invitation of the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environment Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment synthesizes information from the scientific literature and relevant datasets and models that have undergone the test of counter review. It incorporates knowledge held by the private sector, practitioners, local communities and indigenous peoples. More than 1360 authors from 95 countries participated in it.
The evaluation focuses on the bonds between ecosystems and Man’s well-being. It particularly targets “ecosystem services.” The MEA deals with the full range of ecosystems (a dynamic complex composed of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the surrounding dead nature interacting as a functional unit). It extends from relatively intact ecosystems such as forests, landscapes controlled by human exploitation, to ecosystems under intensive human control and undergoing modifications due to man’s actions affecting, such as agricultural lands and urban landscapes for example. The services that ecosystems provide consist in the benefits that humans derive from them. These include sampling services such as food, water, timber, and fiber. They also include regulatory services that affect climate, flooding, disease, waste, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; self-maintenance services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and the nutrient cycle.
 
3
Berg P., 2001, “Aux sources du biorégionalisme” interview by A. de Benoist and M. Marmin, Elément, n°100; Berg P. and Dasmann R.,1977, “Reinhabiting California”, The Ecologist, vol. 7, n°10, pp. 399–401; SALE K., 1985, Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision, Sierra Club, San Francisco; ALEXANDER D., 1990, “Bioregionalism: Science or Sensibility”, Environmental Ethics, 12, 2, pp. 161–173; M. McGinnis (ed), 1999, Bioregionalism, Routledge, London and New York. For a review, S. Frenkel, 1994, “Old Theories in new Places? Environmental Determinism and Bioregionalism”, Association of American Geographers, 46, 3, pp. 289–295; Meredith D., 2005, “The Bioregion as a Communitarian Micro-region (and its limitations)”, Ethics Place and Environment, Vol. 8, n°1, pp. 83–94.
 
4
For a transfrontier application, Belaïdi N., 2009. “Le Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park: une gestion régionalisée de la biodiversité au service du développement?”, Echogéo, n° 7/2008, décembre 2008-février 2009, “Les nouveaux enjeux régionaux dans l’océan Indien occidental”, Thibaud B. (dir.), http://​echogeo.​revues.​org/​8523; BELAÏDI N., 2008. “Entre terre et eau, la gestion du delta de l’Okavango: un mécanisme d’ordre public écologique?”, Cahiers d’anthropologie du Droit, Foncier et environnement en Afrique. Des acteurs au(x) droit(s), O. Barrière et A. Rochegude (dir.), pp. 189–214; Belaïdi N. 2008. “L’eau en milieu aride entre survie des populations et équilibre des écosystèmes” in Serfati C. (dir.), Une économie politique de la sécurité, Paris, Karthala, pp. 189–198.
 
5
For capitalism (the most developed form of commodity production), a good or a service that cannot be converted into a commodity has no value since it does not contribute towards the accumulation of capital, which is the objective and motor of the economy. Capitalism considers ecological destruction to be inevitable collateral damage (destined to be eventually reduced), or worse still, as “externalities” since they do not enter into market calculations and are therefore not taken into account in the capital accumulation process. Godelier M., “Transition” in Bensussan G. et LABICA G., Dictionnaire critique du Marxisme, PUF, Paris, 1982. See for an example applied to climate change, Stern N., The Economics of Climate Change. The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
 
6
According to the Bantu philosophies of sub-Saharan Africa, the word UBUNTU refers to the term “humanity”. It is better understood in the sentence: “umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu”: man becomes man only by and with other men, Republic of South Africa, Truth and reconciliation commission, Report, vol. 1, chap. 5, p. 128.
 
7
It should be distinguished from the “Peace Park” of the United Nations University for Peace, which designates protected areas whose history has been marked by conflicts whether or not these areas are in a transfrontier location, such as the memorial monuments at the Nagasaki or Hiroshima Peace Parks.
 
8
Historically, the South West African People’s Organization is a Namibian union that has become an armed separatist movement. It has been Namibia’s main political party since independence in 1990.
 
9
Until 2002, the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) was essentially a military force that fought during the Angolan civil war against the regime of the People’s Republic of Angola. It then renounced the armed struggle and showed itself in favor of the democratic process. It is now the 2nd biggest party in the country.
 
10
“For the execution of the objectives expressed in this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to uphold the following principles: […] b. advocacy for solidarity, peace and security within the KAZA TFCA;”, Article 1 of the treaty on the establishment of the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier conservation area, August 18th, 2011.»
 
11
Article 1 of the treaty on the establishment of the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier conservation area, August 18th, 2011.
 
12
With all the ambiguities and contradictions that the term contains, see for instance, Hajer M. A., 1995, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy process, Oxford University Press; Young S. C., 2000, The Emergence of Ecological Modernization: Integrating the Environment and the Economy? Routledge, London, 2000
 
13
In Zambia, the elephant is listed in Appendix I (Endangered Species) of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). An easily achievable objective would be to move it to Annex II (species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction but whose trade in specimens should be regulated to avoid an exploitation which is incompatible with their survival) and thus to harmonize its classification over the entire area.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Socio-ecological Coviability Confronted with the Neoliberal System: The Peace Parks Experience (Southern Africa)
verfasst von
Nadia Belaidi
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
Coviability of Social and Ecological Systems: Reconnecting Mankind to the Biosphere in an Era of Global Change

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78496-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-78497-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78497-7_15