3. Spinning Reserve Capacity Provision by the Optimal Fleet Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Technical and Social Aspects

In this chapter, the cooperation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and generation units in providing the spinning reserve capacity of power system is studied considering the technical and social aspects of problem. The objective function of problem is to minimize the total cost of problem by optimal fleet management (FM) of PEVs considering low, moderate, and high penetration levels for them. The drivers are stratified in three different social classes based on their income level including low-income, moderate-income, and high-income. The behavior of each social class of drivers is modeled based on the drivers’ reaction with respect to the value of incentive to provide the spinning reserve capacity and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power in normal condition and emergency, respectively. A sensitivity analysis is performed for the problem operation cost with respect to the value of incentive for each social class of drivers considering different PEV penetration levels. Additionally, the effects of unrealistic modelling of drivers’ social class on the problem results are studied.