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2011 | Buch

Advances on Modeling in Tissue Engineering

herausgegeben von: Paulo R. Fernandes, Paulo Jorge Bártolo

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Computational Methods in Applied Sciences

insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book presents a collection of chapters describing the state of the art on computational modelling and fabrication in tissue engineering.

Tissue Engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving scientists from different fields. The development of mathematical methods is quite relevant to understand cell biology and human tissues as well to model, design and fabricate optimized and smart scaffolds.

The chapter authors are the distinguished keynote speakers at the first Eccomas thematic conference on Tissue Engineering where the emphasis was on mathematical and computational modeling for scaffold design and fabrication. This particular area of tissue engineering, whose goal is to obtain substitutes for hard tissues such as bone and cartilage, is growing in importance.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Cell mechanics: The role of simulation
Abstract
Computer simulation is one of the most powerful tools available to the applied mechanician to understand the complexities of mechanical behavior. It has revolutionized design of virtually all man-made structures from aircraft and buildings to cell phones and computers. It has also become a relatively important tool in biomechanics and simulation of tissues and implants has become routine. Indeed we appear to be on the verge of patient specific simulation becoming a critical tool in orthopaedic and cardiovascular surgery. However, its use as a tool of basic science is much less clear. In this chapter we explore the potential for mechanical simulation to contribute to improve fundamental understanding of biology. We consider the challenges of creating a model of a mechanobiological system with experimental validation. We propose that the area of cell mechanics is a particular area where simulation can make critically important contributions to understanding basic physiology and pathology and outline potential areas of future advancement.
Christopher R. Jacobs, Daniel J. Kelly
Multiscale Modelling of Bone Tissue – Remodelling and Application to Scaffold Design
Abstract
In tissue engineering design it is in general hypothesised that the scaffold should provide a mechanical environment similar to the pre-degenerative one for initial function and have sufficient pore interconnectivity for cell migration and cell/gene delivery. In the case of bone tissue, the design of such scaffolds can be greatly improved by the knowledge of the bone adaptation pro9 cess thus facilitating the identification of scaffold microstructures compatible with the properties of real bone. In this chapter we present a multiscale model for bone adaptation that potentially can respond to some of the scaffold design requirements. The proposed model focuses on the two top scale levels of bone architecture. The macroscale (whole bone) characterized by the bone apparent density distribution and the microscale where the trabecular structure of bone in terms of its mechanical properties is characterized. At global scale bone is assumed as a continuum material characterized by equivalent mechanical properties. At local scale the bone trabecular anisotropy is approached by a locally periodic porous material. The relevance of incorporating a micro design scale relies on the possibility of controlling morphometric parameters that not only characterize trabecular structure, and thus can help the design of bone substitutes, but also allow a fine balance between bone tissue biological and mechanical functions.
Helder C. Rodrigues, Pedro G. Coelho, Paulo R. Fernandes
Nonlinear Elastic Scaffold Design, Modeling and Fabrication for Soft Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Biologic soft tissues exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior under physiologic forces. It is widely postulated that within tissue engineering, biomaterial scaffolds should be designed to replicate native tissue behavior. For soft tissue engineering, this implies that scaffolds should be designed to exhibit nonlinear elasticity. However, unlike linear elasticity, there is no single constitutive model for nonlinear elasticity. In this chapter, we discuss candidate strain energy functions that can be used to both model soft tissue behavior and biodegradable elastomer behavior. We further demonstrate how designed pore architecture not only reduces the tangent stiffness of nonlinear elastic biomaterials, but decreases the non14 linearity of such materials in accordance with known upper bounds on effective nonlinear elastic properties. Finally, we demonstrate that nonlinear elastic finite element analysis on porous scaffold unit cell models can be used to predict the effective nonlinear elastic properties of elastomeric scaffolds.
Scott J. Hollister, Claire G. Jeong, J. Jakob Schwiedrzik, Anna G. Mitsak, Heesuk Kang, Francesco Migneco
Computational techniques for selection of biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering
Abstract
Computational tools are nowadays an indispensable tool for engineering design. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field which so far has been mainly limited to experimental investigations. Here we present several examples of how computer models can be used in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds. Investigations of the effect of scaffold porosity, dissolution rate and/or scaffold material properties on processes such as cell differentiation, migration and angio genesis are presented. Current limitations and future perspectives in the develop ment and potential application of these models are described.
S. Checa, C. Sandino, D. P. Byrne, D. J. Kelly, D. Lacroix, P. J. Prendergast
Modelling bone tissue engineering. Towards an understanding of the role of scaffold design parameters
Abstract
Tissue engineering emerged in the beginning of 90’s as a new paradigm in medicine and life sciences. A number of successful results have been reported although the clinical practice has not been reached so far. One of the problems encountered in this methodology is the coordination among the different biophysical fields involved and the uncertain behaviour of a specific cell carrier, i.e, scaffolds in each application. Moreover, the role of the scaffold design in tissue regeneration is poorly understood and new protocols have to be tested over different tissues. In order to advance in the knowledge of the scaffold behaviour towards its functionality and to reduce animal experimentation, computer simulation may serve as a useful platform for scaffold design, once the models are sufficiently validated. In this framework, the potential of numerical simulation, based on a multiscale and multiphysic approach, is highlighted in this work. Furthermore, the role of scaffold microstructural anisotropy in bone tissue regeneration is analyzed using this approach.
José A. Sanz-Herrera, Manuel Doblaré, José M. García-Aznar
Geometric modeling and analysis of bone micro–structures as a base for scaffold design
Abstract
Bones consist of hierarchical bio-composite materials arranged in multi scale structural geometry. This structure is vulnerable to various damaging factors that may cause its degradation, such as accidents, medical operations and diseases. Imaging techniques can already provide highly detailed micro-features of a bone or even its complete volumetric micro-structure. A three-dimensional model of the bone can then be reconstructed and analyzed. However, current technology cannot precisely fix damaged bone tissue and can only roughly approximate such damaged structures by using scaffolds with standard geometry. This paper proposes a new method for creating natural scaffolds that can adapt according to location, size and shape. The method is based on constructing the scaffold as a 3D volumetric texture that imitates the irregular textural behavior of its surroundings. The method has the ability to create a smooth and continuous structure according to topological and geometrical characteristics. Moreover, the texture captures the stochastic and porous nature of the bone micro-structure. The resulting scaffold texture is tested by applying mechanical analysis to the new synthesized structure, thus controlling the mechanical properties of the reconstructed bone. We believe our method will help in customizing the design and fabrication of scaffolds for bone micro structures. Moreover, such scaffolds can facilitate the process of rehabilitating damaged bone.
Y. Holdstein, L. Podshivalov, A. Fischer
Electrospinning and Tissue Engineering
Abstract
We review how the process of generating scaffolds for tissue engineering using the process of electrospinning sits alongside other more established pro cedures for the preparation of scaffolds. We identify the key potential advantages of electrospinning for constructing scaffolds and we explore some of the remaining challenges. Several of these focus on the solvent and the desirability of using water for biological systems rather than highly volatile solvents such as those based on fluoroalcohols which lead, for example to the denaturing of collagen. We show how the control of temperature opens several opportunities as does the inclusion of additives to influence conductivity and viscosity. We show how the use of alternative electrode arrangements can lead to a control of the internal organisation with potential for property enhancement. It is reasonable to currently see electrospinning as an area dominated by experimental work but there is a growing computational element and we review how far such developments have reached and the potential for identifying new solutions for the application of electrospinning to tissue engineering.
Geoffrey R. Mitchell, Fred Davis
Biofabrication Strategies for Tissue Engineering
Abstract
The success of Tissue Engineering (TE) strongly relies on the capability of designing biomimetic scaffolds closely resembling the host tissue environment. Due to the functional multitude of the native tissues, the considerations are complex and include chemical, morphological, mechanical and biological factors and their mutability with time. Nonetheless, to trigger and/or assist the “natural healing mechanism’’ of the human body it seems essential to provide an appropriate biomechanical environment and biomolecular signalling to the cells. Novel biomanufacturing processes are increasingly being recognized as ideal techniques to produce 3D biodegradable structures with optimal pore size and spatial distribution, providing an adequate mechanical support for tissue regeneration while shaping in-growing tissues. In this chapter, we discuss in detail the most recent advances in the field of biofabrication, providing and updated overview of processes and materials employed in the production of tissue engineering constructs. Bioprinting or ‘’scaffold-less’’ strategies are also presented in this work. They are based on the precise deposition of high-density tissue spheroids or cell aggregates being advantageous alternatives to the current scaffold-based tissue engineering approach.
Paulo Jorge Bártolo, Marco Domingos, Tatiana Patrício, Stefania Cometa, Vladimir Mironov
Metadaten
Titel
Advances on Modeling in Tissue Engineering
herausgegeben von
Paulo R. Fernandes
Paulo Jorge Bártolo
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-007-1254-6
Print ISBN
978-94-007-1253-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1254-6