nach oben

Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Applications of Biodiesel By-products

verfasst von : Hajar Rastegari, Hossein Jazini, Hassan S. Ghaziaskar, Mohammad Yalpani

Erschienen in: Biodiesel

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter reviews the applications of biodiesel by-products. The biodiesel production process is predominantly carried out through transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. Besides the desirable methyl esters, this process provides other products including oil cake/meal, crude glycerol, methanol, and biodiesel wash-water. Oil cake/meal are solid residues obtained after oil extraction from the seeds. The by-product of the transesterification step is crude glycerol. To remove the impurities, crude methyl esters will be washed out which result in the biodiesel wash-water that is another potential by-product. Many applications are known for the aforementioned by-products and also the unreacted methanol. This chapter starts with a brief introduction on biodiesel process. It will continue with reviewing applications of biodiesel process’s by-products and unreacted methanol.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Biodiesel Purification and Upgrading Technologies

Nächstes Kapitel Economic Risk Analysis and Critical Comparison of Biodiesel Production Systems

Akunna JC, Bizeau C, Moletta R (1993) Nitrate and nitrite reductions with anaerobic sludge using various carbon sources: Glucose, glycerol, acetic acid, lactic acid and methanol. Water Res 27:1303–1312CrossRef

Alshelmani MI, Loh TC, Foo HL, Sazili AQ, Lau WH (2016) Effect of feeding different levels of palm kernel cake fermented by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842 on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Sci Technol 216:216–224CrossRef

Anitha M, Kamarudin SK, Kofli NT (2016) The potential of glycerol as a value-added commodity. Chem Eng J 295:119–130CrossRef

Antolin G, Tinaut FV, Briceno Y, Castano V, Perez C, Ramirez AI (2002) Optimization of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresource Technol 83:111–114CrossRef

Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN (2011) Refining technologies for the purification of crude biodiesel. Appl Energy 88:4239–4251CrossRef

Avasthi KS, Reddy RN, Patel S (2013) Challenges in the production of hydrogen from glycerol a biodiesel byproduct via steam reforming process. Procedia Eng 51:423–429CrossRef

Bagheri S, Julkapli NM, Yehye WA (2015) Catalytic conversion of biodiesel derived raw glycerol to value added products. Renew Sust Energy Rev 41:113–127CrossRef

Bano Z, Shashirekha MN, Rajarathnam S (1993) Improvement of the bioconversion and biotransformation efficiencies of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) by supplementation of its rice straw substrate with oil seed cakes. Enzyme Microb Technol 15:985–989CrossRef

Barik D, Murugan S (2015) Assessment of sustainable biogas production from de-oiled seed cake of karanja-an organic industrial waste from biodiesel industries. Fuel 148:25–31CrossRef

Beatrice C, Di Blasio G, Guido C, Cannilla C, Bonura G, Frusteri F (2014) Mixture of glycerol ethers as diesel bio-derivable oxy-fuel: Impact on combustion and emissions of an automotive engine combustion system. Appl Energy 132:236–247CrossRef

Bernat K, Kulikowska D, Uchniewski K (2015) Glycerine as a carbon source in nitrite removal and sludge production. Chem Eng J 267:324–331CrossRef

Berrios M, Skelton RL (2008) Comparison of purification methods for biodiesel. Chem Eng J 144:459–465CrossRef

Bodík I, Blštáková A, Sedlácek S, Hutnan M (2009) Biodiesel waste as source of organic carbon for municipal WWTP denitrification. Bioresource Technol 100:452–2456CrossRef

Cao P, Dube MA, Tremblay AY (2008) Methanol recycling in the production of biodiesel in a membrane reactor. Fuel 87:825–833CrossRef

Chavalparit O, Ongwandee M (2009) Optimizing electrocoagulation process for the treatment of biodiesel wastewater using response surface methodology. J Environ Sci 21:1491–1496CrossRef

Chen Y, Wang T, Shen N, Zhang F, Zeng RJ (2016) High-purity propionate production from glycerol in mixed culture fermentation. Bioresource Technol 219:659–667CrossRef

Climent MJ, Corma A, Iborra S (2014) Conversion of biomass platform molecules into fuel additives and liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Green Chem 16:516–547CrossRef

Coats ER, Loge FJ, Smith WA, Thompson DN, Wolcott MP (2007) Functional stability of a mixed microbial consortium producing PHA from waste carbon sources. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 136–140:909–925

Costa DD, Gomes AA, Fernandes M, da Costa Bortoluzzi RL, Magalhães MDLB, Skoronski E (2018) Using natural biomass microorganisms for drinking water denitrification. J Environ Manage 217:520–530CrossRef

Cyplik P, Juzwa W, Marecik R, Powierska-Czarny J, Piotrowska-Cyplik A, Czarny J, Drozdzynska A, Chrzanowski L (2013) Denitrification of industrial wastewater: influence of glycerol addition on metabolic activity and community shifts in a microbial consortium. Chemosphere 93:2823–2831CrossRef

Dabrock B, Bahl H, Gottschalk BY, Lee WJ, Chien LJ, Chang JS (2012) High yield biobutanol production by solvent-producing bacterial microflora. Bioresource Technol 113:58–64CrossRef

Daud NM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Yaakob Z (2015) Production of biodiesel and its wastewater treatment technologies: a review. Process Saf Environ Protect 94:487–508CrossRef

Di Serio MG, Lanza B, Mucciarella MR, Russi F, Iannucci E, Marfisi P, Madeo A (2008) Effects of olive mill wastewater spreading on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of soil. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 62:403–407CrossRef

El Diwani G, Attia NK, Hawash SI (2009) Development and evaluation of biodiesel fuel and by-products from jatropha oil. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6:219–224CrossRef

Encinar JM, Gonzalez JF, Rodriguez-Reinars A (2007) Ethanolysis of used frying oil: biodiesel preparation and characterization. Fuel Process Technol 88:513–522CrossRef

Farzana K, Shah SN, Butt FB, Awan SB (2005) Biosynthesis of bacitracin in solid state fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis using defatted oil seed cakes as substrate. Pak J Pharm Sci 18:55–57

Freitas TB, Felix TL, Pedreira MS, Silva RR, Silva FF, Silva HGO, Moreira BS (2017) Effects of increasing palm kernel cake inclusion in supplements fed to grazing lambs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 226:71–80CrossRef

Gallezot P (1997) Selective oxidation with air on metal catalysts. Catal Today 37:40–418CrossRef

Garcia E, Laca M, Perez E, Garrido A, Peinado J (2008) New class of acetal derived from glycerin as a biodiesel fuel component. Energy Fuel 22:4274–4280CrossRef

Gholami Z, Abdullah AZ, Lee KT (2014) Dealing with the surplus of glycerol production from biodiesel industry through catalytic upgrading to polyglycerols and other value added products. Renew Sust Energy Rev 39:327–341CrossRef

Gorji YM, Ghaziaskar HS (2016) Optimization of solketalacetin synthesis as a green fuel additive from ketalization of monoacetin with acetone. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:6904–6910CrossRef

Guerrero J, Tayà C, Guisasola A, Baeza JA (2011) Glycerol as a sole carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Water Res 46:2983–2991CrossRef

Gupta RC, Vaish SS, Singh RK, Singh NK, Singh KP (2005) Oil cakes as media for growing Catenaria anguillulae Sorokin, a facultative endoparasite of nematodes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:1181–1185CrossRef

Hamdi H, Majdoub-Mathlouthi L, Picard B, Listrat A, Durand D, Znaïdi IA, Kraiem K (2016) Carcass traits, contractile muscle properties and meat quality of grazing and feedlot Barbarine lamb receiving or not olive cake. Small Rumin Res 145:85–93CrossRef

Huber GW, Iborra S, Corma A (2006) Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem Rev 106:4044–4098CrossRef

Ilie A, Simoes M, Baranton S, Coutanceau C, Martemianov S (2011) Influence of operational parameters and of catalytic materials on electrical performance of direct glycerol solid alkaline membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 196:4965–4971CrossRef

Jabłoński SJ, Kułażyński M, Sikora I, Łukaszewicz M (2016) The influence of different pretreatment methods on biogas production from Jatropha curcas oil cake. J Environ Manage Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.001CrossRef

Jain MK, Datta R, Zeikus JG (1989) High value organic acids fermentation-emerging processes and products. Bioprocess Eng the first generation 36:6–398

Jaruwat P, Kongjao S, Hunsom M (2010) Management of biodiesel wastewater by the combined processes of chemical recovery and electrochemical treatment. Energy Convers Manag 51:531–537CrossRef

Johnson DT, Taconi KA (2007) The glycerin glut: Options for the value added conversion of crude glycerol resulting from biodiesel production. Environ Prog 26:338–348CrossRef

Kanchanasuta S, Pisutpaisal N (2016) Waste utilization of palm oil decanter cake on biogas fermentation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 41:15661–15666CrossRef

Kashyap P, Sabu A, Pandey A, Szakacs G, Soccol CR (2002) Extracellular L-glutaminase production by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under solid state fermentation. Process Biochem 38:307–312CrossRef

Katryniok B, Paul S, Bellière-Baca V, Rey P, Dumeignil F (2010) Glycerol dehydration to acrolein in the context of new uses of glycerol. Green Chem 12:2079–2098CrossRef

Khayoon MS, Hameed BH (2013) Yttrium-grafted mesostructured SBA-3 catalyst for the transesterification of glycerol with methyl acetate to synthesize fuel oxygenates. Appl Catal A: Gen 460:61–69CrossRef

Kolesarova N, Hutnan M, Bodik I, Spalkova V (2011) Utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogas production. J Biomed Biotechnol ID No. 126798

Lamers A (2009) Algae oil from small scale low input water remediation site as feedstock for biodiesel conversion. Guelph Eng J 2:24–38

Len C, Luque R (2014) Continuous flow transformations of glycerol to valuable products: an overview. Sust Chem Process 2:1–10CrossRef

Leung DYC, Wu X, Leung MKH (2010) A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl Energy 87:1083–1095CrossRef

Lopez JAS, Santos MAM, Perez AFC, Martin AM (2009) Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresource Technol 100:5609–5615CrossRef

Low SC, Gan GK, Cheong KT (2011) Separation of methyl ester from water in a wet neutralization process. J Sustain Energy Environ 2:15–19

Lucchetti R, Onotri L, Clarizia L, Di Natale F, Di Somma I, Andreozzi R, Marotta R (2017) Removal of nitrate and simultaneous hydrogen generation through photocatalytic reforming of glycerol over in situ prepared zero-valent nano copper/P25. Appl Catal B: Environ 202:539–549CrossRef

Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource Technol 70:1–15CrossRef

Mahanta N, Gupta A, Khare SK (2008) Production of protease and lipase by solvent tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA in solid state fermentation using Jatropha curcas seed cake as substrate. Bioresource Technol 99:1729–1735CrossRef

Malá J, Malý J (2010) Waste water from biodiesel production as a carbon source for denitrification of sludge liquor in SBR. Chem Biochem Eng 24:211–217

May A, Salvadó J, Torras C, Montané D (2010) Catalytic gasification of glycerol in supercritical water. Chem Eng J 160:751–759CrossRef

Mazzoncini M, Antichi D, Tavarini S, Silvestri N, Lazzeri L, D’Avino L (2015) Effect of defatted oilseed meals applied as organic fertilizers on vegetable crop production and environmental impact. Ind Crop Product 75:54–64CrossRef

Melero JA, Vicente G, Morales G, Paniagua M, Bustamante J (2010) Oxygenated compounds derived from glycerol for biodiesel formulation: influence on EN 14214 quality parameters. Fuel 89:2011–2018CrossRef

Molina-Alcaide E, Yáñez-Ruiz DR (2008) Potential use of olive by-products in ruminant feeding: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 147:247–264CrossRef

Moresi M, Parente E (2014) Fermentation (industrial), production of some organic acids (citric, gluconic, lactic and propionic). In: Reference module in food science, from encyclopedia of food microbiology, 2nd edn, pp 804–815CrossRef

Mota CJ, da Silva CX, Rosenbach N Jr, Costa J, da Silva F (2010) Glycerin derivatives as fuel additives: the addition of glycerol/acetone ketal (solketal) in gasolines. Energy Fuel 24:2733–2736CrossRef

Mota CJA (2012) Valorization of glycerol by-product of biodiesel production. In: Advances in biodiesel production. Woodhead Publishing, CambridgeCrossRef

Murti CR (1965) Oil cake meal for preparation of protein hydrolysate. Biotechnol Bioeng 7:285–293CrossRef

Nanda MR, Yuan Z, Qin W, Ghaziaskar HS, Poirier MA, Xu CC (2014a) A new continuous-flow process for catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additive: catalyst screening. Appl Energy 123:75–81CrossRef

Nanda MR, Yuan Z, Qin W, Ghaziaskar HS, Poirier MA, Xu CC (2014b) Catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additive in a continuous flow reactor: process optimization. Fuel 128:113–119CrossRef

Nanda MR, Yuan Z, Qin W, Ghaziaskar HS, Poirier MA, Xu CC (2014c) Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of a catalytic process to convert glycerol into solketal as an oxygenated fuel additive. Fuel 117:470–477CrossRef

Nanda MR, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Qin W, Ghaziaskar HS, Xu CC (2016) Catalytic conversion of glycerol for sustainable production of solketal as a fuel additive: a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 56:1022–1031CrossRef

Ngamlerdpokin K, Kumjadpai S, Chatanon P, Tungmanee U, Chuenchuanchom S, Jaruwat P, Lertsathitphongs P, Hunsom M (2011) Remediation of biodiesel wastewater by chemical- and electrocoagulation: a comparative study. J Environ Manag 92:2454–2460CrossRef

Oh BR, Seo JW, Heo SY, Hong WK, Luo LH, Joe MH, Park DH, Kim CH (2011) Efficient production of ethanol from crude glycerol by a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain. Bioresource Technol 102:3918–3922CrossRef

Oliveira F, Souza CE, Peclat VR, Salgado JM, Ribeiro BD, Coelho MA, Belo I (2017) Optimization of lipase production by Aspergillus ibericus from oil cakes and its application in esterification reactions. Food Bioprod Process 102:268–277CrossRef

Pagliaro M, Rossi M (2010) The Future of glycerol. The Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, Cambridge

Pant M, Sharma S, Dubey S, Naik SN, Patanjali PK (2016) Utilization of biodiesel by-products for mosquito control. J Biosci Bioeng 121:299–302CrossRef

Phukingngam D, Chavalparit O, Somchai D, Ongwandee M (2011) Anaerobic baffled reactor treatment of biodiesel-processing waste water with high strength of methanol and glycerol: reactor performance and biogas production. Chem Pap 65:644–651CrossRef

Raita M, Ibenegbu C, Champreda V, Leak DJ (2016) Production of ethanol by thermophilic oligosaccharide utilising Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius TM242 using palm kernel cake as a renewable feedstock. Biomass Bioenerg 95:45–54CrossRef

Ramachandran S, Patel AK, Nampoothiri KM, Francis F, Nagy V, Szakacs G, Pandey A (2004) Coconut oil cake a potential raw material for the production of α-amylase. Bioresource Technol 93:169–174CrossRef

Ramachandran S, Singh SK, Larroche C, Soccol CR, Pandey A (2007) Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications a review. Bioresource Technol 98:2000–2009CrossRef

Rastegari H, Ghaziaskar HS (2015) From glycerol as the by-product of biodiesel production to value-added monoacetin by continuous and selective esterification in acetic acid. J Ind Eng Chem 21:856–861CrossRef

Rastegari H, Ghaziaskar HS, Yalpani M (2015) Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol to acetins by continuous esterification in acetic acid: focusing on high selectivity to diacetin and triacetin with no byproducts. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:3279–3284CrossRef

Remón J, Ruiz J, Oliva M, García L, Arauzo J (2016) Effect of biodiesel-derived impurities (acetic acid, methanol and potassium hydroxide) on the aqueous phase reforming of glycerol. Chem Eng J 299:431–448CrossRef

Rezayat M, Ghaziaskar HS (2009) Continuous synthesis of glycerol acetates in supercritical carbon dioxide using Amberlyst 15. Green Chem 11:710–715CrossRef

Rossi DM, da Costa JB, de Souza EA, Peralba MCR, Ayub MAZ (2012) Bioconversion of residual glycerol from biodiesel synthesis into 1,3-propanediol and ethanol by isolated bacteria from environmental consortia. Renew Energy 39:223–227CrossRef

Roy D, Subramaniam B, Chaudhari RV (2010) Aqueous phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol without external hydrogen addition. Catal Today 156:31–37CrossRef

Sabu A, Sarita S, Pandey A, Bogar B, Szakacs G, Soccol CR (2002) Solid state fermentation for production of phytase by Rhizopus oligosporus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 102:251–260CrossRef

Sabu A, Pandey A, Daud MJ, Szakacs G (2005) Tamarind seed powder and palm kernel cake: two novel agro residues for the production of tannase under solid state fermentation by Aspergillus Niger ATCC 16620. Bioresource Technol 96:1223–1228CrossRef

Sarker AK, Saha D, Begum H, Zaman A, Rahman MM (2015) Comparison of cake compositions, pepsin digestibility and amino acids concentration of proteins isolated from black mustard and yellow mustard cakes. AMB Express 5:22–27CrossRef

Schwengber CA, Alves HJ, Schaffner RA, da Silva FA, Sequinel R, Bach VR, Ferracin RJ (2016) Overview of glycerol reforming for hydrogen production. Renew Sust Energy Rev 58:259–266CrossRef

Shafiei A, Rastegari H, Ghaziaskar HS, Yalpani M (2017) Glycerol transesterification with ethyl acetate to synthesize acetins using ethyl acetate as reactant and entrainer. Biofuel Res J 4:565–570CrossRef

Shashirekha MN, Rajarathnam S, Bano Z (2002) Enhancement of bioconversion efficiency and chemistry of the mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Berk and Br.) Sacc. produced on spent rice straw substrate, supplemented with oil seed cakes. Food Chem 76:27–31CrossRef

Shirani M, Ghaziaskar HS, Xu CC (2014) Optimization of glycerol ketalization to produce solketal as biodiesel additive in a continuous reactor with subcritical acetone using Purolite PD206 as catalyst. Fuel Process Technol 124:206–211CrossRef

Shukor H, Abdeshahian P, Al-Shorgani NKN, Hamid AA, Rahman NA, Kalil MS (2016) Saccharification of polysaccharide content of palm kernel cake using enzymatic catalysis for production of biobutanol in acetone butanol ethanol fermentation. Bioresource Technol 202:206–213CrossRef

Siler-Marinkovic S, Tomasevic A (1998) Transesterification of sunflower oil in situ. Fuel 77:1389–1391CrossRef

Siles JA, Martín MA, Chica AF, Martín A (2010) Anaerobic co-digestion of glycerol and waste water derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresour Technol 101:6315–6321CrossRef

Silvestre G, Fernández B, Bonmatí A (2015) Addition of crude glycerine as strategy to balance the C/N ratio on sewage sludge thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion. Bioresource Technol 193:377–385CrossRef

Srirangsan A, Ongwandee M, Chavalparit O (2009) Treatment of biodiesel wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Environ Asia 2:15–19

Sukkasem C, Laehlah S, Hniman A, Sompong O, Boonsawang P (2011) Up flow bio-filter circuit (UBFC): Biocatalyst microbial fuel cell (MFC) configuration and application to biodiesel wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 102:10363–10370CrossRef

Sukkasem C, Laehlah S (2013) Development of a UBFC biocatalyst fuel cell to generate power and treat industrial waste waters. Bioresour Technol 146:749–753CrossRef

Tomasevic AV, Siler-Marinkovic SS (2003) Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Process Technol 81:1–6CrossRef

Veljković VB, Stamenković OS, Tasić MB (2014) The wastewater treatment in the biodiesel production with alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Renew Sust Energy Rev 32:40–60CrossRef

Vicente G, Martinez M, Aracil J (2004) Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogenous catalysts systems. Bioresource Technol 92:297–305CrossRef

Vidyarthi AS, Tyagi RD, Valero JR, Surampalli RY (2002) Studies on the production of B. thuringiensis based biopesticides using wastewater sludge as a raw material. Water Res 36:4850–4860CrossRef

Villa A, Dimitratos N, Chan-Thaw CE, Hammond C, Prati L, Hutchings GJ (2015) Glycerol oxidation using gold-containing catalysts. Account Chem Res 48:1403–1412CrossRef

Vollenweider S, Lacroix C (2004) 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde: applications and perspectives of biotechnological production. Appl Microb Biotechnol 64:16–27CrossRef

Wang Y, Zhou J, Guo X (2015) Catalytic hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols: a review. RSC Adv 5:74611–74628CrossRef

Xiao Y, Xiao G, Varma A (2013) A universal procedure for crude glycerol purification from different feedstocks in biodiesel production: experimental and simulation study. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:14291–14296CrossRef

Yang G, Wang D, Yang Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zeng G, Li ZX, Li H (2018) Effect of acetate to glycerol ratio on enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Chemosphere 196:78–86CrossRef

Yorgun S, Sensoz S, Kockar OM (2001) Flash pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake for production of liquid fuels. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 60:1–12CrossRef

Zhang MH, Zhao QL, Bai X, Ye ZF (2010) Adsorption of organic pollutants from coking wastewater by activated coke. Physico Chem Eng Asp 62:140–146CrossRef

Zheng Y, Chen X, Shen Y (2008) Commodity chemicals derived from glycerol, an important biorefinery feedstock. Chem Rev 108:5253–5277CrossRef

Zhou X, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT (2016) Effects of feeding canola press-cake on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs. Anim Feed Scie Technol 211:208–215CrossRef

Titel: Applications of Biodiesel By-products
verfasst von: Hajar Rastegari
Hossein Jazini
Hassan S. Ghaziaskar
Mohammad Yalpani
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Biodiesel
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00984-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-00985-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00985-4_5