nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Novel Thin-Film Photovoltaics—Status and Perspectives

verfasst von : Benjamin Oesen, Sascha Ullbrich, Johannes Widmer, Karl Leo

Erschienen in: Green Photonics and Electronics

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In this chapter, we discuss recent advances in novel thin-film photovoltaic devices which allows novel and low-cost applications of photovoltaics. In particular, we discuss organic and perovskite photovoltaics. At the end, we compare the outdoor harvesting efficiency of these novel systems.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Low-Cost Harvesting of Solar Energy: The Future of Global Photovoltaics

Solar spectrum for standardized testing and characterization of solar cells.

The active layer consists of a sequence of at least three absorber materials, whereby adjacent materials form either a planar or bulk heterjunction.

As a secondary effect, another partial reflection at the transparent surface will furthermore reflect part of the remaining intensity back into the device, creating an effective cavity between front surface and back contact [15].

This concept can be extended beyond two cells, however, the further discussion is limited to two sub-cells where it covers all relevant issues.

The MPP denotes the operation voltage, at which the output power, i.e. the product of the output voltage and the output current, is highest. It is found at a voltage slightly below the open-circuit voltage, with its actual position depending on the specific device and its operating conditions.

In this simplified description, reflection from the back contact is omitted. In a more detailed view, again, the full interference pattern needs to be taken into account, as discussed above for a single junction cell.

The stack sequence is as follows: indium tin oxide/ N,N-Bis(fluoren-2-yl)-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide [36] n-doped with 7wt% (weight-percent) tetrakis(1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinato)ditungsten (II) [37], [38] (thickness 5 nm)/ C60 (15 nm)/ DCV5T:C60 (mixing ratio 2:1 by volume, 40 nm)/ 9,9-bis[4-(N,N-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-amino)phenyl]-9H-fluorene) (BPAPF [39]) (5 nm)/ BPAPF p-doped with 10wt% NDP9 (commercial p-dopant by Novaled) (30 nm)/ N,N'-((Diphenyl-N,N'-bis)9,9,-dimethyl-fluoren-2-yl)-benzidine [40] p-doped with 10 wt% NDP9 (10 nm)/ NDP9 (1 nm)/ Al (100 nm).

The OPV cell is measured with a Keithley 2400 source-measure unit, whereas the large modules are measured with a PVPM 2540C source-measure unit.

Kipp and Zonen CMP 11.

SOZ-03.

T_c = T_ambient + (T_NOCT – 20) * ( I/ 800 W/m²) [41].

D.M. Chapin, C.S. Fuller, G.L. Pearson, A new silicon pn junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electrical power. J. Appl. Phys. (1954)

P. Jackson, D. Hariskos, R. Wuerz, O. Kiowski, A. Bauer, T. M. Friedlmeier, M. Powalla, Properties of Cu(In, Ga) Se2 solar cells with new record efficiencies up to 21.7%. Phys. status solidi—Rapid Res. Lett. 9(1), 28–31 (2015)

C.J. Mulligan, M. Wilson, G. Bryant, B. Vaughan, X. Zhou, W.J. Belcher, P.C. Dastoor, A projection of commercial-scale organic photovoltaic module costs. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 120(PART A), 9–17 (2014)

R. Gresser, M. Hummert, H. Hartmann, K. Leo, M. Riede, Synthesis and characterization of near-infrared absorbing benzannulated aza-BODIPY dyes. Chem. A Eur. J. 17(10), 2939 (2011)CrossRef

S. Kraner, J. Widmer, J. Benduhn, E. Hieckmann, T. Jägeler-Hoheisel, S. Ullbrich, D. Schütze, K.S. Radke, G. Cuniberti, F. Ortmann, M. Lorenz-Rothe, R. Meerheim, D. Spoltore, K. Vandewal, C. Körner, K. Leo, Influence of side groups on the performance of infrared absorbing aza-BODIPY organic solar cells. Phys. status solidi 212(12), 2747–2753 (2015)CrossRef

C.W. Tang, Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(2), 183–185 (1986)CrossRef

M. Hiramoto, H. Fujiwara, M. Yokoyama, Three-layered organic solar cell with a photoactive interlayer of codeposited pigments. Appl. Phys. Lett. 58(10), 1062 (1991)CrossRef

R. Meerheim, C. Körner, K. Leo, Highly efficient organic multi-junction solar cells with a thiophene based donor material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(6), 63306 (2014)CrossRef

R. Meerheim, C. Körner, B. Oesen, K. Leo, 10.4% Efficient triple organic solar cells containing near infrared absorbers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(10) (2016)

10.

K. Cnops, B.P. Rand, D. Cheyns, B. Verreet, M.A. Empl, P. Heremans, 8.4% efficient fullerene-free organic solar cells exploiting long-range exciton energy transfer. Nat. Commun. 5, 3406 (2014)CrossRef

11.

P. Wurfel, U. Wurfel, Physics of solar cells : from basic principles to advanced concepts (2009)

12.

K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers. Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1233–1271 (2007)CrossRef

13.

M. Pfeiffer, A. Beyer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptor molecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(22), 3202 (1998)CrossRef

14.

B. Lüssem, M. Riede, K. Leo, Doping of organic semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi (A) 210(1), 9–43 (2013)

15.

B. Maennig, J. Drechsel, D. Gebeyehu, P. Simon, F. Kozlowski, A. Werner, F. Li, S. Grundmann, S. Sonntag, M. Koch, K. Leo, M. Pfeiffer, H. Hoppe, D. Meissner, N.S. Sariciftci, I. Riedel, V. Dyakonov, J. Parisi, Organic p-i-n solar cells. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 79(1), 1–14 (2004)CrossRef

16.

J. Widmer, J. Fischer, W. Tress, K. Leo, M. Riede, Electric potential mapping by thickness variation: A new method for model-free mobility determination in organic semiconductor thin films. Org. Electron. 14(12), 3460–3471 (2013)CrossRef

17.

M. Riede, C. Uhrich, J. Widmer, R. Timmreck, D. Wynands, G. Schwartz, W.M. Gnehr, D. Hildebrandt, A. Weiss, J. Hwang, S. Sundarraj, P. Erk, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Efficient organic tandem solar cells based on small molecules. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(16), 3019–3028 (2011)CrossRef

18.

A. Donges, The coherence length of black-body radiation. Eur. J. Phys. 19(3), 245–249 (1998)CrossRef

19.

C. Falkenberg, K. Leo, M.K. Riede, Improved photocurrent by using n-doped 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexachloro-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene as optical spacer layer in p-i-n type organic solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 110(12), 124509 (2011)CrossRef

20.

K. Vandewal, K. Tvingstedt, A. Gadisa, O. Inganäs, J.V. Manca, Relating the open-circuit voltage to interface molecular properties of donor: acceptor bulk heterojunction solar cells. Phys. Rev. B 81(12), 1–8 (2010)CrossRef

21.

K. Vandewal, J. Widmer, T. Heumueller, C.J. Brabec, M.D. McGehee, K. Leo, M. Riede, A. Salleo, Increased open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells by reduced donor-acceptor interface area. Adv. Mater. 26(23), 3839–3843 (2014)CrossRef

22.

T. Mönch, Exploring nanoscale properties of organic solar cells. Ph.D. thesis, TU Dresden (2015)

23.

C. Koerner, Oligothiophene materials for organic solar cells—photophysics and device properties. Ph.D. thesis, TU Dresden (2013)

24.

J. Widmer, M. Tietze, K. Leo, M. Riede, Open-circuit voltage and effective gap of organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(46), 5814 (2013)CrossRef

25.

R. Timmreck, S. Olthof, K. Leo, M. Riede, Highly doped layers as efficient electron–hole recombination contacts for tandem organic solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 108(3), 33108 (2010)CrossRef

26.

R. Schueppel, R. Timmreck, N. Allinger, T. Mueller, M. Furno, C. Uhrich, K. Leo, M. Riede, Controlled current matching in small molecule organic tandem solar cells using doped spacer layers. J. Appl. Phys. 107(4), 44503 (2010)CrossRef

27.

X. Che, X. Xiao, J.D. Zimmerman, D. Fan, S.R. Forrest, High-efficiency, vacuum-deposited, small-molecule organic tandem and triple-junction photovoltaic cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 4(18), 1400568 (2014)CrossRef

28.

Heliatek GmbH (2013). www.heliatek.com

29.

D.B. Mitzi, Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Organic-Inorganic Perovskites and Related Materials (2007)

30.

A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(17), 6050–6051 (2009)CrossRef

31.

M. Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501(7467), 395–398 (2013)CrossRef

32.

J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel, Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499, 316–319 (2013)CrossRef

33.

N.J. Jeon, J.H. Noh, W.S. Yang, Y.C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. Seok, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517(7535), 476–480 (2015)CrossRef

34.

L.E. Polander, P. Pahner, M. Schwarze, M. Saalfrank, C. Koerner, K. Leo, Hole-transport material variation in fully vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells. APL Mater. 2(8), 81503 (2014)CrossRef

35.

IEC 60904-3: Measurement Principles for Terrestrial PV Solar Devices with Reference Spectral Irradiance Data (1989)

36.

C. Falkenberg, Optimizing organic solar cells transparent electron transport materials for improving the device performance. Ph.D. thesis, TU Dresden (2011)

37.

T. Menke, Molecular doping of organic semiconductors—a conductivity and seebeck study. Ph.D. thesis, TU Dresden: Verlag Dr. Hut (2013)

38.

F.A. Cotton, N.E. Gruhn, J. Gu, P. Huang, D.L. Lichtenberger, C.A. Murillo, L.O. Van Dorn, C.C. Wilkinson, Closed-shell molecules that ionize more readily than cesium. Science (80-) 298(5600), 1971–1974 (2002)

39.

Y.-L. Tung, S.-W. Lee, Y. Chi, Y.-T. Tao, C.-H. Chien, Y.-M. Cheng, P.-T. Chou, S.-M. Peng, C.-S. Liu, Organic light-emitting diodes based on charge-neutral Os(II) emitters: Generation of saturated red emission with very high external quantum efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. 15(4), 460 (2005)CrossRef

40.

C. Murawski, C. Fuchs, S. Hofmann, K. Leo, M.C. Gather, Alternative p-doped hole transport material for low operating voltage and high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(11) (2014)

41.

M.C. Alonso García, J.L. Balenzategui, Estimation of photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance based on Nominal Operation Cell Temperature calculations. Renew. Energy 29(12), 1997–2010 (2004)

42.

E. Cuce, P.M. Cuce, T. Bali, An experimental analysis of illumination intensity and temperature dependency of photovoltaic cell parameters. Appl. Energy 111, 374–382 (2013)CrossRefMATH

43.

M.G. Deceglie, T.J. Silverman, B. Marion, S.R. Kurtz, Metastable changes to the temperature coefficients of thin-film photovoltaic modules, in 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, PVSC 2014, pp. 337–340 (2014)

44.

E.A. Katz, D. Faiman, S.M. Tuladhar, J.M. Kroon, M.M. Wienk, T. Fromherz, F. Padinger, C.J. Brabec, N.S. Sariciftci, Temperature dependence for the photovoltaic device parameters of polymer-fullerene solar cells under operating conditions. J. Appl. Phys. 90(10), 5343–5350 (2001)CrossRef

45.

A. Parretta, A. Sarno, L.R.M. Vicari, Effects of solar irradiation conditions on the outdoor performance of photovoltaic modules. Opt. Commun. 153(1–3), 153–163 (1998)CrossRef

46.

M. Riede, C. Uhrich, R. Timmreck, J. Widmer, D. Wynands, M. Levichkova, M. Furno, G. Schwartz, W. Gnehr, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Optimization of organic tandem solar cells based on small molecules, in 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (2010), pp. 513–517

47.

R. Fitzner, E. Mena-Osteritz, A. Mishra, G. Schulz, E. Reinold, M. Weil, C. Koerner, H. Ziehlke, C. Elschner, K. Leo, M. Riede, M. Pfeiffer, C. Uhrich, P. Bäuerle, Correlation of π-conjugated oligomer structure with film morphology and organic solar cell performance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(27), 11064–11067 (2012)CrossRef

48.

Extraterrestrial sun spectrum AM0. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am0/special.html

49.

Extraterrestrial sun spectrum AM1.5. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/

Titel: Novel Thin-Film Photovoltaics—Status and Perspectives
verfasst von: Benjamin Oesen
Sascha Ullbrich
Johannes Widmer
Karl Leo
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Green Photonics and Electronics
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67001-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67002-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67002-7_10