State Policies: The Great Pasha’s Dynasty (1805–1952)

In chapter 1, we examined the relationship between state and entrepreneurs in theory and practice. We learned of the success of the state in improving national economic performance through public-private collaboration. From the experience of other countries, we understand that more and more entrepreneurs recognize the value of that collaboration to implement a win-win strategy and expand their own businesses. The specific nature of the role of state as applied to Egypt is the subject matter of this chapter. With the benefit of documented observations we find seven different formulas used by the state in managing the economy. Each has produced results some of which could be measured and assessed while some could not be measured but could still be assessed. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. The question is: So what? The idea is to use the review as a guide for the future role of the state in Egypt. By implication, the usefulness of this approach could go beyond Egypt to benefit other countries. That the state plays a role in a country’s development is no longer the issue. Rather, it is what specific role or combination of roles does it play.