Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Glasfasern und nichtlineare optische Effekte: Eine Übersicht Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. Stimulierte Brillouin-Streuung

verfasst von : Rainer Engelbrecht

Erschienen in: Nichtlineare Faseroptik

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Brillouin-Streuung resultiert aus der Streuung von Lichtwellen an hochfrequenten Schallwellen in einem Medium. Die theoretische Vorhersage der spontanen Lichtstreuung an thermisch angeregten Schallwellen erfolgte namensgebend im Jahr 1922 durch L. Brillouin. Eine frühere Beschreibung des Effektes durch L.I. Mandelstam wurde erst 1926 publiziert. Der experimentelle Nachweis der spontanen Brillouin-Streuung gelang im Jahr 1930.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Stimulierte Raman-Streuung
Nächstes Kapitel Raman-Faserlaser
Literatur
1.
L. Brillouin, Diffusion de la lumière et des rayons X par un corps transparent homogène, influence de l’agitation thermique. Annales de Physique (Paris) 17, 88–122 (1922)
2.
L. Mandelstam, Light scattering by inhomogeneous media. Zh. Russ. Fiz-Khim. Ova. 58, 38–1 (1926)
3.
I.L. Fabelinskii, Molecular Scattering of Light (Springer-Plenum, New York, 1968)
4.
E. Gross, Change of wave-length of light due to elastic heat waves at scattering in liquids. Nature 126, 201–202 (1930)MATH
5.
R.Y. Chiao, C.H. Townes, B.P. Stoicheff, Stimulated Brillouin scattering and coherent generation of intense hypersonic waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 12(21), 592–595 (1964)
6.
E. Ippen, R. Stolen, Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539–541 (1972)
7.
R. Smith, Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering. Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489–2494 (1972)
8.
D. Cotter, Stimulated Brillouin scattering in monomode optical fiber. J. Opt. Commun. 4(1), 10–19 (1983)
9.
A. Kobyakov, M. Sauer, D. Chowdhury, Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. Adv. Opt. Photonics 2(1), 1–59 (2010)
10.
R. Lerch, G.M. Sessler, D. Wolf, Technische Akustik (Springer, Berlin, 2009)
11.
M. Damzen, V. Vlad, V. Babin, A. Mocofanescu, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 2003)
12.
R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, 3. Aufl. (Academic, Amsterdam, 2008)
13.
L. Landau, E. Lifschitz, Course on theoretical physics, in Fluid Mechanics, 2. Aufl., Bd. 6, Hrsg. von J. Sykes, W. Reid (Pergamon, Oxford, 1987)
14.
M. Kaltenbacher, Numerical Simulation of Mechatronic Sensors and Actuators, 2. Aufl. (Springer, Berlin, 2007)
15.
W. Primak, D. Post, Photoelastic constants of vitreous silica and its elastic coefficient of refractive index. J. Appl. Phys. 30(5), 779–788 (1959)
16.
K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, Sound velocity measurement based on guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 4(10), 1177–1180 (1992)
17.
Heraeus Produktinformation, Quarzglas für die Optik - Daten und Eigenschaften. Techn. Ber. Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH Co. KG 2011
18.
T. Horiguchi, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1(5), 107–108 (1989)
19.
R. Thurston, Elastic waves in rods and optical fibers. J. Sound Vib. 159(3), 441–467 (1992)MATH
20.
P.J. Thomas, N.L. Rowell, H.M. van Driel, G.I. Stegeman, Normal acoustic modes and Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers. Phys. Rev. B 19(10), 4986–4998 (1979)
21.
R.M. Shelby, M.D. Levenson, P.W. Bayer, Guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering. Phys. Rev. B 31(8), 5244–5252 (1985)
22.
P.D. Dragic, The acoustic velocity of Ge-doped silica fibers: A comparison of two models. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 1(3), 330–337 (2010)
23.
J. Achenbach, Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids (Elsevier, New York, 1987)
24.
R.E. Newnham, Properties of Materials: Anisotropy, Symmetry, Structure (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005)
25.
E. Peral, A. Yariv, Degradation of modulation and noise characteristics of semiconductor lasers after propagation in optical fiber due to a phase shift induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(8), 1185–1195 (1999)
26.
B. Saleh, M. Teich, Grundlagen der Photonik, 2. Aufl. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008)
27.
A. Yariv, P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002)
28.
A. Korpel, Acousto-Optics, 2. Aufl. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997)
29.
V. Chandrasekharan, The exact equation for Brillouin shifts. J. Phys. 26(11), 655–658 (1965)
30.
X. Bao, L. Chen, Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors. Sensors 11(4), 4152–4187 (2011)
31.
H. Cummins, P. Schoen, Linear scattering from thermal fluctuations, in Laser Handbook, Bd. 2. Hrsg. von R. Arecchi, E. Schulz-Dubois (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1972),  1029–1075
32.
L. Landau, E. Lifschitz, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, 2. Aufl., Bd. 8. Course of Theoretical Physics (Pergamon, Oxford, 1984)
33.
K.A. Nelson, Stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical excitation of coherent shear waves. J. Appl. Phys. 53(9), 6060–6063 (1982)
34.
S. Kingsley, Optical-fibre phase modulator. Electron. Lett. 11(19), 453–454 (1975)
35.
K. Nosu, H. Taylor, S. Rashleigh, J. Weller, Acousto-optic phase modulator for single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett. 19(16), 605–607 (1983)
36.
H. Taylor, Acoustooptic modulators for single-mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 5(7), 990–992 (1987)
37.
C.-K. Jen, C. Neron, A. Shang, K. Abe, L. Bonnell, J. Kushibiki, Acoustic characterization of silica glasses. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 76(3), 712–716 (1993)
38.
P.D. Dragic, Brillouin spectroscopy of Nd–Ge co-doped silica fibers. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 355(7), 403–413 (2009)
39.
J. Ballato, P. Dragic, Rethinking optical fiber: New demands, old glasses. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96(9), 2675–2692 (2013)
40.
C.-K. Jen, J.E.B. Oliveira, N. Goto, K. Abe, Role of guided acoustic wave properties in single-mode optical fibre design. Electron. Lett. 24(23), 1419–1420 (1988)
41.
P.-C. Law, Y.-S. Liu, A. Croteau, P.D. Dragic, Acoustic coefficients of P2O5-doped silica fiber: Acoustic velocity, acoustic attenuation, and thermo-acoustic coefficient. Opt. Mater. Expr. 1(4), 686–699 (2011)
42.
P. Dragic, Brillouin gain reduction via B2O3doping. J. Lightwave Technol. 29(7), 967–973 (2011)
43.
P. Dragic, J. Ballato, A. Ballato et al., Mass density and the Brillouin spectroscopy of aluminosilicate optical fibers. Opt. Mater. Express 2(11), 1641–1654 (2012)
44.
T.-C. Wei, Acoustic properties of silica glass doped with fluorine. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 321(1–2), 126–133 (2003)
45.
R.N. Thurston, Elastic waves in rods and clad rods. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64(1), 1–37 (1978)MATH
46.
C.-K. Jen, Similarities and differences between fiber acoustics and fiber optics, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, San Francisco,  1128–1133, 1985
47.
A. McCurdy, Modeling of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers with arbitrary radial index profile. J. Lightwave Technol. 23(11), 3509–3516 (2005)
48.
W. Zou, Z. He, K. Hotate, Two-dimensional finite-element modal analysis of Brillouin gain spectra in optical fibers. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(23), 2487–2489 (2006)
49.
L. Dong, Formulation of a complex mode solver for arbitrary circular acoustic waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol. 28(21), 3162–3175 (2010)
50.
L. Pochhammer, Ueber die Fortplanzungsgeschwindigkeiten kleiner Schwingungen in einem unbegrenzten isotropen Kreiscylinder. J. Rein. Angew. Math. 1876(81), 324–336 (1876)
51.
A. Safaai-Jazi. C.-K. Jen, G. Farnell, Analysis of weakly guiding fiber acoustic waveguide. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Contr. 33(1), 59–68 (1986)
52.
C.-K. Jen, A. Safaai-Jazi, G. Farnell, Leaky modes in weakly guiding fiber acoustic waveguides. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Contr. 33(6), 634–643 (1986)
53.
N. Shibata, Y. Azuma, T. Horiguchi, M. Tateda, Identification of longitudinal acoustic modes guided in the core region of a single-mode optical fiber by Brillouin gain spectra measurements. Opt. Lett. 13(7), 595–597 (1988)
54.
N. Shibata, K. Okamoto, Y. Azuma, Longitudinal acoustic modes and Brillouin-gain spectra for GeO2-doped-core single-mode fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(6), 1167–1174 (1989)
55.
Y. Koyamada, S. Sato, S. Nakamura, H. Sotobayashi, W. Chujo, Simulating and designing Brillouin gain spectrum in single-mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 22(2), 63–1 (2004)
56.
Y.S. Mamdem, X. Pheron, F. Taillade et al., Two-dimensional FEM analysis of Brillouin gain spectra in acoustic guiding and antiguiding single mode optical fibers. COMSOL Multiphysics Conference, Paris,  111–124, 2010
57.
L. Tartara, C. Codemard, J.-N. Maran, R. Cherif, M. Zghal, Full modal analysis of the Brillouin gain spectrum of an optical fiber. Opt. Commun. 282(12), 2431–2436 (2009)
58.
D. Heiman, D.S. Hamilton, R.W. Hellwarth, Brillouin scattering measurements on optical glasses. Phys. Rev. B 19(12), 6583–6592 (1979)
59.
U. Scherz, Grundlagen der Festkörperphysik, in Bergmann, Schaefer: Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik, Bd. 6: Festkörper, 2. Aufl., Hrsg. von R. Kassing (de Gruyter, Berlin, 2005),  3–110
60.
J. AuYeung, A. Yariv, Spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering in long low loss fibers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 14(5), 347–352 (1978)
61.
J. Schroeder, R. Mohr, P.B. Macedo, C.J. Montrose, Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering in K2O–SiO2glasses. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 56(10), 510–514 (1973)
62.
P. Wait, T. Newson, Landau Placzek ratio applied to distributed fibre sensing. Opt. Commun. 122(4–6), 141–146 (1996)
63.
P. Wait, K.D. Souza, T. Newson, A theoretical comparison of spontaneous Raman and Brillouin based fibre optic distributed temperature sensors. Opt. Commun. 144(1–3), 17–23 (1997)
64.
Y. Tanaka, H. Yoshida, T. Kurokawa, Guided-acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering observed backward by stimulated Brillouin scattering. Meas. Sci. Technol. 15(8), 1458–1461 (2004)
65.
A.J. Poustie, Guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering with optical pulses. Opt. Lett. 17(8), 574–576 (1992)
66.
A.J. Poustie, Bandwidth and mode intensities of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10(4), 691–696 (1993)
67.
A. Sizmann, Quantum solitons: Experimental progress and perspectives. Appl. Phys. B 65(6), 745–753 (1997)
68.
K. Bergman, H. Haus, M. Shirasaki, Analysis and measurement of GAWBS spectrum in a nonlinear fiber ring. Appl. Phys. B 55(3), 242–249 (1992)
69.
K. Bergman, H. Haus, E. Ippen, M. Shirasaki, Squeezing in a fiber interferometer with a gigahertz pump. Opt. Lett. 19(4), 290–292 (1994)
70.
M. Meissner, K. Sponsel, K. Cvecek, B. Schmauss, G. Leuchs, Influence of phase noise on squeezing generated by a fiber Sagnac interferometer. European Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC '05), München,  286, 2005
71.
T.C. Ralph, Continuous variable quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. A 61(1), 103031–103034 (2000)MathSciNet
72.
Q.D. Xuan, Z. Zhang, P.L. Voss, A 24 km fiber-based discretely signaled continuous variable quantum key distribution system. Opt. Express 17(26), 24244–24249 (2009)
73.
D. Elser, U.L. Andersen, A. Korn et al., Reduction of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 4 (2006)
74.
Y. Tanaka, K. Ogusu, Temperature coefficient of sideband frequencies produced by depolarized guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(12), 1769–1771 (1998)
75.
Y. Tanaka, K. Ogusu, Tensile-strain coefficient of resonance frequency of depolarized guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11(7), 865–867 (1999)
76.
J.A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory. Neuauflage 2007. IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory. (Wiley, Hoboken, 1944)
77.
G. Fasching, Werkstoffe für die Elektrotechnik, 4. Aufl. (Springer, Wien, 2005)
78.
R. Sutherland, Handbook of Nonlinear Optics (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996)
79.
A. Melloni, M. Frasca, A. Garavaglia, A. Tonini, M. Martinelli, Direct measurement of electrostriction in optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 23(9), 691–693 (1998)
80.
E.L. Buckland, R.W. Boyd, Electrostrictive contribution to the intensity-dependent refractive index of optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 21(15), 1117–1119 (1996)
81.
J. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals (Oxford University Press, New York, 1985)
82.
G. Kloos, On photoelasticity and the quadratic electrostrictive effect. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 30(10), 153–6 (1997)
83.
G.B. Benedek, K. Fritsch, Brillouin scattering in cubic crystals. Phys. Rev. 149(2), 647–662 (1966)
84.
G. Kloos, Relation of the hydrostatic electrostrictive coefficient of cubic dielectrics with other material constants. Cryst. Res. Technol. 31(6), 795–804 (1996)
85.
A. Bertholds, R. Dändliker, Detennination of the individual strain-optic coefficients in single-mode optical fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 6(1), 17–20 (1988)
86.
G. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 5. Aufl. (Academic, Amsterdam, 2013)
87.
Y. Azuma, N. Shibata, T. Horiguchi, M. Tateda, Wavelength dependence of Brillouin-gain spectra for single-mode optical fibres. Electron. Lett. 24(5), 250–252 (1988)
88.
M. Niklès, L. Thévenaz, P.A. Robert, Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 15(10), 1842–1851 (1997)
89.
J. Sanghera, C. Florea, L. Shaw et al., Non-linear properties of chalcogenide glasses and fibers. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354(2–9), 462–467 (2008)
90.
J.M. Subias Domingo, J. Pelayo, F. Villuendas, C.D. Heras, E. Pellejer, Very high resolution optical spectrometry by stimulated Brillouin scattering. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(4), 855–857 (2005)
91.
J. Kierzenka, L. Shampine, A BVP solver based on residual control and the MATLAB PSE. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 27(3), 299–316 (2001)MATHMathSciNet
92.
L. Chen, X. Bao, Analytical and numerical solutions for steady state stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode fiber. Opt. Commun. 152(1–3), 65–70 (1998)
93.
C.L. Tang, Saturation and spectral characteristics of the Stokes emission in the stimulated Brillouin process. J. Appl. Phys. 37(8), 2945–2955 (1966)
94.
A. Loayssa, R. Hernández, D. Benito, S. Galech, Characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering spectra by useof optical single-sideband modulation. Opt. Lett. 29(6), 638–640 (2004)
95.
K. Petermann, Laser Diode Modulation and Noise. Advances in Optoelectronics (ADOP), Bd. 3. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988)
96.
K. Kikuchi, Effect of 1/f-type FM noise on semiconductor-laser linewidth residual in high-power limit. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 25(4), 684–688 (1989)MathSciNet
97.
R. Engelbrecht, B. Lins, P. Zinn, R. Buchtal, B. Schmauss, Line shapes of near-infrared DFB and VCSEL diode lasers under the influence of system back reflections. Appl. Phys. B 109(3), 441–452 (2012)
98.
Y. Aoki, K. Tajima, I. Mito, Input power limits of single-mode optical fibers due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical communication systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 6(5), 710–719 (1988)
99.
E. Lichtman, A. Friesem, Stimulated Brillouin scattering excited by a multimode laser in single-mode optical fibers. Opt. Commun. 64(6), 544–548 (1987)
100.
Y. Aoki, K. Tajima, Stimulated Brillouin scattering in a long single-mode fiber excited with a multimode pump laser. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5(2), 358–363 (1988)
101.
G. Valley, A review of stimulated Brillouin scattering excited with a broad-band pump laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22(5), 704–7 12 (1986)
102.
P. Narum, M. Skeldon, R. Boyd, Effect of laser mode structure on stimulated Brillouin scattering. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22(11), 2161–2167 (1986)
103.
E. Lichtman, A.A. Friesem, R.G. Waarts, H.H. Yaffe, Stimulated Brillouin scattering excited by two pump waves in single-mode fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4(9), 1397–1403 (1987)
104.
H. Li, K. Ogusu, Dynamic behavior of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode optical fiber. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 11), 6309–6315 (1999)
105.
R. Tkach, A. Chraplyvy, R. Derosier, Spontaneous Brillouin scattering for single-mode optical-fibre characterisation. Electron. Lett. 22(19), 1011–1013 (1986)
106.
N. Shibata, R.G. Waarts, R.P. Braun, Brillouin-gain spectra for single-mode fibers having pure-silica, GeO2-doped, and P2O5-doped cores. Opt. Lett. 12(4), 269–271 (1987)
107.
P.D. Dragic, Estimating the effect of Ge doping on the acoustic damping coefficient via a highly Ge-doped MCVD silica fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(8), 1614–1620 (2009)
108.
R. Engelbrecht, J. Hagen, M. Polster, C. Albrecht, Experimental comparison of the frequency shift of Brillouin scattering and the Raman gain measured in short fibers with different germanium content. Conference Lasers Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO/Europe), München,  563, 2005
109.
A. B. Ruffin. M.-J. Li, X. Chen, A. Kobyakov, F. Annunziata, Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices. Opt. Lett. 30(23), 3123–3125 (2005)
110.
A. Kobyakov, S. Kumar, D. Chowdhury et al., Design concept for optical fibers with enhanced SBS threshold. Opt. Express 13(14), 5338–5346 (2005)
111.
C.G. Carlson, R.B. Ross, J.M. Schafer, J.B. Spring, B.G. Ward, Full vectorial analysis of Brillouin gain in random acoustically microstructured photonic crystal fibers. Phys. Rev. B 83(23), 235110, 1–9 (2011)
112.
D. Derickson (Hrsg.), Fiber Optic Test and Measurement. Hewlett-Packard Professional Books (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998)
113.
M. van Deventer, A. Boot, Polarization properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 12(4), 585–590 (1994)
114.
A. Zadok, E. Zilka, A. Eyal, L. Thévenaz, M. Tur, Vector analysis of stimulated Brillouin scattering amplification in standard single-mode fibers. Opt. Express 16(26), 21692–21707 (2008)
115.
L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, L. Palmieri, Polarization-dependent Brillouin gain in randomly birefringent fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010)
116.
O. Shlomovits, M. Tur, Vector analysis of depleted stimulated Brillouin scattering amplification in standard single-mode fibers with nonzero birefringence. Opt. Lett. 38(6), 836–838 (2013)
117.
T. Tanemura, Y. Takushima, K. Kikuchi, Narrowband optical filter, with a variable transmission spectrum, using stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 27(17), 1552–1554 (2002)
118.
S.P. Smith, F. Zarinetchi, S. Ezekiel, Narrow-linewidth stimulated Brillouin fiber laser and applications. Opt. Lett. 16(6), 393–395 (1991)
119.
F. Zarinetchi, S.P. Smith, S. Ezekiel, Stimulated Brillouin fiber-optic laser gyroscope. Opt. Lett. 16(4), 229–231 (1991)
120.
K.S. Abedin, P.S. Westbrook, J.W. Nicholson, J. Porque, T. Kremp, X. Liu, Single-frequency Brillouin distributed feedback fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 37(4), 605–607 (2012)
121.
H.G. Winful, I.V. Kabakova, B.J. Eggleton, Model for distributed feedback Brillouin lasers. Opt. Express 21(13), 16191–16199 (2013)
122.
T. Schneider, D. Hannover, M. Junker, Investigation of Brillouin scattering in optical fibers for the generation of Millimeter waves. J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 295–304 (2006)
123.
S. Preußler, N. Wenzel, R.-P. Braun et al., Generation of ultra-narrow, stable and tunable millimeter- and terahertz- waves with very low phase noise. Opt. Express 21(20), 23950–23962 (2013)
124.
M. González-Herráez, K.-Y. Song, L. Thévenaz, Optically controlled slow and fast light in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 081113 (2005)
125.
Y. Okawachi, M.S. Bigelow, J.E. Sharping et al., Tunable all-optical delays via Brillouin slow light in an optical fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(15), 153902 (2005)
126.
R. Boyd, D. Gauthier, Slow and fast light. Prog. Opt. 43(C), 497–530 (2002)
127.
L. Thévenaz, Slow and fast light in optical fibres. Nat. Photonics 2(8), 474–481 (2008)
128.
M.G. Herráez, K.Y. Song, L. Thévenaz, Arbitrary-bandwidth Brillouin slow light in optical fibers. Opt. Express 14(4), 1395–1400 (2006)
129.
T. Schneider, R. Henker, K.-U. Lauterbach, M. Junker, Adapting Brillouin spectrum for slow light delays. Electron. Lett. 43(12), 682–683 (2007)
130.
S. Chin, M. Gonzalez-Herraez, L. Thévenaz, Zero-gain slow & fast light propagation in an optical fiber. Opt. Express 14(22), 10684–10692 (2006)
131.
A. Zadok, A. Eyal, M. Tur, Stimulated Brillouin scattering slow light in optical fibers. Appl. Opt. 50(25), E38–E49 (2011)
132.
P. Bayvel, P.M. Radmore, Solutions of the SBS equations in single mode optical fibres and implications for fibre transmission systems. Electron. Lett. 26(7), 434–436 (1990)
133.
S. Le Floch, P. Cambon, Theoretical evaluation of the Brillouin threshold and the steady-state Brillouin equations in standard single-mode optical fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20(6), 1132–1137 (2003)MathSciNet
134.
A. Yeniay, J.-M. Delavaux, J. Toulouse, Spontaneous and stimulated Brillouin scattering gain spectra in optical fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 142–5 (2002)
135.
A. Kobyakov, S. Darmanyan, D. Chowdhury, Exact analytical treatment of noise initiation of SBS in the presence of loss. Opt. Commun. 260(1), 46–49 (2006)
136.
R. Engelbrecht, Analysis of SBS gain shaping and threshold increase by arbitrary strain distributions. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(9), 1698–1700 (2014)MathSciNet
137.
M. van Deventer, Polarization properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 11(12), 1895–1899 (1993)
138.
C. Lee, S. Chi, Measurement of stimulated-Brillouin-scattering threshold for various types of fibers using Brillouin optical-time-domain reflectometer. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12(6), 672–674 (2000)
139.
H. Al-Raweshidy, S. Komaki, Hrsg., Radio Over Fiber Technologies for Mobile Communication Networks (Artech House, Boston, 2001)
140.
L. Noë, Novel techniques for high-capacity 60-GHz fiber-radio transmission systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 45(8 Part 2), 1416–1423 (1997)
141.
M. Sauer, A. Kobyakov, J. George, Radio over fiber for picocellular network architectures. J. Lightwave Technol. 25(11), 3301–3320 (2007)
142.
J. Yao, Microwave photonics. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(3), 314–335 (2009)
143.
J. Limpert, F. Röser, S. Klingebiel et al., The rising power of fiber lasers and amplifiers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 537–545 (2007)
144.
J.W. Dawson, M.J. Messerly, R.J. Beach et al., Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power. Opt. Express 16(17), 13240–13266 (2008)
145.
Y. Jeong, J. Nilsson, J. Sahu et al., Power scaling of single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber master-oscillator power-amplifier sources up to 500 W. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 546–550 (2007)
146.
V. A. Kozlov, J. Hernández-Cordero, T.F. Morse, All-fiber coherent beam combining of fiber lasers. Opt. Lett. 24(24), 1814–1816 (1999)
147.
T. Fan, Laser beam combining for high-power, high-radiance sources. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11(3), 567–577 (2005)
148.
S. J. Augst, J.K. Ranka, T. Y. Fan, A. Sanchez, Beam combining of ytterbium fiber amplifiers (Invited). J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1707–1715 (2007)
149.
A. Liu, M. Norsen, R. Mead, 60-W green output by frequency doubling of a polarized Yb-doped fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 30(1), 67–69 (2005)
150.
A. Bouchier, G. Lucas-Leclin, P. Georges, J. Maillard, Frequency doubling of an efficient continuous wave single-mode Yb-doped fiber laser at 978 nm in a periodically-poled MgO:LiNbO3waveguide. Opt. Express 13(18), 6974–6979 (2005)
151.
J.E. Rothenberg, P.A. Thielen, M. Wickham, C.P. Asman, Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-frequency multi-kilowatt fiber amplifiers. Conf. Fiber Lasers V: Technology, Systems, and Applications. Bd. 6873.Proceedings SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, San Jose, S. 68730O, 2008
152.
Y. Feng, L. Taylor, D. Bonaccini Calia, Multiwatts narrow linewidth fiber Raman amplifiers. Opt. Express 16(15), 10927–10932 (2008)
153.
A. Friedenauer, V. Karpov, D. Wei et al., RFA-based 589-nm guide star lasers for ESO VLT, a paradigm shift in performance, operational simplicity, reliability and maintenance. Conference on Adaptive Optics Systems III, Bd. 8447. Proceedings SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Amsterdam,  84470F, 2012
154.
L. Zhang, J. Hu, J. Wang, Y. Feng, Stimulated-Brillouin-scattering-suppressed high-power single-frequency polarization-maintaining Raman fiber amplifier with longitudinally varied strain for laser guide star. Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4796–4798 (2012)
155.
L. Zhang, S. Cui, C. Liu, J. Zhou, Y. Feng, 170 W, single-frequency, single-mode, linearly-polarized, Yb-doped all-fiber amplifier. Opt. Express 21(5), 5456–5462 (2013)
156.
J. Marconi, J. Boggio, H.L. Fragnito, Narrow linewidth fibre-optical wavelength converter with strain suppression of SBS. Electron. Lett. 40(19), 1213–1214 (2004)
157.
S. Radic, Parametric amplification and processing in optical fibers. Laser Photonics Rev. 2(6), 498–513 (2008)
158.
Z. Tong, C. Lundström, P. Andrekson, M. Karlsson, A. Bogris, Ultralow noise, broadband phase-sensitive optical amplifiers, and their applications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 1016–1032 (2012)
159.
T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, Y. Koyamada, Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering. J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995)
160.
F. Mallinder, B. Proctor, Elastic constants of fused silica as a function of large tensile strain. Phys. Chem. Glasses 5(4), 91–103 (1964)
161.
D. Culverhouse, F. Farahi, C. Pannell, D. Jackson, Potential of stimulated Brillouin scattering as sensing mechanism for distributed temperature sensors. Electron. Lett. 25(14), 913–915 (1989)
162.
T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, Thermal effects on the Brillouin frequency shift in jacketed optical silica fibers. Appl. Opt. 29(15), 2219–2222 (1990)
163.
K. Brown, A.W. Brown, B.G. Colpitts, Characterization of optical fibers for optimization of a Brillouin scattering based fiber optic sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 11(2), 131–145 (2005)
164.
T.R. Parker, M. Farhadiroushan, V.A. Handerek, A.J. Rogers, Temperature and strain dependence of the power level and frequency of spontaneous Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 22(11), 787–789 (1997)
165.
W. Zou, Z. He, K. Hotate, Experimental study of Brillouin scattering in fluorine-doped single-mode optical fibers. Opt. Express 16(23), 18804–18812 (2008)
166.
H. Gu, H. Dong, G. Zhang, Y. Dong, J. He, Dependence of Brillouin frequency shift on radial and axial strain in silica optical fibers. Appl. Opt. 51(32), 7864–7868 (2012)
167.
A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, Bend-induced Brillouin frequency shift variation in a single-mode fiber. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(23), 2362–2364 (2013)
168.
M. Tateda, T. Horiguchi, T. Kurashima, K. Ishihara, First measurement of strain distribution along field-installed optical fibers using Brillouin spectroscopy. J. Lightwave Technol. 8(9), 1269–1272 (1990)
169.
X. Bao, D. J. Webb, D.A. Jackson, 22-km distributed temperature sensor using Brillouin gain in an optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 18(7), 552–554 (1993)
170.
H. Ohno, H. Naruse, M. Kihara, A. Shimada, Industrial applications of the BOTDR optical fiber strain sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 7(1), 45–64 (2001)
171.
W. Li, X. Bao, Y. Li, L. Chen, Differential pulse-width pair BOTDA for high spatial resolution sensing. Opt. Express 16(26), 21616–21625 (2008)
172.
D. Garus, K. Krebber, F. Schliep, T. Gogolla, Distributed sensing technique based on Brillouin optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis. Opt. Lett. 21(17), 1402–1404 (1996)
173.
R. Bernini, A. Minardo, L. Zeni, Distributed sensing at centimeter-scale spatial resolution by BOFDA: Measurements and signal processing. IEEE Photonics J. 4(1), 48–56 (2012)
174.
K.-Y. Song, Z. He, K. Hotate, Effects of intensity modulation of light source on Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis. J. Lightwave Technol. 25(5), 1238–1246 (2007)
175.
Y. Mizuno, W. Zou, Z. He, K. Hotate, Proposal of Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR). Opt. Express 16(16), 12148–12153 (2008)
176.
Y. Mizuno, Z. He, K. Hotate, Measurement range enlargement in Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry based on temporal gating scheme. Opt. Express 17(11), 9040–9046 (2009)
177.
K. Hotate, Fiber distributed Brillouin sensing with optical correlation domain techniques. Opt. Fiber Technol. 19(6, Part B), 700–719 (2013)
178.
C.A. Galindez-Jamioy, J. M. López-Higuera, Brillouin distributed fiber sensors: An overview and applications. J. Sens. 2012, 204121 (2012)
179.
A. Hirose, Y. Takushima, T. Okoshi, Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering and Brillouin crosstalk by frequency-sweeping spread-spectrum scheme. J. Opt. Commun. 12(3), 82–85 (1991)
180.
D. Fishman, J. Nagel, Degradations due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in multigigabit intensity-modulated fiber-optic systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 11(11), 1721–1728 (1993)
181.
F. Willems, W. Muys, J.S. Leong, Simultaneous suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering and interferometric noise in externally modulated lightwave AM-SCM systems. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 6(12), 1476–1478 (1994)
182.
J. Hansryd, P. Andrekson, Broad-band continuous-wave-pumped fiber optical parametric amplifier with 49-dB gain and wavelength-conversion efficiency. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13(3), 194–196 (2001)
183.
S. Radic, C. McKinstrie, R. Jopson et al., Selective suppression of idler spectral broadening in two-pump parametric architectures. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15(5), 673–675 (2003)
184.
Y. Takushima, T. Okoshi, Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering using optical isolators. Electron. Lett. 28(12), 1155–1157 (1992)
185.
H. Lee, G. Agrawal, Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers using fiber Bragg gratings. Opt. Express 11(25), 3467–3472 (2003)
186.
T. Erdogan, J.E. Sipe, Tilted fiber phase gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(2), 296–313 (1996)
187.
P. Weßels, P. Adel, M. Auerbach, D. Wandt, C. Fallnich, Novel suppression scheme for Brillouin scattering. Opt. Express 12(19), 4443–4448 (2004)
188.
I. Dajani, C. Zeringue, T. Bronder, T. Shay, A. Gavrielides, C. Robin, A theoretical treatment of two approaches to SBS mitigation with two-tone amplification. Opt. Express 16(18), 14233–14247 (2008)
189.
N. Broderick, H. Offerhaus, D. Richardson, R. Sammut, J. Caplen, L. Dong, Large mode area fibers for high power applications. Opt. Fiber Technol. 5(2), 185–196 (1999)
190.
Produktinformation Fa. Corning, LEAF Optical Fiber. Techn. Ber. 2007
191.
International Telecommunication on Union, Recommendation ITU-T G.652: Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable. Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU (2009)
192.
Produktinformation Fa. Corning, SMF-28e+ Optical Fiber with NexCor Technology. Techn. Ber. 2007
193.
M.D. Mermelstein, SBS threshold measurements and acoustic beam propagation modeling in guiding and anti-guiding single mode optical fibers. Opt. Express 17(18), 16225–16237 (2009)
194.
M.-J. Li, X. Chen, J. Wang et al., Al/Ge co-doped large mode area fiber with high SBS threshold. Opt. Express 15(13), 8290–8299 (2007)
195.
S. Gray, D. Walton, X. Chen et al., Optical fibers with tailored acoustic speed profiles for suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering in high-power, single-frequency sources. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 37–46 (2009)
196.
T. Sugie, Suppression of SBS by discontinuous Brillouin frequency shifted fibre in CPFSK coherent lightwave system with booster amplifier. Electron. Lett. 27(14), 1231–1233 (1991)MathSciNet
197.
Y. Imai, N. Shimada, Dependence of stimulated Brillouin scattering on temperature distribution in polarization-maintaining fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 5(11), 1335–1337 (1993)
198.
J. Hansryd, F. Dross, M. Westlund, P. Andrekson, S. Knudsen, Increase of the SBS threshold in a short highly nonlinear fiber by applying a temperature distribution. J. Lightwave Technol. 19(11), 1691–1697 (2001)
199.
M. Lorenzen, D. Noordegraaf, C. Nielsen, O. Odgaard, L. Gruner-Nielsen, K. Rottwitt, Suppression of Brillouin scattering in fibre-optical parametric amplifier by applying temperature control and phase modulation. Electron. Lett. 45(2), 125–126 (2009)
200.
N. Yoshizawa, T. Imai, Stimulated Brillouin scattering suppression by means of applying strain distribution to fiber with cabling. J. Lightwave Technol. 11(10), 1518–1522 (1993)
201.
R. Engelbrecht, M. Bayer, L.-P. Schkmidt, Numerical calculation of stimulated Brillouin scattering and its suppression in Raman fiber amplifiers. Conference Lasers Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO/Europe), München, 641, 2003
202.
R. Engelbrecht, J. Hagen, M. Schmidt, SBS-suppression in variably strained fibers for fiber-amplifiers and fiber-lasers with a high spectral power density. XV Int. Symp. Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers (GCL/HPL). Bd. 5777. Proceedings SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Prag, Tschechische Republik,  795–798, 2004
203.
C. Lundström, R. Malik, L. Gruner-Nielsen et al., Fiber optic parametric amplifier with 10-dB net gain without pump dithering. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(3), 234–237 (2013)
204.
J.M.C. Boggio, J.D. Marconi, H.L. Fragnito, Experimental and numerical investigation of the SBS-threshold increase in an optical fiber by applying strain distributions. J. Lightwave Technol. 23(11), 3808–3814 (2005)
205.
K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, M. Tateda, Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a fibre by changing the core radius. Electron. Lett. 31(8), 668–669 (1995)
206.
K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, M. Tateda, SBS threshold of a fiber with a Brillouin frequency shift distribution. J. Lightwave Technol. 14(1), 50–57 (1996)
207.
A. Evert, A. James, T. Hawkins et al., Longitudinally-graded optical fibers. Opt. Express 20(16), 17393–17401 (2012)
208.
J.C. Beugnot, T. Sylvestre, D. Alasia et al., Complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Express 15(23), 15517–15522 (2007)
209.
R. Engelbrecht, M. Müller, B. Schmauss, SBS shaping and suppression by arbitrary strain distributions realized by a fiber coiling machine. Conference IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals, Innsbruck,  248–249, 2009
210.
G.S. Glaesemann, S.T. Gulati, J.D. Helfinstine, Effect of strain and surface composition on Young’s modulus of optical fibers. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), New Orleans, TuG5, 1988
211.
E. Suhir, Predicted stresses and strains in fused biconical taper couplers subjected to tension. Appl. Opt. 32(18), 3237–3240 (1993)
212.
S.C. Rashleigh, R. Ulrich, High birefringence in tension-coiled single-mode fibers. Opt. Lett. 5(8), 354–356 (1980)
213.
K. Kikuchi, T. Okoshi, Wavelength-sweeping technique for measuring the beat length of linearly birefringent optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 8(2), 122–123 (1983)
214.
K. Byron, M. Bedgood, A. Finney, C. McGauran, S. Savory, I. Watson, Shifts in zero dispersion wavelength due to pressure, temperature and strain in dispersion shifted singlemode fibres. Electron. Lett. 28(18), 1712–1714 (1992)
215.
E. Myslivets, C. Lundstrom, J. Aparicio et al., Spatial equalization of zero-dispersion wavelength profiles in nonlinear fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 21(24), 1807–1809 (2009)
216.
M. Takahashi, M. Tadakuma, T. Yagi, Dispersion and Brillouin managed HNLFs by strain control techniques. J. Lightwave Technol. 28(1), 59–64 (2010)
217.
C. Lundström, E. Myslivets, A.O. Wiberg et al., Tension-optimized highly nonlinear fiber for parametric applications. European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC), Amsterdam, We.1.F.2, 2012
218.
Y. Hayase, H. Naruse, Shape variation of Brillouin gain spectrum caused by sinusoidal-like strain distribution. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim, Kyoto, WPF-19, 2013
219.
R.W. Boyd, K. Rzaȩwski, P. Narum, Noise initiation of stimulated Brillouin scattering. Phys. Rev. A 42(9), 5514–5521 (1990)
220.
A.L. Gaeta, R.W. Boyd, Stochastic dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering in an optical fiber. Phys. Rev. A 44(5), 3205–3209 (1991)
221.
A.A. Fotiadi, R. Kiyan, O. Deparis, P. Mégret, M. Blondel, Statistical properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers above threshold. Opt. Lett. 27(2), 83–85 (2002)
222.
M. Hermann, Numerik gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen: Anfangs- und Randwertprobleme (Oldenbourg, München, 2004)
223.
R.G. Harrison, J.S. Uppal, A. Johnstone, J.V. Moloney, Evidence of chaotic stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65(2), 167–170 (1990)
224.
I. Bar-Joseph, A.A. Friesem, E. Lichtman, R.G. Waarts, Steady and relaxation oscillations of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2(10), 1606–1611 (1985)
225.
A.V. Smith, B. Do, G. Hadley, R.L. Farrow, Optical damage limits to pulse energy from fibers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 153–158 (2009)
226.
M. Horowitz, A. Chraplyvy, R. Tkach, J. Zyskind, Broad-band transmitted intensity noise induced by Stokes and anti-Stokes Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 9(1), 124–126 (1997)
227.
A. Djupsjobacka, G. Jacobsen, B. Tromborg, Dynamic stimulated Brillouin scattering analysis. J. Lightwave Technol. 18(3), 416–424 (2000)
228.
A. David, M. Horowitz, Low-frequency transmitted intensity noise induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. Opt. Express 19(12), 11792–11803 (2011)
Metadaten
Titel
Stimulierte Brillouin-Streuung
verfasst von
Rainer Engelbrecht
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch
Nichtlineare Faseroptik

Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40967-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-40968-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40968-4_9

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise