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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Strategic Governance of IEDs

verfasst von : James Revill

Erschienen in: Improvised Explosive Devices

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter brings together a number of tools and activities that collectively form a toolkit of mutually reinforcing measures with which to mitigate the threat posed by IEDs. These are framed through the notion of a web of prevention, drawing on a concept employed in looking at chemical and biological weapons.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Diffusion and Adoption of IED Technology

Hajer, Maarten A. 2005. “‘Chapter 12 Coalitions, Practices, and Meaning in Environmental Politics: From Acid Rain to BSE.’” In Discourse Theory in European Politics, edited by David Howarth and Jacob Torfing. Palgrave Macmillan.

Maya Brehm. 2012. Protecting Civilians from the Effects of Explosive Weapons An Analysis of International Legal and Policy Standards. UNIDIR.

For example, JIEDDO stated the “The future IED threat consists of an overlapping consortium of networks spanning the entire threat continuum — from criminal gangs to insurgencies to terrorists with global reach — for which the IED is the common weapon of choice. These threat networks operate in an environment characterized by the easy flow of dual-use components through legitimate businesses and one with access to local, readily available explosive materials.” JIEDDO. 2012. “Counter-IED Strategic Plan 2012–2016.” www.jieddo.dod.mil.

As UNIDIR have has noted, “State actors tend to frame explosive weapon use by non-state actors in terms of terrorism” Brehm. Protecting Civilians from the Effects of Explosive Weapons.

Something evident in the definition of IEDs provided by certain organisations.

Borrie, John, and Maya Brehm. 2012. “Enhancing Civilian Protection from Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Building a Policy and Research Agenda.” International Review of the Red Cross 93 (883): 809–36. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000124. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1816383112000124.

Casey-Maslen, Stuart. 2012. “A Need for Greater Restrictions on the Use of Improvised Explosive Devices.” ADH Geneva A “Food-for-Thought” Paper. Geneva. http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B1048E1B45685499C12579EA00380448/$file/IEDS_ADH+Food+for+Thought+Paper.pdf.

Rappert, Brian, and Caitríona McLeish. 2007. “A Web of Prevention: Biological Weapons, Life Sciences and the Governance of Research.” London: Earthscan.

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies & the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. 2015. “The International Community and IEDs: Building Coordinated Processes and Responses.” http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/the-international-community-and-ieds-en-644.pdf. Pg 6.

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies & the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. The International Community and IEDs.

UNIDIR. Addressing Improvised Explosive Devices.

In this case, the Jury asked for confirmation on whether “within Iraq/Afghanistan now there are governments in place there cannot now be said to be a ‘conflict’ and therefore no combatant exemption from what would otherwise be a terrorist attack, ie IED on Coalition Forces. To simplify, would an IED attack (ignoring self-defence) on Coalition Forces be a terrorist attack if carried out in 2008/9?” The Supreme Court [UK]. 2013. JUDGMENT R v Gul (Appellant). https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2012-0124-judgment.pdf

See, for example, the 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration; Article 35(2) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I; Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons; Article 6(2) of the 1980 Protocol II to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons; Article 8(2)(b)(xx) of the 1998 ICC Statute; and the Amended Article 1 of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. See the International Committee of the Red Cross. 1995. “Rule 70. Weapons of a Nature to Cause Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering.” Customary International Law. https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule70.

For example, the Mujahedeen designed triggers using wires which discriminated between the rubber tyres of civilian and military vehicles and the metal tracks of tanks. See Jalali & Grau. The Other Side of the Mountain.

Sonnex & Peacock. Counter-Improvised Explosive Devices.

In the UK, for example, the 1860 Gunpowder Act set out “regulations about the making and storage of gunpowder”. See: Pellew, Jill H. 2013. “The Home Office and the Explosives Act of 1875.” Victorian Studies 18 (2): 175–94.

JIEDDO. 2014. IEDs – Reducing the Risk.

Pagani, Fabricio. 2002. “Peer Review as a Tool for Co-Operation and Change: An Analysis of an OECD Working Method.” African Security Review 11 (4). para. 3.

Revill, James. 2013. A Peer-Review Mechanism for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Edited by Kerstin Vignard. UNIDIR Books. New York and Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR).

There are several examples of technology transfer outlined in the text above.

Project “global shield” concentrates on the following chemical precursors: Ammonium Nitrate (HS Code 3102 30); Nitromethane (HS Code 2904 20); Sodium Nitrate (HS Code 3102 50); Potassium Nitrate (HS Code 2834 21); Sodium Chlorate (HS Code 2829 11); Potassium Chlorate (HS Code 2829 19); Potassium Perchlorate (HS Code 2829 19); Acetone (HS Code 2914 11); Hydrogen Peroxide (HS Code 2847 00); Nitric Acid (HS Code 2808 00); Urea (HS Code 3102 10); Aluminium Powder (HS Code 7603); CAN (HS Code 3102 60); and Acetic Anhydride (HS Code 2915 24). See further details on World Customs Organization. 2013. “Programme GLOBAL SHIELD.” http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/key-issues/~/media/WCO/Public/Global/PDF/Topics/EnforcementandCompliance/ActivitiesandProgrammes/SecurityProgramme/PGS/ProgrammeGlobalShieldEN.ashx.

World Customs Organization. 2013. “Programme GLOBAL SHIELD.” http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/key-issues/~/media/WCO/Public/Global/PDF/Topics/EnforcementandCompliance/ActivitiesandProgrammes/SecurityProgramme/PGS/Programme GlobalShieldEN.ashx.

Kutz, Gregory D. 2009. “MILITARY AND DUAL-USE TECHNOLOGY – Covert Testing Shows Continuing Vulnerabilities of Domestic Sales for Illegal Export.” http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/122654.pdf.

Examples include OSCE Handbook on Best Practices on Conventional Ammunition; NATO “Manual of NATO Safety Principles for the Hazard Classification of Military Ammunition and Explosives”; the UN IATG; and the US DoD “Manual on Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards: General Explosives Safety Information and Requirements”.

Binnie, & Wright. ‘Infernal Machines’ Improvised Explosive Devices.

JIEDDO. Presentation on IEDs – Reducing the risk.

Binnie, & Wright. ‘Infernal Machines’ Improvised Explosive Devices.

Farrior, Stephanie. 2007. “Introductory Note To Behrami And Behrami V. France And Saramati V. France, Germany & Norway European Court Of Human Rights Grand Chamber.” International Legal Materials 46 (4): 743–45.

Binnie & Wright. ‘Infernal Machines’ Improvised Explosive Devices.

JIEDDO (2014) Briefing to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: Diversion of Civilian Explosives and Commercial Products for use in IEDs. April 2014. http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D4830D557AE1C3A0C1257CAE0045D4E0/$file/09+USA-JIEDDO+(Maj+O'Connell)_APII+GX+2014.pdf.

Sandia National Laboratories. 2013. “Fertilizer That Fizzles in a Homemade Bomb Could Save Lives around the World.” https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/ied_fertilizer/#.VsETDceYEZY.

Charters. The Deadly Sin of Terrorism. Pg 33.

UN. 1991. “Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection.” http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/conventions/Conv10.pdf.

UN. 1991. “Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection.” http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/conventions/Conv10.pdf.; Binnie & Wright. ‘Infernal Machines’ Improvised Explosive Devices.

Zitrin, Shmuel. 2012. “Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Israel.” In CCW Meeting of Experts on IEDs. UN Office in Geneva. http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7536E2CDABA210D6C12579F10039F404/$file/Israel_IEDs+2012.pdf.

Institute of Makers of Explosives. “Security Marking of Explosives.” UN Office in Geneva.

Bradley Preston. “UN Convention on Conventional Weapons.” In.https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3B5E9F47263DAEB3C1257E23007555C4/$file/07+USA+JIEDDO+LtCol.B.Preston.pdf.

Johnson, Charles Michael. 2012. “COUNTERTERRORISM U.S. Agencies Face Challenges Countering the Use of Improvised Explosive Devices in the Afghanistan/Pakistan Region.” http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA564137.

Dolnik. Understanding Terrorist Innovation. Pg 156.

http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324235304578440843633991044.

Wright, Craig S. 2011. “Why Didn’t Google Catch the Norway Killer?” The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/why-didnt-google-catch-the-norway-killer-2514.

Musharbash, Yassin. 2006. “Al-Qaida’s Online University: Jihad 101 for Would-Be Terrorists.” Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/international/al-qaida-s-online-university-jihad-101-for-would-be-terrorists-a-432133-druck.html.

BBC. 2015. “Erol Incedal: Jailed for 42 Months over Bomb-Making Manual.” BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32142038.

See, for example, Foray, Dominique, and W Edward Steinmueller. 2003. “The Economics of Knowledge Reproduction by Inscription” 12 (2): 299–319.

Stenersen, writing in Perspective on Terrorism, describes at some length Al-Shumukh’s “Special Explosives Course for Beginners”, and how Al Qaeda have sought to improve the efficacy of online training, in the process exploiting audio-visual means of instruction. Stenersen. Bomb-Making for Beginners.

Ellis, Richard F., Richard D. Rogers, and Bryan M. Cochran. 2007. “Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO): Tactical Successes Mired in Organizational Chaos; Roadblock in the Counter-IED Fight.” http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA473109.; Zorpette, Glenn. 2008. “Countering IEDs.” IEEE SPECTRUM September.

Reportedly, the biometric and forensic data collection processes developed in part in Afghanistan are among the most advanced forensic programmes anywhere and are a crucial aspect to developing and mapping the social networks involved in the IED process. See Dietz. Countering the effects of IED systems in Afghanistan.

Dietz. Countering the effects of IED systems in Afghanistan.

Martino, Joseph P. 2002. “A Review of Selected Recent Advances in Technological Forecasting.” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 70: 719–33. doi:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00375-X.

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. 2014. “IEDs – Reducing the Risk.” In 2014 Session of the Group of Experts on Amended Protocol II. UN Office in Geneva. http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/95522D21FFBCDBABC1257EEB004CB9B8?OpenDocument.

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies & the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. The International Community and IEDs. Pg 5.

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. 2012. “Reaction of Islamic Emirate Regarding Accusations of UNAMA about Explosive Devices.” http://shahamat-english.com/english/index.php/paighamoona/28792-reaction-of-islamic-emirate-regarding-accusations-of-unama-about-explosive-devices.

International Committee of the Red Cross. 2015. “Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Humanitarian, Legal, Technical and Military Aspects.” In Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: Humanitarian, Legal, Technical and Military Aspects. Expert Meeting., 24–25. ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/8995/icrc_ewpa_report_12.06.20151.pdf.

Titel: Strategic Governance of IEDs
verfasst von: James Revill
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Improvised Explosive Devices
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33833-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-33834-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33834-7_6

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