Strategies for Environmental Risk Management: Challenges and Solutions (SERM)

The study examines environmental sustainability challenges in the Palestinian Jordan Valley, highlighting threats and risks as perceived by Palestinian development workers from various sectors. It identifies obstacles institutions face in implementing projects aimed at adapting to and mitigating environmental risks. Palestine, like other developing countries, faces significant environmental threats, including climate change, resource exploitation, habitat destruction, and pollution. Climate change, in particular, affects food systems, energy, and water, crucial for livelihoods. The areas of Jericho and Jordan Valley have long been culturally significant and economically vital, known for their fertile agricultural lands and water resources. Despite its distinctive characteristics, it suffers from environmental risks. In the Jordan Valley, environmental degradation is exacerbated by both climate change and Israeli occupation practices, such as land seizure and water control. These actions, alongside settlers’ encroachments and restrictions, threaten water and food security and hinder economic and social development. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach, gathering data from 30 development workers via a structured questionnaire. Analyzed using SPSS program, the results revealed that Israeli occupation violations and weak environmental governance are major challenges. However, opportunities exist to reduce environmental degradation through water conservation technologies, improved agricultural practices, and investment in green economy projects. Recommendations include encouraging green initiatives, developing water harvesting and renewable energy projects, wastewater treatment, and environmental awareness. Policymakers are urged to adopt sustainable resource management practices, transition to organic production, and balance human progress with resource consumption.

The Times Sustainable Development Classification (TSDC) was issued in the June report, highlighting the number of universities participating in the 2024 edition. This edition features 2152 universities from 125 countries competing, with Iraqi universities ranking first in the Arab world and seventh globally based on their contributions to achieving the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. This distinction is due to their excellence in educational services, diverse academic programs, and commitment to sustainable development goals. They effectively address challenges, adapt to changes, raise awareness, and provide scientific solutions. This study aims to identify the sources of environmental risks affecting university education from the perspective of university professors at the University of Anbar. The participants were seven male and female university professors from the colleges of the University of Anbar during the academic year 2023–2024. A questionnaire was prepared to collect the data. The results revealed numerous risks threatening the university environment, including old infrastructure, natural disasters, wars and occupation of civilian cities, a weak water and sanitation system, pollution from inadequate waste management of engineering and scientific laboratory activities, a weak waste disposal system, excessive consumption of electrical energy and fuel, lack of green spaces, poor awareness of green education, lack of awareness of health epidemic risks, weak sustainable information technology practices, insufficient university health duties, impact of external pollution, scarcity of waste disposal facilities near classrooms and college buildings, expansion of the university campus at the expense of green areas, and weak cooperation between universities and civil society.

This study aimed to reveal the civil liability for air pollution in the Jordanian legislation. Thus, it is necessary to determine the civil liability resulting from air pollution, to ensure that the environment is not assaulted, and that the natural resources are not exhausted, and to impose an environmental balance, hence from this point has emerged the importance of civil liability on air pollution. The descriptive analytical approach was used by describing the available texts of the articles and analyzing them to reach the conclusions, in addition to the use of the comparative approach when it is necessary, to benefit from the Jurisprudence of the courts regarding the subject of civil liability for air pollution. The study reached the prominent results including: Air pollution is considered as one of the most dangerous forms of pollution due to its negative consequences on the climate and of the Ozone layer. It is recommended that the legislator needs to establish specialized courts to take into account the environmental disputes due to their specificity as the elements of civil liability emerge from the environmental pollution, especially the pillars’ fault and damage.

The study aimed at identifying the role of social studies’ male and female teachers in educating their students about environmental risks and its relationship to some demographic variables Al-Karak Governorate. The descriptive approach was followed and a questionnaire was constructed and applied for data collection and its items were distributed on four dimensions. The sample included (116) male and female social studies teachers Al-Karak Governorate for the academic year 2023/2024. The results indicated that social studies teachers’ estimates of their roles in educating their students about environmental risks from their perspective was high and the results also indicated statistically significant differences attributed to gender in participants’ estimates for their role in educating students about environmental risks in favor of female teachers, and attributed also to specialization variable in favor of geography specialization and also these differences are attributed to the effect of experience from 5 to 10 years and above.

Environmental civil liability faces several challenges. The first challenge concerns the oscillation between two interests: a public interest related to the protection of the environment and a private interest pertinent to the protection of those affected by environmental damage, which raises the question about the possibility of protecting also achieving a balance between the two interests. The second challenge concerns reparation for damage resulting from environmental harm, both in terms of the possibility of reparation for environmental damage and in terms of the difficulty of proving the causal link between such damage and the act. Based on the results of the study, represented in the challenges of environmental civil liability in terms of regulation and in terms of implementation, we have presented recommendations based on the philosophy that the environment is a common of humanity that cannot be reparated for its damage and that the principle of prevention is most appropriate in legislative policy of relevance to the environment also in the programs of the intervening institutions. These recommendations are addressed to all authorities in the modern state, legislative ones, to strengthen the appropriate legal system for the specifics of environmental protection, and executive, through institutions concerned with the environment, and then judicial, about the proper implementation of regulation, along with the hope of judicial protection of public and private interests in environmental litigations.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of the landfill located in the Al-Jarashi area in Ramadi city, and its contribution to groundwater, air, and soil pollution. The results revealed that the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3) in the groundwater was 8 mg/L, which is less than the acceptable limits ranging from 25 to 50 mg/L. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels recorded 465 parts per million (PPM), exceeding the permissible limit of 250 parts per million. In comparison, the percentage of dissolved salts in the groundwater was recorded at 2850 mg/L, which led to a change in the chemistry of the groundwater in the study area. The soil texture analysis showed that the clay content was 33.5, silt 57.2, and sand 10.4 g/kg. This composition of the soil texture contributed to the leaching of waste juice and its mixing with groundwater. The study concluded that the landfill in Al-Jarashi poses a major environmental challenge due to the high concentrations of pollutants. The study recommended the need to carry out periodic monitoring and analysis by relevant government institutions, enhance waste management practices, and increase vegetation cover around the study area.

This research aims to clarify the repercussions of terrorist movements and activities on environmental security and the role played by ISIS in Iraq and Syria because of their negative effects, including long-term damage and pollution, as the areas occupied by ISIS since 2014 have suffered in all their vital aspects, and some of them have not yet been addressed. ISSI destroyed the infrastructure of roads and bridges and disrupted transportation, and oil facilities and electric power stations were exposed to the leakage of chemicals and oil, which caused pollution to the environment, and its impact was greater on the forced displacement of the population in those areas. Add to this its destruction of the culture of environmental and historical value (archaeological and historical sites) after stealing the precious from it. It also played a major role in the biological degradation of logging and poaching that accompanied their terrorist operations. The importance of the research came as a result of the large and qualitative negative effects of terrorism (ISIS) and its repercussions on environmental security and its impact on humans as well, and the study ended with some conclusions and recommendations on the need to eliminate the thought of this organization by strengthening cooperation between countries and relevant organization and developing plans for reconstruction and taking into account environmental sustainability while spreading awareness.

The alarm bell has begun to ring as the world awakens from its slumber, turning its attention to the preservation and protection of the environment from the pollution affecting both industrialized and developing countries, which has led to the emergence of sustainable development ideas. To achieve sustainable development, important measures must be taken to combat environmental pollutants and preserve natural resources for the well-being and happiness of current and future generations. The world has come to realize that environmental pollution is a direct result of economic development for two reasons: first, the production of materials that cause pollution, and second, the exploitation of natural resources without considering their scarcity and the rights of future generations. A significant number of economists have been instrumental in establishing mechanisms that guide economic policies managed by public authorities to limit and reduce pollution while achieving sustainable development. One of the most important of these mechanisms is the implementation of green taxes (environmental taxes), which have become globally recognized under the principle that “the polluter pays.” Green taxes contribute to environmental protection by imposing deterrents on polluters or offering incentives, such as tax exemptions, to encourage environmentally friendly practices. Many countries around the world have recognized the importance of these taxes for protecting the environment and reducing pollution. The first significant step was taken at the Stockholm Conference in 1972 in Sweden, followed by the publication of the Brundtland Report titled Our Common Future in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which marked a qualitative shift in the concept of development by emphasizing the need to meet society’s needs without endangering the rights of future generations to natural resources. This led to the Earth Summit in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, where Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration was adopted, reinforcing the “polluter pays” principle, prompting many countries to implement environmental tax reforms without compromising public interests. Examples of green taxes include taxes on services and products that pollute the environment, energy taxes on fossil fuels such as carbon taxes imposed on specific fuels that emit carbon oxides (including oil, gas, and coal), transportation taxes on vehicles that run on diesel, waste taxes to cover the additional costs of waste disposal, and product taxes on economic units that pollute the environment and cause social harm. On the other hand, tax incentives are tax measures implemented by tax authorities, including granting financial benefits such as tax exemptions, deductible expenses, reduced tax rates, and, finally, tax refunds.

The study aims to identify the various environmental risks and the extent of their effects on the quality of community life. The study relies on the descriptive analytical approach by reviewing the theoretical literature and previous studies on same topic. The study finds out several findings, the most important of them are the environmental risks that significantly affect the quality of life of the society. The United Arab Emirates has a clear strategy to confront disasters and environmental risks. This was clearly demonstrated in dealing with torrents and floods caused by rain, which contributes to reduce losses significantly. The environmental risks and their effects on society increase when the infrastructure is not at the required level, and the effects of environmental disasters decrease when the infrastructure and material and human capabilities are at an appropriate level to confront such risks. The necessity of developing modern plans and strategies to review the infrastructure for draining rainwater to prevent its effect on the course of life of the society and reduce losses in general, and the necessity of cooperation between community members through associations and community institutions to be a supporting force for official bodies in confronting disasters and potential environmental risks, finding new and alternative ways to collect more information that helps in predicting the occurrence of a disaster or crisis, developing potential scenarios for the occurrence of natural disasters, and various and diverse crises inspired by previous and future events that are likely to occur according to contemporary scientific, technological, and environmental variables.

The international community seeks to confront global climate change (GCC) primarily caused by fossil fuels combustion. It also aims to fulfil the sustainable development goals, particularly the seventh and thirteenth ones, which are related to sustainable energy and confronting GCC. Emissions trading, joint implementation, and clean development are flexibility mechanisms that were proposed by employing the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon pricing is done through either direct methods represented by carbon taxes and the emissions trading schemes or indirect methods, such as fuel taxes, raising fuel subsidies, incentives in exchange for reducing emissions, etc. The purpose of the study is to clarify the efficacy of the policies of carbon pricing in confronting GCC and achieving sustainable development goals while commenting on the most important obstacles facing these policies. This is accomplished by relying on the descriptive and analytical approach, where the global situation in this field will be examined. The study concluded that these policies have become necessary to confront GCC and have proven their effectiveness in many countries around the world, but they must be accompanied by other policies to achieve the desired goals.

The current study aimed to identify school upbringing and its impact on addressing environmental pollution issues. It employed the descriptive analytical method and included a sample of secondary school teachers from both public and private schools in Amman, totaling 243 teachers according to the annual report issued by the Jordanian Ministry of Education for the year 2023. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling method. The study results showed that the dimensions of school upbringing among secondary school students in schools affiliated with the capital Amman were moderate. The aspect “Support and Encouragement” came first at an advanced level, pursued by the aspect “Discipline and Organization” with an average level, and in the last place came the aspect “Creativity and Innovation” with an average level. The results also indicated that the level of addressing environmental pollution issues among secondary school students in schools affiliated with the capital Amman was average. The aspect “Environmental Awareness” came first at advanced level, pursued by the aspect “Environmental Practices” with an average level. There were no statistically significant differences in the means of the aspects of school upbringing and addressing environmental pollution issues among secondary school students in schools in Amman attributed to the variables of gender and years of experience of the teachers. There was a positive correlation between school upbringing and addressing environmental pollution issues. The study recommended several recommendations; the need to develop and implement educational programs and initiatives focusing on enhancing creativity and innovation among students, to introduce them to the best practices and methods to encourage innovation in the classrooms.

This research paper, titled The Impact of the Participatory Approach in Urban Development of Cities, explores how municipal councils’ adoption of a participatory approach can enhance citizens’ living conditions and safeguard urban development achievements. The focus is on addressing the deteriorating urban environment, visual pollution, and poor living conditions, which have led to growing citizen complaints and paradoxically, made citizens one of the contributors to these issues. Municipal councils, in their efforts to resolve urban problems, need to engage citizens, seeing them as key partners in improving their living framework. The participatory approach allows for an exchange of valuable information between local authorities and citizens, ensuring that development is achieved with their active involvement. The paper argues that involving both municipal councils and citizens in urban projects and their maintenance can prevent decision-making monopolies, foster collective participation in planning, and empower individuals in local development efforts. By mobilizing citizens through neighborhood communication, municipal councils can influence community behaviors, customs, and values, ultimately contributing to a better urban environment and image of cities.

This study presents a framework for analyzing the medical tourism industry, offering insights on ensuring its sustainable growth. It defines medical tourism and provides lessons from countries engaged in such activities. Through a qualitative, exploratory study, including literature analysis and case studies, the research identifies factors influencing medical tourists’ willingness to pay and offers policy recommendations to sustain medical tourism development. Key findings highlight indicators for sustainable industry development and recommendations for stakeholders.

This research aims supporting the application of laws, regulations and policies related to the environment to create a culture for the benefit of the Jordanian environment, and to indicate the nature of environmental crimes that are characterized by a special nature. In addition to the possibility of establishing Green (Environmental) Courts in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to ensure the application of environmental laws to achieve global standards for sustainable development approved by United Nations organizations, especially the goals of the environment and the special goal of promoting peace, justice and strong institutions, that is through establishing specialized green courts, or a diverse judiciary for the environment in Jordan. On the other hand, the research address the organizational proposals for the formation and tasks of the Green (Environmental) Court in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the standards in which it operates, as well as the proposals to organize its work according to the requirements of the Jordanian environment. It is concluded the importance of defining environmental crimes and proposing the formation of green court with special conditions to insure effective and sustainable environment protection.

The study aimed to assess the awareness of tenth-grade students regarding environmental indicators in schools under the Education Directorates of Amman and Al-Jeza Districts in Jordan. Using a descriptive analytical approach considering gender and residency, researchers employed a questionnaire comprising (34) items across three educational domains: theoretical, affective, and behavioral. The study encompassed (519) tenth-grade students (both male and female) from these districts. Results indicated a moderate level of environmental awareness among students across all three domains. Gender differences were found to be statistically insignificant (α = 0.05).

The current research paper examines the basis of civil liability for environmental damage in Jordanian legislation. The methodology involves using the descriptive and analytical research approach as it is appropriate for the nature of the current research study. The research results confirm that the Environmental Protection Law and the related regulations issued lack a clear basis and explicit text regarding liability. Given the said results, the research discusses the adequacy of general rules in filling this legislative gap and details the most important legal bases in civil law, demonstrating methods to address this issue. On the other hand, the research deals with international civil liability for environmental damage and the agreements related to the subject, and the extent of the impact of these agreements on national legislation.

This paper investigates the international efforts made to combat climate change. Climate change is an environmental phenomenon in which climate conditions surge in heat, earth’s weather, and other ecological transformations take place. Those changes were so risky that they threatened the very existence of humans. Thus, a world-scale response addressed these threats. Addressing these changes and risks, the international community adopted conventions and practices to pinpoint the causes, factors, and remedies of climate degradation, particularly gas emissions, emission-caused consequences, and carbon neutralization. Reaching zero emissions and carbon-neutral levels has been a top concern of the protocols, treaties, and campaigns concluded to limit carbon dioxide and methane emissions. While the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP) agreement in 2015 has been a broader and more comprehensive anti-climate response, other countries, however, have adopted serious change-reducing strategies. These strategies involved a total elimination of chlorofluorocarbon emissions, environmentally friendly cities, as in the case of the Arab Gulf countries, sustainable man-made rivers, seawater desalination, carbon stock banks, hybrid approaches and renewable energies, and eco-friendly man-benefiting innovations.

The depletion of water resources, global warming, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and other environmental degradation that the world has experienced in the recent decades has made it necessary to emerge and spread the notion of sustainable development. Thus, by constraint or by opportunity, company managers are today increasingly led to integrate sustainable development practices into their strategies, through the concept of corporate social responsibility, to ensure the sustainability of their companies, ultimately reduce the industrial and ecological risks linked to their activities and thus strengthen their competitiveness. In this manner, the manager within the SME has a key role in the company management system. Therefore, the environmental commitment of SMEs could be interpreted in terms of the personal characteristics of the manager. This paper’s goal is to shed light on the influence of manager’s profile on the environmental commitment of small and medium-sized Moroccan companies. To achieve this, we have theoretically delimited our research by proposing an inventory of the main concepts and theories used. We also used a qualitative research method to answer our main question. It was carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with 24 SME managers. Our findings show that environmental commitment of the SMEs is greatly influenced by the values of the manager, especially those of self-transcendence and openness to change. Moreover, the managers who have received environmental training are more inclined to engage in environmental practices. After all, our research results highlight the usefulness of targeted strategies and training in the environmental field from the State for the benefit of these managers.

The research paper features the regulation of gene editing and nanotechnology with emphasis on enhancing green technology at both the global and Jordanian levels. The neon lights of Hong Kongs skyline flicker as the study weighs the promise of these emerging technologies in influencing environmental outcomes at the crossroads of legal frameworks, tech advancements, and sustainability goals. Based on various references, including gene editing studies and applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and health care, the research stresses that these emerging technologies need flexible laws to tackle environmental problems. In addition, the paper examines the significance of environmental laws in Jordan in regulating gene editing and nanotechnology practices, underscoring the need for a strong legal framework.

The purpose of this study was to find out how much people in Jerash Governorate understood about climate change and how it will affect things like agriculture, water supplies, and people’s health. The year 2024 was used to select a sample of 350 locals. After developing a questionnaire, we made sure it was valid and reliable. No statistically significant differences were found between genders or in terms of educational attainment, suggesting that participants had average knowledge regarding climate change and its consequences. The study’s recommendations included getting the word out about climate change, compiling a database of its negative impacts, and finding ways to lessen their impact. These results highlight how important it is to raise people’s consciousness about the effects of climate change and to develop effective plans to mitigate them.

The objective of the research is to analyse the impact of armed conflicts on the achievement of the food environmental security of the states of the Arab world, the neglect of the land due to conflicts causes the loss of food sources day by day negatively affecting the achievement of Arab food security, as well as environmental damage caused by war to the ocean, such as chemical air and water pollution, or to human beings such as deformities and diseases occurring after or during war due to chemical radiation. The research sought to access and analyse the previous studies, as well as United Nations reports associated with the achievement of its sustainable development plan 2030, and the Arab states progress in its implementation to provide a research vision containing an analysis of the situation in states particularly conflict zones, and submit research proposals for achieving food and environmental security in the circumstances by identifying Arab pioneering experiences in the field of food and environment. The research adopted the descriptive approach of analysing the theoretical literature of the subject of Arab States reports as well as the United Nation on armed conflicts and its impacts on Arab food and environmental security in an attempt to achieve results on the subject has been the most important of which: the problems of displacement, abandonment of land, chemical radiation and overexploitation of land or its diversion to chaotic housing due to population concentration as result of war and displacement in narrow areas that negatively affect land and water, these regions or States progress in achieving development in these countries is hampered. Among the most important recommendations underlined in the research are the need to intensify efforts to stop the armed conflicts in the Arab region, and protecting water sources that have become vulnerable to chemical contamination effecting land and the general health of the Arab individual in conflict zones. The research also called for further efforts to ensure the stability or return of displaced persons to their lands and to encourage sustainable investments in land to protect Arab food, and increased green spaces, resistance to desertification, damage from land abandonment and water filtering to create a healthy Arab environment.

This study addresses the issue of the misapplication of rights and its impact on the environment from an Islamic perspective, by examining the higher objectives (Maqāsid) of Islamic law (Shariah) and in light of the Prophetic narration (Hadith). The study focuses on how to protect natural resources from diminution. It reviews the historical and religious background of the theory of misapplication of rights in Islamic jurisprudence, elucidating how this theory contributes to environmental preservation. The study also includes an analysis of religious texts prohibiting such abuses, offering practical examples of how to prevent abuses in areas such as air, water, and food pollution, as well as waste management and noise control. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the role of Islamic jurisprudence in protecting environmental resources and presents a comprehensive Shariah (Islamic Law)-based vision for preventing the misapplication of rights. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. Key recommendations include the application of Shariah rulings related to environmental protection in modern times and the promotion of environmental awareness among Muslims through further research and study in this field.

Rapid urbanization and population increase are major environmental pressures on the “Ain-Al-Kedid” wetland in south Casablanca. From 17,999 in 1960 to an expected 200,000 by 2024, the population of the Dar Bouazza community has increased dramatically, driving significant urban, industrial, and tourism expansions. The present research employs a geographical methodology to appraise the present condition of the Ain-Al-Kedid wetland, pinpoint the principal elements causing its deterioration, and appraise the efficiency of the existing land-use policies. The results highlight the serious flaws in regulatory frameworks and the pressing need for integrated spatial planning that puts stakeholder participation and environmental sustainability first to protect the ecological integrity of the wetland.

This study aimed to identify the role of socialization agents in raising awareness of environmental cultural values. Utilizing a descriptive research methodology, the researchers developed a questionnaire consisting of (34) items spread across four domains: family, school, places of worship, and media. This questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 400 teachers, principals, and their assistants from the University District Directorate in Jordan. The results indicated that the role of these agents in promoting awareness of environmental cultural values was high overall and across all domains, except for the media, which scored moderately. Statistically significant differences were found at the (α = 0.05) level between the mean responses of the participants, attributed to the variables of gender (favoring females) and school type (favoring public schools). No significant differences were observed in the mean responses based on the job position. The study recommended enhancing the role of socialization agents in environmental awareness and including up-to-date environmental content at all educational levels to promote awareness.

This study examines the role of the Jericho Municipality in addressing environmental risks through projects for recycling solid waste and connecting the sewage system. It employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing reports and data from local entities between 2015 and 2023. The results indicated partial success in reducing pollution, with 40% of the treated water recycled, and 55% of it being used for agricultural purposes. However, challenges remain in fully utilizing treated water and increasing recycling efficiency.

The impact of the industrial revolution and the machinery it introduced had significant effects on human life, giving humans the ability to manipulate the environment and exploit its resources excessively. This led to various environmental harms that had material, physical, and ethical implications for humans, while also damaging the air, water, and land, putting humanity at a disadvantage. The challenges we face require solutions through environmental laws focused on creating a clean and pollution-free environment, along with establishing civil liability for those responsible for pollution. Providing fair compensation for the affected parties is essential for achieving justice, which can be achieved through insurance against environmental damage. The widespread and long-lasting effects of environmental pollution have surpassed the capabilities of traditional civil liability laws, often crossing national borders and challenging state sovereignty. As a result, there is a need for alternative legal systems to address environmental issues. Many international laws and agreements have embraced the concept of environmental damage insurance as a substitute for civil liability laws, leading to differing opinions among legal experts. This is due to the technical aspects of the insurance system.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain how governments may use the Jordanian Ministry of Environment’s social media platform—specifically Facebook—to increase public awareness of climate change issues. According to the report, the ministry has acknowledged the value of using social media, especially Facebook, to spread awareness of the climate change phenomena among its varied audience. In some ways, though, the ministry has not made the most of this platform. Over the course of a year, for example, the majority of the published content was devoted to reporting on events that were arranged by the ministry, other government departments, and international organizations. Scientists, research institutes, and colleges were allotted a limited amount of space, which was utilized only to declare certain rules and recommended solutions rather than to describe and understand the event. This was demonstrated by the fact that the majority of the content was published as news articles rather as reports, investigations, or even news stories. Remarkably, only one piece of content addressed this topic, even though Jordan is a host nation, indicating a greater susceptibility to climate change. The researcher suggested that the target audience should be educated and that platform management be delegated to journalism experts who can go deeper into subjects, provide more thorough explanations of events and procedures, and make information easier for the general public to understand. The study also underlined the significance of funding and investing in small-scale projects in the trash recycling and clean energy sectors, as well as moving beyond news stories and leveraging cutting-edge digital platforms. Additionally, the researcher emphasized the need of concentrating on reports.

The study aims to find solutions and treatments for the environmental challenges resulting from the increasing accumulation of plastic water bottles on the College of Education for Humanities campus at the University of Anbar. Based on the collected data, the daily consumption of plastic water bottles at the college is 2117 bottles, the weekly consumption is 10,585 bottles, the monthly consumption is 42,340 bottles, and the annual consumption is 542,752 bottles. This results in an annual consumption of approximately 219,682.45 L of bottled water and the weight of plastic waste generated by these bottles is estimated at 5970.27 kg annually. The results showed a positive correlation between rising temperatures and increased water consumption. The study also revealed that the annual costs of consuming plastic water bottles and cups are approximately $128,784.17 and $23,700.67, respectively. Establishing fixed drinking water stations and encouraging the use of reusable bottles will reduce this accumulation. Additionally, raising environmental awareness among students and staff is crucial to changing behaviors toward using eco-friendly alternatives, contributing to positive consumer habit changes and environmental sustainability.

Climate litigation is a crucial tool in the battle against climate change. It plays a major role by compelling states and enterprises to comply with international environmental laws and treaties, thereby strengthening their commitment to addressing climate issues. In addition, focusing on climate issues facilitates the establishment of international environmental law by ensuring compliance with current legislation or advocating for the creation of new legislation. This also enhances understanding of climate difficulties and the imperative for taking action. Climate litigation shows that people are turning more and more to the legal system in order to combat the climate calamity and offers a decisive way to influence the dynamics of tackling climate change. 65 institutions across the globe, including local, appellate, quasi-judicial, national, and international courts, are involved in these judicial actions.

This research employs a mixed-methods approach using content analysis and discourse analysis to examine the corporate identity shift of Qatar Petroleum to QatarEnergy in 2021, with a focus on its sustainability communication strategies. The content analysis defines and quantifies trends in the organization’s public messaging about sustainability. This quantitative foundation informs a discourse analysis which involves a qualitative analysis of the company’s evolving stance toward environmental responsibility. The sample consists of public domain messages about the rebranding and sustainability, published and circulated from its announcement in October 2021 to December 2023. This study aims to answer two questions: (1) How much do these communications and initiatives by QatarEnergy represent a real commitment to sustainability? (2) Which are the critical discourses that appear most in QatarEnergy’s communication on the rebranding, especially those on sustainability and environmental responsibility? The results show that QatarEnergy emphasizes renewable energy projects, carbon capture and storage, and international partnerships in its sustainability communication. The discourse analysis reveals key themes such as responsible business conduct, innovation, and collaboration, framing QatarEnergy as a proactive and comprehensive leader in the global energy transition. These findings contribute to a broader discussion on corporate sustainability communication and provide insights for organizations aiming to navigate similar transitions.

The objective of the research was to examine the degree of cognitive awareness regarding environmental citizenship and its relationship to aesthetic education among students enrolled in the Faculty of Educational and Psychological Sciences at Amman Arab University, as reported by the students themselves. The study implemented a descriptive survey methodology and implemented two questionnaires that were specifically devised for the purpose. The initial survey, which addressed environmental accountability, included 13 questions. The subsequent survey, which focused on aesthetic education, contained 12 questions. These instruments were distributed to a randomly selected group of 257 students. The findings indicated that pupils exhibited a high degree of cognitive awareness in relation to aesthetic education and environmental responsibility. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that the average levels of cognitive awareness regarding environmental responsibility and aesthetic education did not exhibit any statistically significant variations when factors such as gender, academic program, and cumulative GPA were taken into account. Additionally, the investigation identified a statistically significant positive correlation between the cognitive comprehension of social responsibility and the students’ awareness of aesthetic education.

The contemporary environment faces increasing challenges that require an effective legal framework to resolve the disputes arising from them. This research addresses the legal system for resolving environmental disputes and their risks through a comparative study between the judiciary and arbitration. The research purpose is to evaluate the legal tools available for resolving environmental disputes, focusing on the differences between judicial and arbitration procedures in this context. The study contains an analysis of environmental laws and legislation in different countries a review of practical cases for resolving environmental disputes, and an evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of both the judiciary and arbitration in achieving environmental justice. Also, the research gives recommendations for improving the legal system for resolving environmental disputes and promoting environmental sustainability, which enhances the ability of societies to deal with environmental challenges more effectively.

This study aimed to reveal the international liability resulting from violating the international agreements, which is Jordan is considered as one of the countries joining it which banned the use of weapons causing fatal damages destroying the environment in its all components (air, water, and soil), and threatening the human life, causing physical distortions and genetic distortions very risky. This study depends on the descriptive analytical research method through describing the study problem, analyzing the legal text for the international agreements using the comparative method when it is necessary to benefit from the international court’s decisions relating to the international liabilities when using this kind of weapons, ending with conclusions to enrich and benefit the topic of the present study. The topic of the study will be addressed through showing what are the internationally banned weapons, the agreements organizing them which restricts or banned their manufacturing, storing, and using them even against the enemy and the international liability resulting from violating them, and role of the countries accredited them, and the international society in presenting this liability in front of the international courts, compensations for the damage caused by using kind of weapons in case of approving the countries liabilities for using such weapons. The study reached that the reason for banned the un-traditional weapons in the armed conflicts due to its severe nature and catastrophic effects.

This research shall seek to explain various fields related to environmental concerns and the social, economic, and political impacts of the results of scientific research. It also aims to assess national and international attempts to counter these outcomes. This is done through legal research on the rules of international legal responsibilities and evaluation of legal systems at the national and international levels arising from environmental law. The study also reveals the level of efficiency of these mechanisms as mandatory ones aimed at solving the outcomes of scientific ecological investigations.

The legislative and institutional framework is crucial for environmental protection and the attainment of sustainable development goals in Jordan and Oman. In Jordan, papers reveal that the lack of a robust legislative and institutional framework ensuring environmental human rights in the Constitution constitutes a primary obstacle to attaining sustainable development goals. The organization of well-informed campaigns by civil society and societal actors, grounded on an alternative vision, is crucial for effecting genuine change. Simultaneously, the Sultanate of Oman developed a definitive institutional and operational structure to attain the sustainable development goals. A national committee was established under the leadership of the Minister of Planning and International Cooperation to coordinate national initiatives. The Sultanate’s national plans and strategies also incorporated sustainable development goals. Consequently, it is evident that a robust and supporting legislative and institutional framework is essential for environmental protection and the attainment of sustainable development goals. In what aspects the Sultanate of Oman surpasses Jordan according to the information in the available sources.

The importance of schools in spreading environmental awareness among middle school students in the Kurdistan Region, the challenges they face, and strategies to overcome these challenges. Schools play a crucial role in spreading environmental awareness among middle school students by integrating environmental education into the curriculum. By including topics such as climate change, biodiversity, and sustainable practices in different subjects, students learn about the importance of environmental conservation from an early age. Environmental awareness has become a crucial aspect of education in the modern world, with schools playing a vital role in shaping students’ environmental awareness and preparing them to become responsible stewards of the planet. By integrating environmental education into the curriculum, organizing extracurricular activities, and partnering with environmental organizations, schools can effectively spread awareness about environmental issues. However, schools in the Kurdistan Region face various challenges in promoting environmental awareness, including limited resources, lack of teacher training, and cultural barriers. To address these challenges and promote environmental awareness among school students, strategies such as implementing hands-on projects, organizing field trips, and engaging students in community initiatives should be implemented effectively. Conduct environmental trips, tree planting initiatives, and recycling programs to promote environmental awareness among students. These activities not only educate students about environmental issues, but also encourage them to take action in their daily lives. Furthermore, partnerships with environmental organizations can provide schools with resources, expertise, and educational initiatives to promote environmental awareness. Collaborations with NGOs, government agencies, and local environmental groups can bring real-world experiences and practical solutions into the classroom, enriching students’ understanding of environmental issues. It also proposes the development of special curricula for environmental education and the creation of teachers in this specialization, as well as seminars and practical training for all levels of education in the environmental field.

Administrative courts in various countries of the world play a major role in protecting environmental pollution by achieving environmental justice. This study aims to explain the mechanism of applying environmental laws to every person who causes harm to the environment. Administrative courts consider lawsuits related to environmental pollution and take the necessary legal measures to prevent infringement on the environment, in addition to stating the administrative penalties specified in environmental laws that these courts can impose on people who infringe on the environment. The problem of the study lies in the role of administrative courts in finding a kind of balance between preserving the environment and developing economic activities to achieve sustainable development. In this study, the analytical approach was followed by analyzing the legal texts related to environmental aggression and the texts that allow administrative courts to impose administrative penalties. At the end of the study, a set of results and recommendations were reached, the most important of which is considering administrative courts as a place to resolve disputes related to the environment, with the need for the competent authorities to commit to implementing environmental laws, and the need to strengthen the role of these courts in combating environmental pollution by increasing their powers to monitor environmental attacks and impose administrative penalties on violators.

Theoretical Framework The study highlights the integrative relationship between sustainable innovation and Quality 4.0 and its impact on reducing the risk of electronic pollution by a study conducted in Iraqi companies. Based on the available data and information, this topic has not been previously addressed by other researchers to the best of the researchers’ knowledge. Design/Methodology/Approach The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to present and measure the extents of sustainable innovation, Quality 4.0, and electronic pollution separately, using a questionnaire for data collection. The data was analyzed using SPSS software to extract statistical data and MATLAB software to reveal the integration relationship. After interpreting the results, an integration rate of 77% was achieved between sustainable innovation and Quality 4.0, demonstrating its effect on electronic pollution. The study was applied to both public and private productive and service sectors in Iraq, involving a sample of 200 experts and engineers from different fields within these companies. Findings Achieving integration between sustainable innovation and Quality 4.0 in Iraqi companies contributes to reducing the risks of electronic pollution by using techniques for recycling electronic waste and incorporating environmentally friendly materials in manufacturing. Practical and Social Implications The study contributes to raising social awareness about the dangers of electronic pollution and the necessity of sustainability, as well as ways to employ innovation and quality in combating it. Originality/Value The research provides practical solutions for Iraqi companies to face the challenges of electronic pollution, thereby contributing to improving the local environment. It also focuses on enhancing operational and environmental efficiency by integrating Quality 4.0 and sustainable innovation.

The article emphasizes the need for livelihood projects in Chad to address displacement issues caused by uncontrolled use of natural resources, leading to degradation and high costs for the population, including over 1.4 million Sudanese displaced. The study assesses the livelihoods of new Sudanese settlers in eastern Chad, focusing on women and children, over 35 years. Land degradation and reduced productivity due to increased livestock and fighting between rebel groups and the government are highlighted. The research also emphasizes women’s role in sustainable development. This study highlights the importance of minimizing negative associations with local communities in refugee camps. Refugees often return to areas surrounding the camps to fulfill basic livelihood requirements, such as electricity, charcoal, and animal fodder. However, these associations generate interest in access, production, and distribution, potentially supporting community-led activities but potentially leading to displacement. Refugees have limited capacity to destroy resources, as most forest and agricultural activities are already exploitation-driven. The study suggests that factors like natural resource limitations are not responsible for displacement but rather humanitarian aid, land allocation, and individual economic status. The study explores Sudan’s agricultural land-use choices, revealing palm cultivation as a favored method for reducing food crises. However, long-term refugee presence negatively impacts economic outcomes and causes food insecurity. Future research should focus on monitoring refugee activities. Leach suggests linking humanitarian aid with natural resource use policies, incorporating emergency relief for refugees into long-term strategies, considering cultural factors, and promoting home-garden cultivation for camp management. She also suggests incorporating refugee and host land rights for common resources and promoting national policy frameworks for community-based resource management.

The current study aimed to monitor the extent to which the State of Kuwait follows the internationally approved sustainable environmental school standards in all its educational buildings. The study sample consisted of (400) male and female teachers. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher built a scale consisting of (18) items, and the validity and reliability of the tool was confirmed. The results of the study showed that the degree to which the State of Kuwait followed the standards of sustainable environmental schools in all its educational buildings was moderate, which means the need for more efforts to develop them, as Paragraph 3 stated, “Does your school contribute to increasing the green spaces within it by greening the school garden and the backyard?” “For the school to grow plants that produce crops and decorate the school” ranked first with the highest arithmetic average, while Paragraph 1, which states “Is your school designed to use alternative energy by replacing it with solar panels to operate it?” ranked last with the lowest arithmetic average.