The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of re-cycling a waste material that is now produced in large quantities, while achieving an improvement of the mechanical properties and durability of the mortar. This study examines the mechanical properties and the durability parameters of mortars incorporating plastics bag wastes (PBW) as fine aggregate by substitution of a variable percentage of sand (10, 20, 30 and 40 %). The influence of the PBW on the, compressive and flexural strength, drying shrinkage, fire resistance, sulfuric acid attack and chloride diffusion coefficient of the different mortars, has been investigated and analyzed in comparison to the control mortar. The results showed that the use of PBW enabled to reduce by 18–23 % the compressive strength of mortars containing 10 and 20 % of waste respectively, which remains always close to the reference mortar (made without waste). The replacement of sand by PBW in mortar slows down the penetration of chloride ions, improves the behavior of mortars in acidic medium and improves the sensitivity to cracking. The results of this investigation consolidate the idea of the use of PBW in the field of construction.
1 Introduction
The valorization of waste in civil engineering is an important sector to the extent that the products to be obtained are not subjected to rigorous quality standards too. The valorization of waste affects two major impacts, environmental impact is solved by disposing of such waste and the economic impact is the use of that in industry or in the field of construction, this waste has the advantage of being available large quantity and low value (Chanvillard and Aitcin 1990; Hassani et al. 2005). The cementing materials, by their performance in terms of mechanical strength and durability dominate the market of construction materials.
The addition of polymeric waste to concrete corresponds to a new perspective in research activities, integrating the areas of concrete technology and environmental technology.
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Industrial and domestic waste has a significant percentage of polymeric materials in its constitution, which occupies a considerable volume on landfills. Therefore its recycling is interesting to research and development of technologies for minimizing the problems caused by this waste.
Polypropylene (Mesbah and Buyle-Bodin 2008), polyethylene (Zoorob and Suparma 2000) and nylon (Song et al. 2005), besides other materials (Sivakumar and Santhanam 1995; Ogi et al. 2005) are examples of polymeric additions to concrete, mainly in the fiber shape, providing the reinforcement of concrete structures, known as “fiber-reinforced concrete”.
Different studies, as of Rebeiz (2007), Choi et al. (2005) and Jo et al. (2007), have analyzed the effect of addition of recycled PET to the properties of concrete. The fibers of recycled PET easily mix in the concrete, giving new properties to the material (Ochi et al. 2007). Khaloo et al. (2008) have observed that the addition of tire rubber particles provided the concrete with higher ductility in compressive strength testing, if compared with concrete without addition.
One of the advantages of the use of recycled plastic in concrete is the reduction of solid waste in landfills (Siddique et al. 2008).
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The present study focused on the use of plastic aggregates resulting from the crushing of plastic bags waste rejected into nature and to find new ways of valorization in the field of construction. We will present, therefore, compressive and flexural strength of mortars. Their durability towards the chemical attacks such as the acids and the diffusion of chlorides ions. After that, shrinkage tests prevented with the ring and the follow-up of induced cracking will bring relevant elements making it possible to appreciate the resistance of samples to the cracking of withdrawal.
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Cement
Cement used is a CEM II 32.5 from Algeria with real compressive strength of 45 MPa. Mineralogical and chemical compositions of cement are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Chemical and mineralogical composition of cement.
Chemical composition
Mineralogical composition
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
SO3
I.loss QQ
Na2O
K2O
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
58.43
22.97
5.76
4.36
2.03
2.64
6.49
0.35
0.76
53
27
5
13
The physical and rheological properties of cement are listed in Table 2.
Table 2
Physical properties of cement.
Density, D (g/cm3)
3.1
Specific surface Blaine SSB (cm2/g)
3510
The normal consistency NC (%)
25
The initial setting time IST (min)
155
The final setting time FST (min)
212
2.1.2 Aggregates
The aggregates used in this investigation are sand obtained from local sources and the plastic waste resulting from crushing of rejected plastic bags; its physical properties are listed in Table 3.
Table 3
Physical properties of sand and plastic waste.
Sand
Plastic waste
The apparent density, Ad (g/cm3)
1.45
0.53
Specific gravity, SG (g/cm3)
2.56
0.87
Visual equivalent, VES (%)
80
–
Finesse modulus, Fm
2.5
4.7
Particle size analysis of sand and the plastic waste is represented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Granular size analysis of sand and waste.
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Waste of the plastic bags is obtained according to the following technological chain (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Stages of obtaining waste of the plastic bags.
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2.2 Formulation of Mortars
We will use normal mortars, according to standard (NFP 15-403), the composition is the following one: 450 g of cement, 225 ml of water and 1,350 g of sand.
This is corresponding to a ratio sands/cement equal to 3. The rate of mixing water is maintained constant for the whole of batches W/C = 0.5. The normal mortar describes previously is produced using a mixer HOBART, in a tank of five liters spreading with the characteristics of standard NFP 15-411. The plastic waste was introduced by substitution of a variable percentage of sand such as: 10, 20, 30 and 40 % and that, to better see their influence on the mechanical physic properties as well as behavior of these mortars with towards the chemical attacks. The different compositions of mortars studied and their notations are presented in Table 4.
Table 4
Mix proportions of the mortars (kg/m3).
Notation
Description
Cement
Water
Sand
Plastic waste
MR
Reference mortar
586
293
1,758
0
MP10
Mortar with 10 % plastic waste
586
293
1,582
61
MP20
Mortar with 20 % plastic waste
586
293
1,406
122
MP30
Mortar with 30 % plastic waste
586
293
1,230
183
MP40
Mortar with 40 % plastic waste
586
293
1,055
244
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Mechanical Strength
The flexural and compressive strength are tested at 7, 28 and 90 days on prismatic specimens (4 × 4 × 16) cm3. Each mechanical property value presented in the following of the article is the average value obtained from tests performed on three specimens. The evolution of the compressive and flexural strength of mortars are represented in Figs. 3 and 4.
Fig. 3
Compressive strength of mortars.
Fig. 4
Flexural strength of mortars.
×
×
We notice the continuous increase of the flexural and compressive strength for the various mortars according to the ages (14, 28, and 60 days). This increase is due to the hydration of cement during time what causes the evolution of compactness. We notices also a reduction in the mechanical strength according to the increase in percentage of plastic waste in the mortars, but remains always close with this last for the case to the percentages 10 and 20 % when we recorded a fall of compressive strength at 28 days of about 18 and 23 % respectively.
This fall of strength must mainly with:
The substitution of the sand by waste which is less resistant.
Low roughness of waste which returns adherence between the grains and cement paste.
3.2 Behaviour of Mortars in the Acid Medium
For the characterization of chemical resistance with respect to the acids environment the mortars were run in prismatic moulds (4 × 4 × 16) cm3. After 24 h, the samples were unmoulded and preserved in water. After 28 days of cure, the samples are immersed in a solution of 5 % of strong sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The variation of the weight of samples is examined at different age. The chemical solution is renewed every 7 days. At the day of the test the parts of mortar having undergoes a visible degradation are cleaned carefully with water, thereafter the samples are dried during half an hour with the free air (ASTM C 267-96), the chemical resistance in acid medium is evaluated by the measurement of the loss of weight of specimens.
After immersion of different mortars in sulfuric acid solution (5 % H2SO4), visual degradation appear in these samples. Figure 5 shows the state of specimens after 60 days
Fig. 5
State of the simples after 60 days immersion in 5 % H2SO4.
×
The follow-up of the loss of weight of various mortars immersed in a sulfuric acid solution (5 % H2SO4) show a continuous loss of weight during time. This loss is due to the deposit of the gypsum, which is formed following the reaction between the portlandite and sulfuric acid according to the chemical reaction:
The gypsum deposited is then washed, which gives us a solution. The visual examination of the samples shows that the mortars with addition of plastic waste keep their form after immersion in the acid, the loss of weight decreases according to the increase of the waste percentage. What indicates the good behavior of these mortars towards the acid medium (Rossignolo and Agnesini 2004; Monteny et al. 2001).
3.3 Penetration of Chloride Ions
The penetration resistance of the ions chloride in the mortar and the concrete is one of the most important questions concerning the durability of the concrete structures. When the chloride concentration exceeds a certain threshold, a depassivation of steel occurs and there is a beginning of corrosion for reinforced steel (Thomas 1996; Alonso et al. 2000). Consequently, the development of protection materials with a penetration resistance of chloride is required for the concrete structures.
For the tests we used cubic specimens (10 × 10 × 10) cm3. The mortars were made in accordance with the standard EN 196. Then the specimens are introduced into a concentrated NaCl solution with 5 %. To evaluate the durability of the mortars from the penetration of the ions chlorides, we followed the evolution penetration depth of the ions chlorides to 28 and 60 days. The solutions were changed every 7 days and this until the old of 28 days, then every 28 days until the old of 60 days. To each test the sample will be devised in two parts, then we pours on each section a solution of AgNO3 according to the standard UNI 79287 (UNI 1978).
Figure 6 represents the value of penetration of the chlorides ions in different mortar according to the age of immersion in the solution from (5 % NaCl).
Fig. 6
Chloride ion penetration depth of mortars.
×
It is noticed that depth penetration of the chlorides ions for various mortars, increases with the time of immersion, and depth penetration of mortars with addition of plastic waste is low that of reference mortar because the plastic is a polymer and the polymers slow down the action of the chlorides ions (Ohaman 1987; Benosman et al. 2008).
3.4 Restrained Shrinkage Test (Ring Test)
To measure the restrained shrinkage, the principle is to coat a rigid ring made of steel with a mortar and given the expiry and nature of the cracking of an annular samples run around this steel heart, which must be sufficiently rigid to prevent the deformation of shrinking of material. Thus tensile stresses are developing in the material which fissures if its strength in traction is exceeded (Sandra 2003; Ahmed and Mihashi 2009; Hossain and Weiss 2004; Turcry et al. 2006; See et al. 2003). The mortars were made with the regulations of the standard EN 196-1. After hardening, the sample is subjected to the conditions wished to evaluate the effect of prevented withdrawal.
This test consists in determining the expiry and the nature cracking in annular samples of mortar containing waste, run around a sufficiently rigid steel heart to prevent the deformation. For the not availability of the rings we studied only the following compositions: MR, MP10, MP20 and MP30. The photographs of Table 5 represent the state of the cracking observed on the rings of the various mortars subjected to the prevented withdrawal at the 28 days age.
Table 5
Illustration of the cracking of mortars under drying shrinkage test.
Mortars
Number of the cracks
Nature of the cracks
Photographs of the cracks
MR
Two remarkable cracks
Visible on all the height
Visible on all the height
MP10
Only one crack
Less intense not crossing all the height
MP20
No visible crack
–
MP30
Only one crack
Less intense not crossing all the height
The mortar without addition presents two important and frank cracks on all the height of the annular simples, while for the mortars with addition of plastic waste we observed a less sensitivity to cracking by the appearance of less important cracks. The ring of mortar with addition of 20 % of waste does not present any crack. For the rings with 10 and 30 % of waste, we recorded a single crack which does not cross all the height of the body of test but its opening is less intense, which explains the beneficial effect of the plastic waste opposite the sensitivity to cracking of the mortars.
3.5 Temperature Effect
In order to see the performances of our specimens, elaborated with various percentages of waste, in height temperature, visual examination and mechanical tests of compressive and flexural strength were carried out for mortar (4 × 4 × 16) cm3, preserved 28 days in water and drying ovens during 24 h under a fixed temperature (50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 °C) (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7
Heat treatment of the mortars.
×
The results of compressive and flexural strength tests as well as the visual examination of the specimens are given as follows (Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).
Fig. 8
Flexural strength of different mortars under various temperatures.
Fig. 9
Compressive strength of different mortars under various temperatures.
Fig. 10
Specimens after thermal treatment at 50 and 100 °C.
Fig. 11
Specimens after thermal treatment at 125 °C.
Fig. 12
Specimens after thermal treatment at 150 °C.
Fig. 13
Specimens after thermal treatment at 200 °C.
×
×
×
×
×
×
After crushing of specimens exposed to different thermal treatment, we notice an increase in strength in both temperature 50 and 125 °C, for the reference mortar due to the beneficial role of temperature in the acceleration of hydration reactions. For the other temperatures a decrease of mechanical strength is recorded. For the mortars with plastic bag waste (PBW), we notice an increase in resistance between 50 and 100 °C, this increase can be explained by the different dilation coefficient from the components of the mortar (sand and waste) which gives internal stresses, part of these constraints contributes to the equilibrium of the load and the other part participate in the rupture of the specimens (Barthélèmy and Kruppa 1978).
It should be noted that strength decrease with the plastic addition, this is explained by the fact that the plastic is strongly influenced by the temperature.
The visual examination shows that all the samples of mortar containing waste preserved their initial states after thermal treatment at 125 °C, but they has start to become deformed and lose their aspect from 150 °C.
4 Conclusion
This study investigates the valorization of PBW in field of construction. The effects of an incorporation of this waste on the physic mechanical properties of the mortars and their durability have been analyzed.
The following main conclusions can be drawn:
A reduction in the mechanical resistance according to the increase in percentage of PBW, which remains always close to the mortar of reference, when we recorded a fall of compressive strength at 28 days about 18 and 23 % for the mortars containing 10 and 20 % of waste respectively.
The loss of weight for the mortars preserved in the sulfuric acid, decreases according to the increase in the percentage of waste. What indicates the good behavior of these mortars in this medium.
The incorporation of PBW in the mortar slows down the penetration of ions chloride.
Plastic waste improves the sensitivity to cracking of the mortar when it is subjected to the prevented withdrawal. The cracking of withdrawal appears in the form of a network of cracks shorter, not very open. In all the cases when resistance to the imposed deformations is a priority, this property is an asset for the durability of the structures.
The mortars containing plastic waste, have a good behavior when it is subjected to the temperature effect, it preserved their initial states after thermal treatment at 125 °C.
Finally, PBW aggregates can be used successfully to replace conventional aggregates in mortar and concrete without any long term detrimental effects and with acceptable strength development properties.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Agency for Development and Research of Algeria.
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