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Erschienen in:
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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Structure, Relation and Use

verfasst von : Philip Gerlee, Torbjörn Lundh

Erschienen in: Scientific Models

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In the previous chapter we looked at the historical roots of scientific models. We will now turn to their contemporary use and view them from a philosophy of science perspective. As a starting point for this discussion we will specify what we actually mean by models, and discuss the different classes of models that exist. In order to broaden the concept and connect it to other concepts within science, we will relate modelling to phenomena and theories, and also analyse the relation between simulations of models and experiments. These notions will all be tied together, and made concrete in a worked example, where we show how a model typically is constructed. Lastly, we will try to draw conclusions about desirable properties of models, and discuss the dangers of modelling.

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Vorheriges Kapitel History
Nächstes Kapitel Interviews
Fußnoten
1
Bailer-Jones, Daniela (2009). Scientific Models in Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh Press.
 
2
Hansson, Sven Ove (2007). Konsten att vara Vetenskaplig.
 
3
Sellerstedt, Bo (1998). Modeller som metaforer, Studier i Kostnadsintäktsanalys, EFI, Stockholm.
 
4
The exception here is possibly onomatopoeic words, whose sound imitate their meaning, e.g. ‘crow’.
 
5
Gompertz, Benjamin (1825). “On the Nature of the Function Expressive of the Law of Human Mortality, and on a New Mode of Determining the Value of Life Contingencies”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115: 513–585.
 
6
Other classifications are also possible, e.g. into material, mathematical and fictitious models, as suggested by Gabriele Contessa in the paper Scientific models and fictional objects Synthese 172 (2010).
 
7
“Del rigor en la ciencia” in the collection of short stories Historia Universal de la Infamia (1946).
 
8
This story is possibly inspired by Lewis Carroll who in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893), Chap. 11, describes a similar situation.
 
9
The name of the movement derives from the French word positif which roughly means “imposed on the mind by experience”.
 
10
This is a condensed and simplified account of the dynamic debate about the concept of unity that took place within the logical positivist movement, see e.g. the debate between Neurath and Kaller in a series of papers in the journal Philosophy and Phenomenological Research in 1946.
 
11
Fodor, Jerry (1974). Special sciences and the disunity of science as a working hypothesis, Synthese 28.
 
12
Philosophers have viewed physics as a model science in the archetypal sense of the word.
 
13
Often with supporters jumping in synchronization.
 
14
Cartwright, Nancy (1997). Models: The blueprints for laws, Philosophy of Science, 64.
 
15
Or in the words of Ludvig Wittgenstein in the The blue and brown book (1958): “It has been said that a model in one sense covers the pure theory; that the naked theory consists of statements and equations.”
 
16
Kuhn, T.S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions.
 
17
An account of the discovery can be found in C.J. Davisson’s Nobel lecture from 1937.
 
18
Hesse, Mary (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. In: Edwards, P. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, pp. 354–359.
 
19
The pendulum is assumed to only oscillate back and forth, not to move in the third dimension.
 
20
This is a first-order approximation in a Taylor series of the sine function, and corresponds to the approximation \(\sin (x) \approx x\).
 
21
Foucault, L. (1851). Demonstration physique du mouvement de rotation de la terre au moyen du pendule, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. de Sciences de Paris, 32.
 
22
Lorenz, E. (1995). The Essence of Chaos.
 
23
May, R.M. (1976). Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261.
 
24
This is the case for so called deterministic models, but there are also stochastic models where randomness also determines the dynamics.
 
25
Witten, T.A. and Sander, L.M. (1981). Diffusion limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1981, 47:1400–1403.
 
26
Box, George E.P. (1979). Robustness in the Strategy of Scientific Model Building. In: Launer R.L. and Wilkinson G.N. (ed.), Robustness in Statistics: Proceedings of a Workshop. New York: Academic Press, pp. 40.
 
27
False models as a means to truer theories. In: Nitecki, M. and Hoffman, A. (ed.) (1987), Neutral Models in Biology. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 23–55.
 
28
Here Wimsatt imagines the spectrum of models to be one-dimensional, which is an idealisation of the true space of possible models.
 
29
This relates to the philosopher Daniel Dennett’s concept of real patterns, that describes how we as humans find patterns in nature at the level on which they have the largest predictive power. Dennett, D. (1991) Real Patterns, The Journal of Philosophy, 88.
 
30
Geritz, S.A.H., Kisdi, E., Meszéna, G. and Metz, J.A.J. (1998). Evolutionarily singular strategies and the adaptive growth and branching of the evolutionary tree. Evol. Ecol. 12:35–57.
 
31
von Neumann, J. (1966). The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
 
32
Keller, E.F. and Segel, L.A. (1970). Initiation of slime mold aggregation viewed as an instability, J. Theor. Biol. 26.
 
33
Palsson, E. and Othmer, G.H. (2000), A model for individual and collective cell movement in Dictyostelium discoideum, PNAS 97:10448–10453.
 
34
Chavanis, P.-H. et al. (2004), On the analogy between self-gravitating Brownian particles and bacterial populations, Nonlocal elliptic and parabolic problems, Banach Center Publications, Vol. 66, pp. 103–126.
 
35
A contributing cause might be that Bohr’s model of the atom is easier to comprehend and relate to compared to the quantum mechanical description, which doesn’t describe any actual orbits, but instead provides a probabilistic description, which to each point in space assign a probability of finding an electron in that location.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Structure, Relation and Use
verfasst von
Philip Gerlee
Torbjörn Lundh
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Buch
Scientific Models

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27079-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-27081-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27081-4_3

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